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What is Engineering?
Dr. Sandra Cruz-PolProfessor
Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Puerto Rico @
Mayaguez
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What is Engineering? Making a Difference…
Solve all types of problems: New kinds of sport equipment to give
players extra edge while keeping safe from injury.
Develop sophisticated security equipment to keep nation safe
Creating new medical sensors for healthCreating new methods of communicationCreating more family time w/ smart
appliances
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Engineers…
Use science, math and other knowledge to come up with solutions that are:
SafeEffective Energy efficientEconomicalEasy to use
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Some Types of Engineers
Chemical Eng. – improved food, cosmetics, synthetic clothes
Environmental Eng. – recycling methods, ways to purify air, water, soil
Biomedical Eng. – design artificial limbs, medical machines
Mechanical Eng. – design cars, robotics, amusement rides.
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Largest Engineering Colleges according to enrollment 1997-98
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Ohio State
University of Maryland
California State-Sacramento
University of Florida
California Polytechnic Institute
University of Texas-Austin
Iow a State
University of Michigan
***University of Puerto Rico
North Carolina State
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
Illinois-Urbana Champaign
Georgia Institute of Technology
Purdue
Texas A&M
Penn State
Largest Engineering Colleges
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Undergraduate Engineering Hispanic Full-time Student Enrollment: Top 10 Institutions
4360
2444
12241072
713482 469 466 442 425
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
University ofPuerto Rico
Poly. Univ. ofPuerto Rico
FloridaIntl.Univ.
Univ. of TexasEl Paso
Texas A&M New MexicoState Univ.
Cal Poly-SanLuis Obispo
Cal Poly-Ponoma
CCNY(CityCollege-CUNY)
Univ. ofFlorida
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Percentage of Women in Colleges with Highest Women in Engineering Enrollment
41%
33%
24% 24% 23% 23%21% 21% 21% 21%
05
1015202530354045
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Today’s Situation in Grad School
In Engineering Schools women graduates comprise less than 10% of the students!
Possible causesDiscriminationHarassment IsolationLack of support
Yes, you’ll be different, so? Con: Have to work twice as good Pro: Your face will be easy to
remember
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Graduate Student Population in US
Male
Female
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Sexual HarassmentAt Harvard 32% of the tenured female professors 49% of those without tenure, 41% of the female graduate students, 34% of the undergraduate women
reported having been sexually harassed by a person in authority at least once during their time at Harvard.
[Gross 1991], presents an account of the hostile environment for women at Stanford Medical School, which was recently called to attention by the resignation of a female neurosurgeon.
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Discrimination: …Breaking Stereotypes
Both men and women are sometimes in fault. Most discrimination is done unconciously!
Create awareness, in a polite way (jokes?) Don’t leave the Discrimination Radar ON Networking with Co-workers, Mingle;
football, golf, parties … Appearances ARE important
loose the Hello Kitty folders! dress up appropriately for work and researchWomen language
Find a mentor and an advisor
Equality
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Look at these photos, what do you see?
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Socializing with Co-workers
Discussions with topics of interest to most men, such as sports and cars, topics which women are often uninformed about or uninterested in. Music, news.
The resulting inability to participate in discussions can make it difficult for women to bond socially, and often leads women to feel outright alienated... “ This is exactly what happened to me at each T.A.--faculty meeting“ says new faculty member at U.S. university.
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Family Priorities; Married status
Make sure spouse understands children are responsibility of both, your work should also be a
priority for him.
Two cases to avoid: Non-cooperative husband “Self-slaved” wife (yes, it
happens)
Equality
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IQ + Moperandi = Success
People skills: Know how to play the game
Integrate: networking is importantNetwork with supporting societies
(SWE, WEP, MEP,…)Get to work!
be disciplined, make a scheduleMarried status helps Set time for recreation too!
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Myth: Why is the Ocean Blue?
FALSE: The ocean is blue because the sky reflection on its surface.
TRUE: Water is blue.frequency spectra
But you need a huge amount of it to really see its color.
Look at a swimming pool as it gets deeper; even on cloudy days. http://ece.uprm.edu/~pol/OceanBlue.html
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Myth #2
FALSE: Thomas Edison, greatest contributor to Electricity.
TRUE: Nikola Tesla – greatest contributor to Electricity.
Invented ac motor, perfected dc motor, invented radio transmission, designed Niagara Falls generator, distribution systems, fluorescence lamps, remote control, wireless, logic circuits, 3 phasic and many others.
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Electrical Engineering
UPRM has 5 sub-areas
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Electrical Engineering
Power - electricity distribution systems, electronics for control circuits for generation, transmission and usage of electric power.
Electronics - Digital systems, computer architecture
Control Systems - robotics, automation for manufacturing process
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Electrical Engineering (cont…)
Communications Digital Signal Processing,
pattern recognition, image processing
Electromagnetics Microwaves, optics, antennas,wireless.radars
Image Processing
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Electromagnetics
Applications: Communications Design of microwave circuits
and antennas
Remote SensingRadars and radiometers used to study nature and other objects
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More Applications
Propagation E.g. Ionosphere, short band
Frequency Spectrum Rays, X-rays, UV, IR,
Medicine Treat cancer microwaves
Hyperthermia Laser (eyes)
Communication Radio, TV, Telephony
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Different Clouds types
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Field Measurements
Study of Rain at OK, 2001
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Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA)
Earth curvature effects prevent 72% of the troposphere below 1 km from being observed
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CliMMate LabCLoud Microwave Measurements of ATmospheric Events
http://ece.uprm.edu/climmate
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Where to find this material?
http://casa.ece.uprm.edu/http://ece.uprm.edu/~pol/outreach