What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive...
Transcript of What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive...
![Page 1: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AQA Chemistry GCSETopic 2 - Bonding, Structure and the Properties
of Matter
Flashcards
www.pmt.education
![Page 2: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is ionic bonding?
www.pmt.education
![Page 3: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is ionic bonding? Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative
ions.
It is a relatively strong attraction.
www.pmt.education
![Page 4: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
How are ionic compounds held together?
www.pmt.education
![Page 5: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How are ionic compounds held together?● They are held together in a giant lattice.● It’s a regular structure that extends in all directions in a
substance.● Electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions holds
the structure together.
www.pmt.education
![Page 6: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
State properties of ionic substances
www.pmt.education
![Page 7: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
State properties of ionic substances● High melting and boiling point (strong electrostatic forces between
oppositely charged ions) ● Do not conduct electricity when solid (ions in fixed positions). ● Conduct when molten or dissolved in water - ions are free to move.
www.pmt.education
![Page 8: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Give 5 examples of positive ions and 5 examples of negative ions.
What is important when working out a formula of an ionic compound?
www.pmt.education
![Page 9: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Give 5 examples of positive ions and 5 examples of negative ions (give names of negative anions). What is important when working out a formula of
an ionic compound? E.g. Positive: Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, Rb+,
E.g. Negative: Cl−, Br−, SO42−, NO3
−, OH− (chloride, bromide, sulfate, nitrate, hydroxide).
Ionic compounds are electrically neutral, i.e. positive and negative charges balance each other.
www.pmt.education
![Page 10: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How are ionic compounds formed? Explain in terms of
MgO case.
www.pmt.education
![Page 11: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How are ionic compounds formed? Explain in terms of MgO case.
Reaction of a metal with a non-metal.Electron transfer occurs - metal gives away its outer shell electrons to
non-metal.Mg is in Group II, so has 2 available outer shell electrons.O is in Group VI, so can accept 2 electrons to get a full outer shell
configuration.
Mg becomes Mg2+ and O becomes O2− (oxide).
www.pmt.education
![Page 12: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What is a covalent bond?
www.pmt.education
![Page 13: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What is a covalent bond?
Covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons between two atoms.
www.pmt.education
![Page 14: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Describe the structure and properties of simple molecular
covalent substances
www.pmt.education
![Page 15: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Describe the structure and properties of simple molecular covalent substances
- Do not conduct electricity (no ions)- Small molecules- Weak intermolecular forces, therefore:- Low melting and boiling points
www.pmt.education
![Page 16: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How do intermolecular forces change as the mass/size of the
molecule increases?
www.pmt.education
![Page 17: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
How do intermolecular forces change as the mass/size of the molecule increases?
They increase. That causes melting/boiling points to increase as well (more energy needed to overcome these forces).
www.pmt.education
![Page 18: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What are polymers? What are thermosoftening polymers?
www.pmt.education
![Page 19: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What are polymers? What are thermosoftening polymers?
Polymers are very large molecules (>100s, 1000s of atoms) with atoms linked by covalent bonds.
Thermosoftening polymers - special type of polymers; they melt/soften when heated. There are no bonds between polymer chains. Strong intermolecular forces ensure that the structure is solid at room temperature. These forces are overcome with heating - polymer melts.
www.pmt.education
![Page 20: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What are giant covalent substances? Give examples
www.pmt.education
![Page 21: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
What are giant covalent substances? Give examples
- Solids, atoms covalently bonded together in a giant lattice. - High melting/boiling points – strong covalent bonds.- Mostly don’t conduct electricity (no delocalised e−)- Diamond, graphite, silicon dioxide.
www.pmt.education
![Page 22: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Describe and explain the properties of allotropes of carbon.
www.pmt.education
![Page 23: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Describe and explain the properties of allotropes of carbon.
Diamond – four, strong covalent bonds for each carbon atom – very hard (Strong bonds) – very high melting point (strong bonds) – does not conduct (no delocalised electrons) Graphite – three covalent bonds for each carbon atom – layers of hexagonal rings – high melting point – layers free to slide as weak intermolecular forces
between layers; soft, can be used as a lubricant – conduct thermal and electricity due to one delocalised
electron per each carbon atom
Fullerenes – hollow shaped molecules – based on hexagonal rings but may have
5/7-carbon rings – C60 has spherical shape, simple
molecular structure (Buckminsterfullerene) Nanotubes – cylindrical fullerene with high length to
diameter ratio- High tensile strength (strong bonds)- Conductivity (deloc. electrons)
Graphene - a single layer of graphite.
www.pmt.education
![Page 24: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What is metallic bonding?
www.pmt.education
![Page 25: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What is metallic bonding? Forces of attraction between delocalised electrons and nuclei of metal
ions.
www.pmt.education
![Page 26: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Describe properties of metals
www.pmt.education
![Page 27: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Describe properties of metals
- High melting/boiling points (strong forces of attraction) - Good conductors of heat and electricity (delocalised electrons)- Malleable, soft (layers of atoms can slide over each other whilst maintaining
the attraction forces)
www.pmt.education
![Page 28: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
What are alloys? Why are they harder than pure
metals?
www.pmt.education
![Page 29: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What are alloys? Why are they harder than pure metals?
Alloys:- mixtures of metal with other elements, usually metals- different sizes of atoms distorts the layers, so they can’t slide over each other,
therefore alloys are harder than pure metals
www.pmt.education
![Page 30: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Complete the table:
www.pmt.education
![Page 31: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Complete the table:
www.pmt.education
![Page 32: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What are the limitations of the simple model?
Higher tier only
www.pmt.education
![Page 33: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What are the limitations of the simple model?
There are no forces between spheres and atoms, molecules and ions are solid spheres – this is not true
Higher Tier Only
www.pmt.education
![Page 34: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
What does the amount of energy needed to change state from solid
to liquid or liquid to gas depend on?
www.pmt.education
![Page 35: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What does the amount of energy needed to change state from solid to liquid or liquid to gas
depend on? The strength of the forces between the particles of the substance. The
nature of the particles involved depends on the type of bonding and the structure of the substance. The stronger the forces between the particles
the higher the melting point and boiling point of the substance
www.pmt.education
![Page 36: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
A pure substance will melt or boil at…? What about the
mixture?
www.pmt.education
![Page 37: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
A pure substance will melt or boil at…?
A fixed temperature.
A mixture will melt over a range of temperatures.
www.pmt.education
![Page 38: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
What are the three states of matter?
www.pmt.education
![Page 39: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid and gas
www.pmt.education
![Page 40: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
What is nanoscience?
www.pmt.education
![Page 41: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
What is nanoscience? Science that studies particles that are 1 - 100nm in size
www.pmt.education
![Page 42: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
State the uses of nanoparticles
www.pmt.education
![Page 43: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
State the uses of nanoparticles - Medicine (drug delivery systems) - Electronics - Deodorants - Sun creams (better skin coverage and more effective protection
against cell damage)
www.pmt.education
![Page 44: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
What are fine and coarse particles?
www.pmt.education
![Page 45: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
What are fine and coarse particles?
- Fine particles (soot), 100-2500 nm diameter- Coarse particles (dust), 2500-105 nm diameter
www.pmt.education
![Page 46: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Why do nanoparticles have different properties to those for
the same materials in bulk?
www.pmt.education
![Page 47: What is ionic bonding? - PMT€¦ · Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. It is a relatively strong attraction. . How are ionic compounds](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042621/5f60487d192275435f622dc5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Why do nanoparticles have properties different from those for the same materials in bulk?
High surface area to volume ratio
www.pmt.education