WHAT IS OROGENY? Processes of mtn building Distinctive patterns of deposition eugeocline,...
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WHAT IS OROGENY?Processes of mtn building
Distinctive patterns of depositioneugeocline, miogeocline
DeformationFolding and thrust-faulting
Metamorphism
Intrusions: batholiths, etc
Volcanic Activity
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TYPES OF MOUNTAINS
• Volcanic: Shield and composite
• Fault-block: normal faulting and tension
• Folded: reverse faults and compression
• Complex: mixture of most of the above
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Mauna Kea
Shield volcanoHot SpotBasalt
Mauna Loa inBackground
Kilaeua is Behind MaunaLoa
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KilaeuaNewest ground inThe world
Asthenosphere comingTo the surface
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Composite VolcanoMt Rainier
Compressive forcesSubduction zonesAndesitic composition
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Guagua Pichincha, EcuadorQuito in foregroundComposite volcanoes explosive
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Normal fault
Footwall moves Up relative toHanging wall
Tension forces
FOOTWALL
HANGING WALL
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Tilted fault-block range: Sierra Nevada from east,Steep side of block fault; Ansel Adams photo
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Tilted Fault-blockSierra Nevada from westSide, low angle
Yosemite valley the result Of glaciation on low-anglerelief
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Wasatch RangeFrom Salt Lake City
Typically fault-Block system
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Grand Tetons: Another fault-block system
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Alternating normal faults lead to a characteristic pattern called aHorst and Graben system. An area under tension will often haveMultiple mountain ranges as a result.
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Basin and range province: tilted fault-block mountains in Nevada.The results of a horst and graben system. Nevada is under tension Because of rising magma which is unzipping the system, all the wayFrom Baja California
Sierra Nevada and Wasatch Ranges part of this system
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REVERSE FAULTS: Hanging wall moves up relative to footwallResult of compression: plates collidingTwo types: low-angle or thrust faults, and high-angle reverse faults
Individual layers can move 100’s of kilometersAlps are a great example
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Thrust faults main cause Of folded mountains
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Appalachian Mountains of the US
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Atlas Mountains, Northern Africa
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Classic folded terrain: well-developed anticline
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ZAGROS MTSPERSIAN GULF
AlternatingAnticlines andSynclines
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High-angle reverse faultsForms “Sawtooth Mtns”
Flatirons classic example
Sawtooth effect result ofDifferential erosion
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White Cloud peak
SAWTOOTH RANGE,IDAHO
Alice Lake
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COMPLEX MOUNTAINS
Tend to have a little ofEverything: volcanoes,Folds, thrust faults, normalfaults
ALPS
HIMALAYAS