CloningBy: Claudia Fierros, Cathleen Francisco, and Luis Vazquez

What is Cloning?

What is Cloning?• Cloning refers to several processes that can be utilized to produce genetically

identical copies of a biological entity.

• The clone—the copied material—has the same genetic makeup as the original.

3 11/27/2018 “Cloning Fact Sheet.” Cloning Fact Sheet, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), www.genome.gov/25020028/cloning-fact-sheet/.

What are the types of Cloning?• As we’ve learned, cloning does happen with plants and bacteria through

asexual reproduction.

• It also comes naturally when identical twins are born. So when one egg is fertilized and then split in two there is two babies that have a nearly identical DNA.

4 11/27/2018 “Cloning Fact Sheet.” Cloning Fact Sheet, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), www.genome.gov/25020028/cloning-fact-sheet/.

What are the types of Cloning?• Gene cloning also known as DNA cloning

• makes copies of genes or DNA segments

• Reproductive cloning • produces an genetically identical copy of the donor animal

• Therapeutic cloning • used to create tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues

5 11/27/2018 “Cloning Fact Sheet.” Cloning Fact Sheet, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), www.genome.gov/25020028/cloning-fact-sheet/.

Why is Cloning controversial?• Reproductive cloning presents the

potential of creating a human that is genetically identical to another person

• Conflicts with religious and societal values about human dignity, infringement of individual freedom, identity, and autonomy

• Some argue that reproductive cloning could help sterile couples fulfill their dream of parenthood

• Therapeutic cloning, while offering the potential for treating humans suffering from disease or injury, would require the destruction of human embryos in the test tube

• Opponents argue that using this technique to collect embryonic stem cells is wrong, regardless of whether such cells are used to benefit sick or injured people

6 11/27/2018 “Cloning Fact Sheet.” Cloning Fact Sheet, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), www.genome.gov/25020028/cloning-fact-sheet/.

History of Cloning and its Contribution to Sciene

1885

8 11/27/2018 “The History of Cloning.” Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/.

First demonstration of artificial embryo twinning

Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch

1902

Artificial embryo twinning in a vertebrate

Hans Spemann

1928

9 11/27/2018 “The History of Cloning.” Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/.

The cell nucleus controls embryonic development

Hans Spemann

1952

First successful nuclear transfer

Robert Briggs and Thomas King

1958

10 11/27/2018 “The History of Cloning.” Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/.

Nuclear transfer from a differentiated cell

John Gurdon

1975

First mammalian embryo created by nuclear transfer

J. Derek Bromhall

1984

11 11/27/2018 “The History of Cloning.” Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/.

First mammal created by nuclear transfer

John Gurdon

1987

Nuclear transfer from embryonic cell

Neal First, Randal Prather, and Willard Eyestone

1996

12 11/27/2018 “The History of Cloning.” Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/.

Nuclear transfer from laboratory cells

Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell

1996

Dolly: First mammal created by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell

1997

13 11/27/2018 “The History of Cloning.” Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/.

First primate created by embryonic cell nuclear transfer

Li Meng, John Ely, Richard Stouffer, and Don Wolf

1997

Nuclear transfer from genetically engineered laboratory cells

Angelika Schnieke, Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut

1998-1999

14 11/27/2018 “The History of Cloning.” Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/.

More mammals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Multiple Groups

2001

Endangered animals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Multiple Groups

2007

15 11/27/2018 “The History of Cloning.” Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/.

Primate embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear

transfer

Shoukhrat Mitalipov and colleagues

2013Human embryonic stem cells

created by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Shoukhrat Mitalipov and colleagues

Pros and Cons of Cloning

Cloning

Pros• Eliminate defective genes

• Help recover injured cells

• Redefines genetic modification

• Eliminate infertility

• Could cure some disorders

Cons• Conflicts with nature

• It reduces a person’s individuality

• Creates a new division of race

• Conflicts with religion

• The process of human cloning seems to have a lot failure attempts

17 11/27/2018 “The Pros & Cons of Cloning.” Sciencing, https://sciencing.com/pros-cons-cloning-5453902.html.

Test Questions

18 11/27/2018 Add a footer

1. True(A) /False (B): John Gurdon first demonstrated the artificial embryo twinning.

2. What is the difference between cloning and clone?

3. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of cloning? A. Conflicts with natureB. It reduces a person’s sense of individuality C. Eliminate defective genes D. None of the above