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What is Enterprise Architecture?
• Set of models – Describe the technical implementation of an
organization’s business strategy and business processes
• “Form ever follows function”– Relationship between an organization’s form and the
customers’ need for functionality
• Key role of managers– Ensure that the proper architecture is designed and
built
Information Technology for Managers 1
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Why Is Enterprise Architecture Important?
• Provides the overall foundation for achieving an organization’s strategic vision
• Must be in a state of constant evolution– To meet changing business requirements
• Enables managers to:– Increase employees’ effectiveness by enabling high-
order thinking– Develop new value propositions of interest to
customers
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Enabling High-Order Thinking
• Organization’s employees must be able to transition from routine execution of daily tasks to high-order thinking
• Ability to innovate– Vital for adapting to the new global economy
• Problem with staying too close to customers – Sometimes they cannot tell you what they really
want
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Developing New Value Propositions
• Value propositions – Provide a clear statement of the tangible benefits
that a customer obtains from using a company’s products or services
• Organizations use technology to provide value propositions to external and internal customers
• Result of enterprise architecture – Provide a solid foundation for both internal and
external customers
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Software Architecture Styles
• Includes multiple styles of computing
• Categories– Centralized and distributed– Almost all new software applications are built using
the distributed model
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Software Architecture Styles (continued)
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Centralized Architecture
• Based on the use of a mainframe computer – Supports a variety of local and remote devices– Maintains tight control over the software applications
that run on it
• Difficult to add incremental amounts of mainframe computing capacity to handle increased demands
• Used frequently to process high volumes of transactions
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Distributed Architecture
• “The Network is the Computer”
• Processing functions and data can reside anywhere on the network or the commercial Internet
• Distributed applications – Share the processing, formatting, presentation, and
storage functions across clients and servers
• Processing capacity is much more scalable
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Client/Server Architecture
• Type of distributed architecture
• General-purpose model of network computing
• Client/server system– Client requests information from a server and the
server performs a database request to the database server
• Client/server architecture – Provides for a separation of responsibilities – Enables the application to be organized in layers
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Client/Server Architecture (continued)
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Client/Server Architecture (continued)
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Service-Oriented Architecture
• Software application development approach based on building user applications out of software services
• Software service – Unit of work developed by a service provider to
achieve desired results for a service consumer
• Well-defined set of rules or protocols – Describe how one or more services can “talk” to
each other
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Service-Oriented Architecture (continued)
• Use SOA to build a comprehensive set of services– Business managers and IT people must define the
services to be offered – Design how to link and sequence the necessary
services– Process is sometimes called orchestration
• Advantages of SOA– Ability to respond to unanticipated changes in the
business environment– Services can be implemented and made available
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A Manager Takes Charge: American Modern Converts to Service-Oriented
Architecture• American Modern Insurance Group
• Patrick Law– Vice President of Infrastructure
• Project to replace the insurer’s casualty policy administration system– Concentrated on choosing the right technology
components required to make everything work – Then trained employees to use these new tools
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Developing an Enterprise Architecture
• Unified Modeling Language (UML) – Language for specifying, constructing, visualizing,
and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system
– Enables system builders and users to work well together
• Each organization needs to develop its own approach to realizing enterprise architecture
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The Boeing Story
• Wright Brothers– Designed the capability to navigate an airplane using
three controls simultaneously
• Boeing story – Representative of both risk-taking and innovation in
the new global economy
• Cohesion – Measure of how strongly related and focused the
various responsibilities of a software or hardware component are
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The Boeing Story (continued)
• Coupling – Measure of the degree to which each software and
hardware component relies on other modules to perform its function
• Ideal component – Highly cohesive and has low coupling
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Business Processes
• Enterprise architecture – Enables the implementation of a set of digitized
business processes
• Commonality of business processes across business units– Determines a set of potential repetitive patterns that
add value if digitized
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Process for Developing an Enterprise Architecture
• Clinger/Cohen act– Gave the Office of Management and Budget the
authority to dictate standards for “developing, maintaining, and facilitating the implementation” of an enterprise architecture
– Several organizations within the U.S. government have been audited
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Process for Developing an Enterprise Architecture (continued)
• Numerous approaches exist for creating and documenting an enterprise architecture
• Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)– Divides enterprise architecture into four components– Process involves nine steps– Once an architecture is defined for one area, the
process can move on to other business areas
• Process of defining the enterprise architecture is never really finished
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Summary
• Enterprise architecture – Enables routine business tasks to be handled
smoothly, efficiently, and reliably– Frees up managers to perform high-order thinking
• Service-oriented architectural style– Set of standard reusable and extensible building
blocks known as services
• If the enterprise architecture is built thoughtfully– Deal with inevitable changes by reassembling the
building blocks
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