What is Environmental Engineering? CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010...

What is Environmental What is Environmental Engineering?Engineering?

CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering

Prof. Tim EllisJanuary 15, 2010

AnnouncementsAnnouncements

No class Monday due to holidayNo class Monday due to holiday Wednesday lab meet at the ISU Power Wednesday lab meet at the ISU Power

Plant – see map on course Plant – see map on course website Air Pollution Problems Air Pollution Problems

Chapter 7: 2, 5, 7, 10, 15 due 1/25/2010Chapter 7: 2, 5, 7, 10, 15 due 1/25/2010


Environmental engineering is manifest by sound Environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation, notably in the problems of environmental sanitation, notably in the provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water supplies; the proper disposal of or recycle of supplies; the proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage wastewater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation; and of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these and the social and environmental impact of these solutions. solutions.

ASCE Definition:ASCE Definition:


Furthermore, it is concerned with engineering problems in the field of public health, such as control of arthropod-borne diseases, the elimination of industrial health hazards, and the provision of adequate sanitation in urban, rural, and recreational areas, and the effect of technological advances on the environment (ASCE, 1977).


Environmental Environmental EngineeringEngineering

Air pollutionAir pollution Control devicesControl devices PermittingPermitting ModelingModeling

Water (surface and groundwater):Water (surface and groundwater): Treatment & disinfectionTreatment & disinfection Storage and distributionStorage and distribution DispersionDispersion QualityQuality

WastewaterWastewater Solid WastesSolid Wastes Hazardous WastesHazardous Wastes Radioactive WastesRadioactive Wastes Integrated Systems Integrated Systems Pollution PreventionPollution Prevention Other – noise and light pollutionOther – noise and light pollution


AIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION


Outdoor air pollutionOutdoor air pollution

Air pollutionAir pollution = material added to the atmosphere that can = material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate and harm organisms, including humansaffect climate and harm organisms, including humans

Air pollution can come from human-made chemicals and Air pollution can come from human-made chemicals and causes, but the majority is from natural sources.causes, but the majority is from natural sources.

Natural sources of air pollutionNatural sources of air pollution

dust storms

fires

volcanoes

Air Pollution FactoidsAir Pollution Factoids Americans make the equivalent of 3 million round

trips to the moon each year in their automobiles. National air quality levels have shown significant

improvements over the last 40 years in the U.S. Since 1970, aggregate emissions of the six

principal pollutants have been cut by 52%, while the gross domestic product has increased 164%, energy consumption has increased 42%, and vehicle miles traveled has increased 155%.

130 million tons of pollution are emitted into the air each year in the U.S.

Emissions of all of these, especially lead and carbon Emissions of all of these, especially lead and carbon monoxide, have substantially declined since 1970.monoxide, have substantially declined since 1970.

Figure 11.12

Air Pollution FactoidsAir Pollution Factoids Approximately 146 million people live in counties where

monitored air in 2002 was unhealthy at times because of high levels of at least one of the six principal air pollutants

the vast majority of areas that experienced unhealthy air did so because of one or both of two pollutants - ozone and particulates, PM10

Clear Skies legislation currently being considered would mandate additional reductions of 70% from current emission levels from power plants through a cap and trade program

Of the six pollutants (NOX, Ozone, SOX, PM10, CO, lead) ground level ozone has been the slowest to achieve reductions

Air pollution EpisodesAir pollution Episodes

Meuse Valley, Belgium, 1930 – zinc smelters, Meuse Valley, Belgium, 1930 – zinc smelters, 60-70 deaths60-70 deaths

Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 – 23 deaths over Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 – 23 deaths over Halloween weekendHalloween weekend

London, England, 1952 – 4000 deathsLondon, England, 1952 – 4000 deaths

Meuse Valley, Meuse Valley, Belgium, 1930 – Belgium, 1930 – zinc smelters, zinc smelters, 60-70 deaths60-70 deaths

Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 – 23 Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 – 23 deaths over Halloween weekenddeaths over Halloween weekend

Donora, PADonora, PA

Central London during the killer smog, December 1952. At this point, visibility is less than 30 feet. During the height of the smog, people could not see their own hands or feet, and buses had to be led by policemen walking with flares.Credit: 'When Smoke Ran Like Water', by Devra Davis, Perseus Books

As the amount of smoke and pollutants in the air shot up during the week of Dec. 5, 1952, so did the death rate in greater London. Estimates say the smog killed anywhere from 4,000 to 11,000 people. Credit: Paul Lioy, Rutgers University

London, England, 1952 – 4000 deathsLondon, England, 1952 – 4000 deaths

Smog: Sulfur Dioxide, Acidic Smog: Sulfur Dioxide, Acidic Aerosols and Soot (particulates)Aerosols and Soot (particulates)

Primary vs. secondary standards Primary vs. secondary standards

Primary standardPrimary standard - - to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety

Secondary standardSecondary standard - - to protect public welfare (plants, animals, and property)


Primary vs. secondary pollutants Primary vs. secondary pollutants

Primary pollutantPrimary pollutant - discharged directly - discharged directly into the atmosphere (e.g., automobile into the atmosphere (e.g., automobile exhaust)exhaust)

Secondary pollutantSecondary pollutant - - formed in the formed in the atmosphere through a variety of chemical atmosphere through a variety of chemical reactions (e.g., photochemical smog)reactions (e.g., photochemical smog)


Stationary vs. mobile sourcesStationary vs. mobile sources

Stationary SourcesStationary Sources Contribute approximately 40% of total air Contribute approximately 40% of total air

pollution pollution • 98% of SO98% of SOXX, ,

• 95% of particulates, 95% of particulates, • 56% of total hydrocarbons, 56% of total hydrocarbons,

• 53% of NO53% of NOXX, and , and

• 22% of CO22% of CO


Stationary vs. mobile sourcesStationary vs. mobile sources

Mobile SourcesMobile Sources Contribute approximately 60% of total air Contribute approximately 60% of total air

pollution pollution • 78% of CO, 78% of CO,

• 47% of NO47% of NOXX, ,

• 44% of total hydrocarbons, 44% of total hydrocarbons, • 5% of particulates, and 5% of particulates, and

• 2% of SO2% of SOXX


Source: WRI Estimate Based on Data from "National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1995," 1996, EPA 454/R-96-005.

National Emissions Inventory from EPASee:

Effects of air pollutionEffects of air pollution

Damage to human health and welfareDamage to human health and welfare Damage to vegetation and animalsDamage to vegetation and animals Damage to materials and structuresDamage to materials and structures

AbrasionAbrasion Deposition and removalDeposition and removal Direct chemical attackDirect chemical attack Indirect chemical attackIndirect chemical attack Electrochemical cellElectrochemical cell

Damage to the atmosphere, soil, and waterDamage to the atmosphere, soil, and water


Air Pollution Effects

Statue damaged by acid rain

Melon leaves damaged by ozone

Feedlot

DefinitionsDefinitions criteria pollutant – pollutant that is regulated based on health or

environmental criteria NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards - revised in 1987, set

air quality standards. SIP – State Initiation Plan to achieve air quality standard AQR – Air Quality Region – areas that have air quality that meets

primary standards is classified as an attainment area, if not, then it’s a non-attainment area.

NESHAPs – National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

MACT – Maximum Achievable Control Technology also BACT – best available control technology) – the best available

control equipment that is technologically feasible and is currently available.

NSPS – New Source Performance Standards


Seven Major Pollutants of Concern Seven Major Pollutants of Concern

1.1. ParticulatesParticulates

2.2. Sulfur Oxides (SOSulfur Oxides (SOXX))

3.3. OzoneOzone

4.4. Nitrogen Oxides (NONitrogen Oxides (NOXX))

5.5. Carbon Monoxide (CO and other Carbon Monoxide (CO and other hyrdrocarbons)hyrdrocarbons)

6.6. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)-- Most of the 188 pollutants identified by 1970 Clean Air Most of the 188 pollutants identified by 1970 Clean Air

Act are VOCs.Act are VOCs.

7.7. Lead (& others: mercury, other inorganic metals, Lead (& others: mercury, other inorganic metals, radon, HCl)radon, HCl)


What is Environmental Engineering? CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010...

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