1

Fusion is the power source of thesun and other stars. On earth,our challenge is to understand

and harness this basic energy processfor the benefit of humanity.

The unimaginably large quantitiesof energy released by the sun andthe stars is the result of the conver-sion of matter into energy. Thisoccurs when forms of the lightestatom (e.g., hydrogen) are combinedtogether under great temperaturesand pressures to form a heavieratom (e.g., helium). In this process ofcombining or fusing, some of thematter involved in the reaction isconverted directly into largeamounts of energy.

Two primary reasons exist for pursu-ing fusion: the creation of a new (toplanet earth) energy source, and thefurthering of our understanding and

control of plasma, the state of matterwhich dominates the known uni-verse. This dual nature of fusionresearch makes it one of the mostexciting and promising frontiers inscience and technology.

Fusion energy would complementrenewable technologies which arealso environmentally attractive, butprobably do not have the capacity topower large cities and industries.Fusion power will not contribute toglobal warming, acid rain or otherforms of air pollution, nor will it cre-ate long-lived radioactive waste.

Even though there is rapid scientificprogress in all areas related to fusion,including plasma physics, limitedresources available for its develop-ment dictate that commercial powerplants may not be built until the mid-dle of the next century––a time whennew, large sources of clean energy willbe needed.

W h a t I s F u s i o n ?

Why fusion?

WHAT’S ALL THIS TALK ABOUT PLASMA?

The four prinicipal states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

The key to fusion is to heat hydrogen to extreme temperatures which strip electrons from the nuclei of the atoms. Theresultant mix of positive (the nuclei) and negative (the electrons) particles creates an ionized gas called “plasma”.Importantly, the fact that particles in a plasma have these positive and negative charges allows them to be confined bymagnetic fields in a fusion machine. Because stars are made of plasma, it is by far the most common state of matter,comprising more than 99% of all the visible matter in the universe. On earth, plasmas are common in nature, in light-ning, and in man-made devices like flourescent lamps and arc welders. Plasma physics, the scientific discipline that hasgrown primarily out of fusion research, is the quest to fully understand the complex behaviors exhibited by plasmas —a grand challenge of science. Once mature, that understanding will yield the key to practical fusion energy and otherapplications of plasmas, as well as a greater understanding of the universe itself.

2

P l a s m a S c i e n c e

Plasma is the name given toan ionized gas interactingthrough electromagnetic fields.

It is the fourth primary state of matter,along with solids, liquids, and gases,and makes up more than 99% of thevisible matter in the universe.

Understanding the complex behaviorof confined plasmas led researchersto formulate and solve the funda-mental equations of plasma, givingrise to a whole new discipline, plas-ma science. As illustrated in the leftand right columns of this page, thisfundamental work has subsequentlyfound applications in diverse fields.

Basic plasma science continues to be avibrant scientific discipline. Recentnew discoveries have improved ourunderstanding of: extremely cold plas-mas (which condense to crystallinestates), high-intensity laser interac-tions, and the basic physics of plasmasurface interactions, as motivated bysemiconductor chip manufacturing.

Plasma science has also spawned newavenues of research. Most notably,plasma physicists were among thefirst to open up and develop the newand profound science of “chaos” andnonlinear dynamics. Plasma physi-cists have also contributed greatly tothe little-understood science of turbu-lence, which is important in weatherprediction, high-speed aircraft design,and numerous other applications.

Stellar Atmospheres

SemiconductorProduction

Free Electron Lasers

PlasmaPolymerization

Destruction ofHazardous Materials

Plasma Etching

Fusion Energy

Ion Sources

MHD Thrusters & IonEngines for Space

Propulsion

Compact X-RayLasers

Plasma Chemistry

Solitons

Plasma Lighting

Vacuum Electronics

PlanetaryMagnetospheres

Thin-Panel Displays

Eyeglass LensHardening

Synthetic DiamondFilm

Photo Accelerators

RF Sources

Metal Recovery,Primary Extraction,

Scrap Melting

Self-Focusing Lasers

Aurorae

Ultra-Fast Switches

Laser AblationPlasmas

Active SpeciesProduction for

Industry

X-Rays forLithography &

Materials Testing

Medical InstrumentSterilization

Gas Lasers

DC & Pulsed Arcs forSteel Processing,

Welding, and ToxicWaste

Ion Implantation

Pulsed PowerSystems

Surface Treatment ofPolymer and Wool

Fabrics forPrintability

Astrophysical Jetsand Shocks

Plasma Cutting,Drilling, & Welding

Solar Wind

Plasma ArmatureRail Guns

Tool Hardening

Destruction ofChemical Warfare

Agents

F u s i o n : D u a l N a t u

3

E n e r g y

Most energy experts agreethat, as world energy con-sumption continues to grow,

fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas) will eitherbecome too scarce or too polluting torely upon after the next few decades. Ifthis is true, there exist only three alter-native sources: solar and renewables,fission, and fusion.

As the graphs below show, even withthe most optimistic assumptions aboutworld population, energy conservationand fossil fuel supplies, vast new ener-gy supplies must be created to powerthe future.

Only Three Alternatives for the Future

With his famous formula E=mc2 (Energy = Mass x Speed of Light squared), Albert Einstein opened many doors,including the understanding of how the stars work: fusion. In the fusion reaction (which is partially described byEinstein’s formula), very small quantities of matter can be converted into tremendous amounts of energy. For example,one quart of fusion fuel contains the same amount of energy as 6600 tons of coal. That is because this type ofnuclear reaction is a million times more powerful than a chemical reaction, such as burning coal.

CONVERTING MATTER INTO ENERGY

“Best-Plausible-Hope” Scenario “Business-As-Usual” Scenario

Supply with reduced fossil fuel use and more renewables

Supply using all existing sources

Demand with 15 billion people and 8.7 kW/person

Demand with10 billion peopleand conservation(3 kW/person)

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

2070

2090

2110

2130

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

2070

2090

2110

2130

Year Year

Wor

ld en

ergy u

se ra

te (Te

rawa

tts) 35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0Wor

ld en

ergy u

se ra

te (Te

rawa

tts)

u r e , D u a l R o l e

Note that current average energy consumption in the industrial nations per person is 8.7kW.These graphs based on information from Energy, An Agenda of Science for Environmentand Development Into The 21st Century, chapter 4, page 103, J.P. Holdren and R.K.Pachauri, Cambridge University Press (1992).

4

FUSION FUEL: WHAT IS IT AND HOW LONG WILL IT LAST?

The first generation of fusion power systems will use two forms [isotopes] of hydrogen––deuterium and tritium.Deuterium occurs naturally in the fresh and saltwater. Tritium does not occur naturally but it can be made within the fusionsystem from the light metal lithium. The world reserve of lithium is sufficient to supply the world’s electricity needs forwell over one thousand years at current rates of consumption. More advanced fusion power systems could use only deu-terium as fuel. Although this option is more demanding technically, the world’s deuterium supply is essentially unlimited.Once fusion technology is developed we will have an energy source to satisfy the world’s needs for millions of years.

TritiumHydrogen Deuterium

Electron

Proton Neutron

T o A c h i e v e S t a r P o w e r O n E a r t h

In a star, the large stellar mass has sufficiently high gravitational forces to con-fine the fusion fuel. This, together with the temperature of the stellar interior,provides the conditions required for fusion energy production. In one

approach to fusion on earth, scientists and engineers use magnetic “bottles” tohold the fusion fuel.

Many of the complex issues associated with demonstrating the conditions neces-sary for a controlled fusion reaction have already been solved and solutions to therest are close at hand. From the physics point of view three conditions are necessaryto achieve controlled magnetic fusion on earth:

Temperature The fuel must be heated to energies at which the electrons and nuclei separate (about 10 thousanddegrees) resulting in a plasma, and then to temperatures (about 100 million degrees) at which theenergies of nuclei overcome their natural repulsive forces and begin to “fuse”.

Confinement The collection of high energy particles which compose the plasma must be confined (held together)for a sufficient period of time (a few seconds) to ensure that they fuse.

Density The plasma must attain high enough density for the fusion process to become self-sustaining (ignition)and to generate an economically attractive power density. The plasma density in a commercial magneticfusion power plant will be much less dense than air although, because of the high temperature, its pres-sure will be several atmospheres.

5

Although fusion is a nuclearprocess, it differs from thefission process in that there

is no radioactive by-product from thefusion reaction—only helium gasand a neutron. However, neutronsfrom the fusion reaction can producesome radioactivity in the surround-ing systems, but at a much lowerlevel than in a fission nuclear reactor.

Numerous studies have shown thelevel of radioactive waste associatedwith fusion to be substantially lessthan that associated with fission. Forexample, the 1995 report of thePresident’s Committee of Advisorson Science and Technology states that“with respect to radioactive waste

hazards, those of fusion (based on themost meaningful indices combiningvolume, radiotoxicity, and longevity)can be expected to be at least 100times and perhaps 10,000 or moretimes smaller than those of fission.”

A fusion power station will be aninherently safe system with nopotential for a Chernobyl-typeevent. The amount of fuel in thevacuum vessel at any given time willbe sufficient for only a few tens ofseconds’ operation. Any malfunctionwill produce a rapid elimination ofthe conditions necessary to sustainthe fusion reaction and, as a result, acomplete and safe shutdown of thefusion process is assured.

Starting a fusion reaction is basically a simple process – but it presently takes massive equipment to do it.

• First, air is pumped out of the fusion chamber, and the walls are then cleaned by baking (as in an ordinary self-cleaning oven).

• Second, hydrogen gas is puffed into the ring-shaped vacuum vessel and, using an electrical transformer, a ring of plasma isformed much like a neon light. By increasing the current flowing in the plasma ring, the plasma temperature is increased to10 million degrees Celsius. The plasma current is sustained using radio frequency or microwave power as in a microwaveoven. During this process, the plasma must be carefully controlled so that it is centered in the vacuum chamber and isn’tcooled by touching the vacuum vessel walls.

• Third, to significantly increase fusion reactions, the temperature must be increased to over 100 million degrees Celcius,which is six times the temperature at the center of the sun. This heating is accomplished by particle beams (injecting ener-getic ions) or by radio frequency or microwaves (heating ions or electrons).

• As a result, the fusion deuterium-tritium mixture produces neutrons which cross the magnetic field and carry 80% of thefusion energy to the specially designed wall, called the blanket. In a working power plant, the blanket would capture theneutrons, breed the tritium fuel, and collect the heat to drive the electrical generators.

The other 20% of the fusion energy is released in helium ions, which are contained by the magnetic field and which self-heat theplasma. If conditions are right, then the ring of plasma can produce enough fusion power so it heats itself, a so-called “burningplasma”. As the fuel is burned, the deuterium-tritium fuel is replenished, and the helium is continuously exhausted. In a function-ing commercial power plant, the fusion reaction will be continuous and will probably not rely at all on outside heating. Instead,it will be hot and stable enough to sustain the fusion reaction as new fuel is injected into the reaction chamber.

HOW DO YOU TURN ON A MAGNETIC FUSION REACTION?

What about safety and waste?

One of the greatest innova-tions for fusion science wasthe tokamak concept which

was invented in the Soviet Union. Thetokamak employs magnetic fields in a

doughnut shaped configuration toconfine the plasma. It is now themajor magnetic confinementapproach being pursued throughout

the world. To date the tokamak hasbrought the best scientific results andhas demonstrated the greatest success.

Progress in the development of plas-ma science has gone in tandem withthe improved results in fusionmachines. With this progress, our abil-ity to predict and control plasmabehavior has increased multifold. Thechart below shows progress in under-standing tokamak physics with thecurrent generation of machines.

Much of the knowledge of plasma sci-ence gained in tokamak experimentsis directly applicable to alternatefusion systems. The present genera-tion of these experiments, therefore,are effective tools for advancing thefoundation of science and technologyrequired for developing a commer-cially-viable fusion power plant.

Progress in developing tokamak physics understanding

Past Progress

Issue Early 1970’s Year 1995 Year 2000

Equilibrium ? ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Macroscopic stability ? ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Energy & Particle Transport ? ✓ ✓ ✓

Control of Impurities & Helium ?? ✓ ✓ ✓

Plasma Heating ?? ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Non-Inductive Current Drive ?? ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Self-Heating (α-particles) ?? ? ✓

Steady-State Operation ?? ? ✓

Low activation structural materials ?? ? ✓

Advanced Tokamak Power Plant Optimization ?? ? ✓

Key: ?? = completely unknown ✓ = significant understanding? = primitive ✓✓= predictive ability

Tokamak is an acronym developed from the Russianwords TOroidalnaya KAmera ee MAgnitaya Katushkawhich means “Toroidal Chamber with Magnetic Coil”.

T h e T o k a m a k & P r o g r e s s I nF u s i o n S c i e n c e

6

7

A l t e r n a t i v e R o a d s T o F u s i o n

Although the tokamak has yielded the best results to date, it may not ulti-mately prove to be the best configuration for electric power production. Inlight of the tremendous strides in fusion science that the tokamak has made

possible, fusion researchers worldwide continue to study alternatives to the tokamak.These include the stellarator, the spherical tokamak, the reversed-field pinch, and thespheromak. With the exception of the stellarator, the guiding principle of each of thesemachines is to make the plasma itself do much of the work of confining and control-ling itself in lieu of complex magnet sets. Although these alternate approaches requiredeveloping a much more sophisticated understanding of the physics of plasmas andbetter diagnosis and control mechanisms, they could yield greater economy in con-structing and operating a fusion power system.

In the spherical tokamak the central conductor has an extreme-ly small radius. The resulting configuration, although still atokamak, has a more spherical shape which, theoretically, is

favorable for holding high plasma pressure.

In the spheromak, the central conductor is removed completelyand all of the toroidal magnetic field is generated by internal plas-

ma currents. The shape is spherical since the magnetic coils areoutside of the plasma – a big engineering and cost advantage.

In the stellarator, the role of the current in the plasma is replaced byexternal magnetic coils, which may make steady-state operation easier.

Spherical Tokamak

Spheromak

Computer model of plasma shape inan advanced stellarator

Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) offers a dif-ferent approach to developing fusion energy.To achieve ICF, powerful lasers or particlebeams are focused on a small target of hydro-gen fuel for a few billionths of a second. Thetarget is compressed to densities 1000 timesthe normal density of solid materials and heat-ed to temperatures of about 100 milliondegrees Celcius such that the hydrogen nucleifuse to form helium, releasing significantamounts of energy. The process is also thesame as in the sun, except that a laser or parti-cle beam heats and compresses the hydrogenfuel, rather than the sun’s gravity.

ICF is a research and development programsupported by the Department of EnergyDefense Program as part of the U.S. "ScienceBased Stockpile Stewardship" activity. The pri-mary mission of ICF is to carry out experimentson nuclear weapons physics and effects, usingthe extreme conditions of density and tempera-ture created in inertial fusion. A secondary ben-efit is the potential for Inertial Fusion Energyapplications, which would substitute repetitiveenergetic ion beams for the laser beams used intoday’s laser-based experiments.

Inertial Confinement Fusion

Direct driveillumination

Laser or ion beams rapidly heat thesurface of the fuel capsule.

Fuel capsulecompression

Fuel is compressed by therocket-like inward push of the hot

surface material.

Fusion ignitionDuring the final part of the

implosion, the fuel corereaches 20 times the

density of lead and ignitesat 100,000,000°C.

Fusion burnThermonuclear burn spreads

rapidly through thecompressed fuel, yielding

many times the input energy.

Inertial Confinement Fusion target being struck by laser beams

8

9

Since 1951, the United States hasbeen conducting fusionresearch. There was early opti-

mism that harnessing fusion wouldprove as easy as controlling a fissionreaction. However, there have beenmany technological hurdles on thepath to fusion energy.

The Truman Administration commit-ted the first major funding for fusionresearch. At that time, fusion researchwas a classified program known asProject Sherwood. The original objec-tive of the project was the develop-ment of neutron sources for nuclearweapons applications. However, manyscientists joined because they believedin its potential as an environmentallyattractive and virtually inexhaustiblefuel supply.

In 1958, fusion research wasdeclassified worldwide, and scientistsaround the world began to collaboratein the development of fusion forpeaceful purposes.

In the mid-1960s, the Russiansannounced breakthrough results withtheir magnetic confinement conceptcalled the tokamak. After British scien-tists verified the Russian results, fusionresearch in Europe and the U.S. fol-lowed the Russian lead with numeroustokamak fusion experiments. Duringthis same period, much of the intellectu-al foundation was established for thenew discipline of plasma science.

In the 1970s, uncertainty over the long-range energy supply, coupled with the

growing environmental movement,combined to create tremendous enthu-siasm for fusion research. Funding forfusion continued to increase until itpeaked at $468 million appropriated inFiscal Year 1984.

In 1986, President Reagan and SovietPresident Gorbachev discussed thejoint design, development, and construction of a magnetic fusionexperiment that would, for the firsttime ever, demonstrate sustained,controlled fusion power. In 1987,President Reagan invited Japan andEurope to join in this process, theInternational Thermonuclear Exper-imental Reactor, which is now commonly referred to as ITER.

The declassification of fusion researchprovided a vehicle for communicationamong scientists. More than 40 coun-tries are now conducting research infusion, and sharing in the vision ofharnessing fusion to provide for civi-lization’s long-term energy demands.This climate of cooperation in fusionresearch has strengthened the develop-ment of the underlying science andreduced costs globally.

H i s t o r y O f F u s i o n R & D

Lyman Spitzer, Jr., recognized by many as thefather of U.S. fusion research, posing with an

early fusion experiment.

By the year 2040, the worldpopulation is expected to dou-ble to approximately eleven

billion. New large-scale energy sourceswill be required to meet the increaseddemand of a growing population andto improve the quality of life in thedeveloping nations. Even if energyefficiency can be doubled, the com-bined effects of rising population andrising global average per capita energyusage means that tens of thousands oflarge power plants will be needed. Asa potential abundant energy source forthe 21st Century, magnetic fusioncould be a safe source of the neededlarge amounts of electricity.

Over the past 20 years a 1,000,000 foldincrease has been achieved in theoverall performance of experimentalfusion devices. This record surpassesthe often heralded rate of progress incomputer chip density and power.This rapid progress has put us very

close to the conditions required for afusion power plant.

Advancing fusion research requiresthe development of new technologiesand materials. The new leading-edgetechnologies that will be required,include:

• Very large-scale superconducting magnets;

• Cryogenic engineering;

• High heat and radiation flux elementswithin the vacuum vessel in the pres-ence of electromagnetic forces;

• Remote handling and maintenance;

• Tritium handling; and

• Minimizing environmental impact.

Materials will have to be chosenwhich can withstand temperatures onthe order of 1,000 degrees centigrade,while exhibiting very low induced

radioactivity byfusion neutrons. Inaddition, other com-ponents of a fusionpower station willbe composed ofs t a t e - o f - t h e - a r tmetal alloys, ceram-ics and composites,many of which arenow in the earlystages of develop-ment and testing.

T h e T e c h n o l o g i c a l C h a l l e n g e

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

1,000,000,000

100,000,000

10,000,000

1,000,000

10,000

100

10

1

0.1

100,000

ITER

The path of progress in magnetic fusion power over time

Wat

ts

10

11

The history and the future offusion development is a text-book example of the close

interrelationship between scientificand technological advances.Theoretical research and calcula-tions performed in universities andfusion laboratories suggest newexperimental designs andapproaches, as well as providinginterpretations of ongoing experi-mental explorations. In parallel,technological innovations, drivenby fusion research itself, provide theability to implement and test theo-retical science. The experimentalresults on machines and equipmentusing these new technologies thenprovide a base for further advancesin theory.

Fusion science research stimulatesthe development of new technolo-gies. For example, to create the con-ditions for a controlled fusion reac-tion in a laboratory required thedevelopment of:

• superconducting magnet technology;

• plasma heating techniques, includingmicrowaves and neutral beams;

• large-scale high-vacuum technology; and

• advanced materials.

Fusion science was a driving force inthe development of high-performancecomputing, as well as a full range ofspecialized diagnostic instruments.

F u s i o n R e s e a r c h & D e v e l o p m e n t :

A C l o s e M e l d i n g O f S c i e n c e

& T e c h n o l o g y

Students work side-by-side with faculty and researchers at universities todevelop an understanding of fusion plasmas.

F u s i o n R & D Y i e l d s E x c e l l e n t R e t u r n s

O n I n v e s t m e n t

Plasma Processing ofSemiconductor Electronics

Superconducting Magnets

Plasma Lighting

Progress in magnetic confinement fusion hasbeen a driving force behind magnet researchand development. Large volume superconduct-ing magnets are now used in modern MagneticResonant Imaging (MRI) systems.

Plasma etching, a major process in thesemi-conductor industry for producing highdensity microcircuits and integrated circuits,evo lved in par t f rom s tudy ing theplasma/vessel wall interaction.

High-efficiency ultraviolet light sources emittedfrom plasmas have many industrial applica-tions, e.g., drying special inks, coatings, andadhesives; as well as lighting large areas withreduced energy consumption.

Materials Coatings

Plasma Electronics Space Science

Applications include plasma displays for videodisplays; plasma switching devices are keycomponents of a major new industry.

Plasmas are a particularly effective way ofintroducing better, longer-lasting coatingsonto medical implants, machine tools,recording media, and other items.

Fusion research helps us to understand plas-mas in stars and interstellar space, and mayprovide the basis for a new generation ofspace propulsion systems.

While most people viewthe ultimate “payoff” offusion research as clean,

unlimited energy, U.S. taxpayershave already realized a substantialreturn on their dollars invested infusion and plasma R&D. Fusion

technology development andadvances in plasma physics have arich and growing history of economi-cally significant spinoffs. Theseinclude major advances in microelec-tronics, medicine, computers, spacescience, and materials coatings.

12

Nations participating in fusion research projects

Laboratories and universities working on fusion 13

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o l l a b o r a t i o n O n

F u s i o n R e s e a r c h

Magnetic fusion researchhas been carried out withunprecedented interna-

tional cooperation since the late ‘50’s.This collaboration expanded in 1969when a British team brought a laser

system to Moscow to measure plasmatemperatures. In later projects theJapanese and the Russian Federationsupplied equipment to Americantokamaks, and American equipmenthas been sent to the European Union(EU), Japan, and Russia. Conse-quently, collaborative experimentsand joint R & D have come to be thehallmark of fusion research.

One key research project is the JointEuropean Torus (JET) in the UnitedKingdom, which was built and is oper-ated by fourteen European countries asthe world’s premier tokamak facility.

The Large Coil Project was a four-party project (EU, Japan, RussianFederation, and the U.S.) in whichmultiple parties manufactured super-conducting tokamak magnet coilswhich were then successfully assem-bled and tested in the U.S.

Now several international partnersare designing a large tokamak,which should produce as muchfusion power as a typical generatingstation, about 1000 megawatts. Thename of this program is theInternational Thermonuclear Exper-imental Reactor (ITER).

International collaborations stimulatebroader implementation of scientificand technological breakthroughs, andthereby enable world-wide progressin fusion research.

The Joint European Torus in the United Kingdomis the world’s largest operating tokamak

F u s i o n :

S c i e n c e F o r O u r E n e r g y F u t u r e

Among the world’s long-term energy sources—fusion, fission, and renew-

ables—fusion offers a significantmix of potential advantages: abun-dant fuel available to all nations,environmentally benign, safe, andwithout atmospheric pollutants orlong-term radioactive waste. Steadyprogress in fusion science and tech-nology strengthens the vision of

fusion as an ultimate energy sourcefor future electrical power plants.

The quest for fusion has spawnedthe new discipline of plasmascience, which has subsequentlyfound many valuable and diverseapplications, ranging from theunderstanding of astrophysicalphenomena to the processing ofsemiconductor materials.

VACUUM VESSELto isolate the hot

plasma fromatmospheric

gases

MAGNETICCOILSto confineand stabilizehot plasma

HOT GAS or“PLASMA”—Thestudy of plasmain experimentaldevices such as

this has spawnedan important sci-entific discipline:

plasma science

Simplified diagram of a magnetic fusion device

The essence of the fusion reaction isto combine or “fuse” two small

atoms together to create a largeratom plus a large quantity of energy.

Atom

AtomLarger Atom

Energy+

Table Of Contents:What Is Fusion?Plasma ScienceEnergyTo Achieve Star Power On EarthSafety & WasteThe Tokamak & Progress In FusionScienceAlternative Roads To FusionHistory Of Fusion R & DThe Technological ChallengeFusion R & D: Blending Science & TechnologyReturns On InvestmentInternational Collaboration

Division of Plasma Physics, American Physical SocietyFusion Power Associates

General AtomicsMIT Plasma Fusion Center

Princeton Plasma Physics LaboratoryUniversity Fusion Association

For more information please contact:

Division of Plasma PhysicsAmerican Physical Society

(512) 471-4378http://aps.org

Fusion Power Associates (301) 258-0545

Department of EnergyOffice of Fusion Energy Sciences

(301) 903-4941http://wwwofe.er.doe.gov