What Is Christianity?

What Is Christianity?What Is Christianity?

A Review of the Essentials

Prof. Felix Just, S.J.

What Is Christianity?

Introduction: Introduction: Christianity is a major world religion,

– A“Western” religion (w/ Judaism & Islam)

– The largest world religion today (ca. 2 billion)

It is based on belief that Jesus of Nazareth is the “Christ” ( “Messiah”) & the “Son of God.”

Like most other major world religions, Christianity has several core aspects:– I) History & Development

– II) Core Beliefs & Practices

– III) Structures & Regulations


I-A: HistoryI-A: History

1) Historical Background:Abraham, Israelites, Hebrews, Jews, OT

2) Historical Foundation:Jesus of Nazareth (crucified ca. AD 30)

& his first disciples/apostles

3) Historical Development:Tradition preserved/adapted 2000 years (interplay of both old & new, ancient & modern)


I-B: Branches & SubdivisionsI-B: Branches & Subdivisions

1) Major Christian Branches:(Eastern) Orthodox, (Roman) Catholic, Anglican, Protestant, Restorationist, etc.

2) Orthodox, Anglicans, Protestants:O: by nation & language: Greek, Russian…A: by nations: esp. former British coloniesP: by leaders/theologies: Lutheran, Reformed…

3) Groups within Catholicism:religious orders & societies (monastic, mendicant, apostolic, etc.), lay groups


I-C: DemographicsI-C: Demographics

1) Number of Christians World-wide:~ 2 billion in 2000; ~ 33% of world population

2) Subdivisions:1 bill. Catholics; 500 mill. Protestant/Anglican; 250 mill. Orthodox; 250 mill. Other

3) % of Populations:48% Africa; 85% N. America; 93% S. America; 9% Asia; 76% Europe; 85% Oceania


II-A: Foundational TextsII-A: Foundational Texts

1) The Bible:official collection of books, in two parts: both Old Testament & New Testament

2) The Creeds:short professions of faith, defined by first two Ecumenical Councils: Nicea & Constantinople

3) Other Writings:writings of Church leaders throughout history,esp. founders of orders & denominations


II-B: Core Theological BeliefsII-B: Core Theological Beliefs (Dogmas & Doctrines) (Dogmas & Doctrines)

1) One God in Three Persons (Trinity): Father / Almighty / CreatorSon / Jesus / Christ / Savior / LordHoly Spirit / Giver of Life / Paraclete

2) World & Humans:created by God, in God’s image, with free will; originally good, but corrupted by sin/death;

3) Church, Salvation, Eschatology: community of believers; body of Christ; resurrection of the body; eternal life


II-C: Core Ethical TeachingsII-C: Core Ethical Teachings (Commandments & Precepts)(Commandments & Precepts)

1) Foundational Principles:do good & avoid evil; love God, others, self;develop an “informed conscience”

2) Sexual Morality:dual purpose of sex; consistent ethic of life; human relationships; central role of family

3) Social Ethics:dignity of each person; common good; care of the poor/needy; work, participation, property


II-D: Religious PracticesII-D: Religious Practices

1) Calendar, Feasts, & Festivals:Advent & Christmas; Lent & Easter; saints’ days; local & universal festivals

2) Public / Communal Worship:official liturgies, rites, rituals, Sacraments, esp. Baptism & Eucharist; Sunday worship

3) Private / Individual Spirituality:prayer, devotions, pilgrimages, asceticism,retreats, pious/spiritual practices, etc.


III-A: Church OrganizationIII-A: Church Organization

1) Churches & Denominations:historical divisions: always! esp. 1054, 1517but also reunifications & mergers

2) Structures with each Church:indiv. parishes/congregations, local dioceses, national conferences, international associations

3) Leaders within each Church:bishops (incl. Pope, cardinals), priests, deacons, lay ministers; pastors, elders, etc.


III-B: Internal RegulationsIII-B: Internal Regulations

1) Membership:Who can join? What is the process? (evangelization; catechesis; initiation)

2) Leadership:How are leaders chosen? Who is eligible?

3) Discipline:What are members’ & leaders’ obligations?Sanctions and punishments? (Canon Law)


III-C: External RelationsIII-C: External Relations

1) Ecumenical Relations:dialogues between Christian denominations;bilateral & international groups (WCC)

2) Inter-religious Relations:dialogues with other major world religions;esp. with Judaism & Islam (historically close)

3) Church/State Relations:cooperation or tensions with political, social, economic, and other secular institutions?


REVIEWREVIEWI. History & Development

Historical Foundations & Development Branches, Divisions, Demographics

II. Core Beliefs & Practices Foundational Texts: Bible, Creeds, etc. Central Teachings: Theological & Ethical Common Practices: Liturgical & Spiritual

III. Structures & Regulations Organization, Leadership, Membership Internal Rules; External Relations


Final Exam:Final Exam: Essay Questions Essay Questions1) What are the core beliefs and practices of Christianity? (What

is common to all Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant Xns?)

2) What are some of the most important differences in theology and praxis between Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant Xns?

3) What was (and still is) the impact of the Second Vatican Council on Christianity (both the Catholic Church and others)?

4) Describe the typical processes of Christian Initiation (Baptism-Confirmation-Eucharist)? Differences for Orthodox, Catholics, Protestants? Differences for infants vs. adults in Catholicism?

5) Describe the wide variety of Christian "vocations" (how God "calls" Xns to live; religious & lay; historical differences; etc.)

6) What are "Scripture" and "Tradition"? How are they related in Catholic theology? …in other branches of Christianity?


Final Exam:Final Exam: Practical Tips Practical TipsI encourage you to study together with

your regular group or with other students.

Bring several pens, one small Blue Book, your Bible, and your one page of notes.

The Exam will take most students about two hours; some a little more or less.

Study Well & Good Luck!

What Is Christianity?

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