What is an Aircraft
-
Upload
maverickfirefox9190 -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of What is an Aircraft
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 1/24
What is an aircraft?
vehicle which flies by gaining support from
the air in general, the atmosphere of a planet
counters the force of gravity by either staticlift or by using the dynamic lift or downward
thrust from jet engines.
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 2/24
Classification
� Lighter-than-air aircraft called Aerostats,
examples balloons and blimps.
�
Heavier-than-air aircrafts called Aerodynesinclude autogyros, helicopters and fixed
winged aircrafts.
� Fixed winged aircrafts use IC engines or
Turbine engine( jet or turbo prop)
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 3/24
Parts of an Airframe
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 4/24
� Fuselage: portion contains the crew and
payload, either passengers, cargo.
� they are long, cylindrical tubes or sometimes
rectangular box shapes.
� wing: produces the lift that allows a plane to
fly.
� The wing is made up of two halves, left and
right, connected to each other by means of
the fuselage
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 5/24
�A wing produces lift because of its special
shape, a shape called an airfoil
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 6/24
Engine
� Can be classified in two major categories
� propeller-driven piston engines and jet
engines.� larger planes, have engines mounted in
separate pods hanging below the wing or
attached to the fuselage. These pods are
called nacelles.
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 7/24
Turboprop engine
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 8/24
� uses most of the energy from the hot exhaust
gases to drive a propeller
� jet core produces about 15 percent of the
thrust while the propeller generates the
remaining 85 percent.
� the turboprop engine employs as large aturbine as possible, for this is its main source
of power
�more efficient than turbojets on designed tofly at speeds below about 800 km/h
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 9/24
Jet engine
Schematic of a simple jet engine
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 10/24
� obtains its oxidizer from the external
atmosphere
� compressed air is then mixed with fuel,
typically a petroleum-based liquid similar to
kerosene, and burned.
� The high-pressure gas is exhausted through anozzle to generate thrust.
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 11/24
Horizontal stabilizer
� aircraft consisting of only a wing or a wing andfuselage is inherently unstable.
� also known as the horizontal tail, acts as astabilizer when aircraft is disturbed in pitch.
� horizontal tail is a miniature wing of an airfoilcross-section.
� produces a force pointed downward, aquantity called downforce to maintainequilibrium
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 12/24
Vertical stabilizer
� functions in the same way as the horizontaltail but provides stability for a disturbance inyaw.
� if a disturbance causes the nose to deflect toone side, the vertical tail produces acounteracting force that pushes the nose inthe opposite direction to restore equilibrium.
� vertical tail produces a force pointed to oneside of the aircraft called side-force.
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 13/24
Basic Control Surfaces
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 14/24
Elevator
� located on the horizontal stabilizer.
� can be deflected up or down to produce achange in the downforce produced by the
horizontal tail.
� The angle of deflection is considered positivewhen the trailing edge of the elevator is
deflected upward.� the downforce produced by the horizontal tail
increases causing the nose to pitch upward.
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 15/24
Rudder
� located on the vertical stabilizer.
� can be deflected to either side to produce achange in the side-force produced by the
vertical tail.
� angle of deflection is positive when thetrailing edge of the rudder is deflected
towards the right wing.� This creates a side-force to the left which
causes the nose to yaw to the right.
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 16/24
Aileron
� located on the tips of each wing.
� deflected in opposite directions to produce a
change in the lift produced by each wing.� The wing with more lift rolls upward causing
the aircraft to go into a bank.
�
angle of deflection is positive when theaileron on the left wing deflects downward
and that on the right wing deflects upward.
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 17/24
Aircraft control surfaces and positive deflection angles
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 18/24
Additional Components
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 19/24
� Flap: usually located along the trailing edge of
wings, typically inboard of the ailerons and
close to the fuselage.
� only deflect downward to increase the lift
produced by both wings simultaneously.
� often used during takeoff and landing toincrease the lift the wings generate at a given
speed.
�Slats: leading-edge flaps, more often calledslats, are also used to increase lift
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 20/24
� cabin & cockpit: cockpit is a compartment at
the front of the fuselage where the pilots and
flight crew sit.
� contains the control yolks (or sticks) and
equipment the crew use to send commands to
the control surfaces and engines as well as tomonitor the operation of the vehicle.
� cabin is typically a compartment within the
fuselage where passengers are seated
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 21/24
� Nose & main gear:
�
The landing gear is used during takeoff,landing, and to taxi on the ground
� Most planes today use a tricycle landing gear
arrangement.
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 22/24
Flight control systems
Consists of control surfaces, respective cockpit
controls and necessary operating mechanisms
to control the aircraft in flight.
Primary Control surfaces
Fly-by-wire
Digital Fly-by-wire
FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine control)
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 23/24
Flight Management System
It is composed of four major components
FMC (Flight Management Computers)
AFS (auto Flight Systems)Navigation system including IRS and GPS
EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System)
8/6/2019 What is an Aircraft
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-an-aircraft 24/24
Electrical systems
� Primary function is to generate, regulate and
distribute power throughout the system
�
Used to operate aircraft flight instruments,essential systems and passenger services
� Different sources of power include engine
driven AC generators and APUs (Auxiliary
Power Units)