What is a DRE?What is a DRE?

Tony CorrotoTony Corroto DRE/SFST InstructorDRE/SFST Instructor

tcorroto@comcast.nettcorroto@comcast.net

duiexpertwitness.comduiexpertwitness.com

404-906-2153404-906-2153

What is a DRE ?What is a DRE ?

Drug Recognition ExpertDrug Recognition Expert

1. Impairment not consistent with BAC1. Impairment not consistent with BAC

2. Suspect is under the influence of drugs 2. Suspect is under the influence of drugs medical condition rule out medical condition rule out

3. U.I. of category or categories of drugs3. U.I. of category or categories of drugs

12 Step DRE Protocol12 Step DRE Protocol

Standardized Standardized

and and

SystematicSystematic

12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation

1. The BAC of the suspect.1. The BAC of the suspect.2. Interview of Arresting Officer.2. Interview of Arresting Officer.3. Preliminary Examination (13. Preliminary Examination (1stst pulse) fork pulse) fork4. Eye Examinations4. Eye Examinations5. Divided Attention Tests5. Divided Attention Tests6. Vital Signs Examination (26. Vital Signs Examination (2ndnd pulse) pulse)7. Darkroom Examination7. Darkroom Examination8. Muscle Tone8. Muscle Tone9. Injection Sites Examination (39. Injection Sites Examination (3rdrd pulse) pulse)

12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation

10. Statements 10. Statements

11. Opinion of DRE11. Opinion of DRE

12. Toxicology12. Toxicology

Step 1Step 1

Breath Alcohol TestBreath Alcohol Test To determine whether the specific To determine whether the specific

drug, alcohol, may be contributing to drug, alcohol, may be contributing to the impairment observable in the the impairment observable in the subject.subject.

Step 2Step 2

Interview with the Arresting OfficerInterview with the Arresting Officer Arresting officer may have seen or Arresting officer may have seen or

heard things that would be valuable heard things that would be valuable indicators of the kinds of drugs the indicators of the kinds of drugs the suspect has ingested.suspect has ingested.

Drug related paraphernalia, Drug related paraphernalia, information about the subjects information about the subjects behavior.behavior.

Step 3Step 3

The Preliminary ExaminationThe Preliminary Examination To determine if subject may be suffering To determine if subject may be suffering

from an injury or some other medical from an injury or some other medical condition not necessarily related to drugs.condition not necessarily related to drugs.

Observations of subjects face, speech and Observations of subjects face, speech and breath; pupil size and tracking ability; breath; pupil size and tracking ability; initial check of subjects eyes for angle of initial check of subjects eyes for angle of onset.onset.

Step 3 Step 3

Initial examination of the suspect’s Initial examination of the suspect’s pulse.pulse.

Here we come to the fork in the Here we come to the fork in the roadway.roadway.

Step 4Step 4

Eye ExaminationsEye Examinations Lack of smooth pursuitLack of smooth pursuit Distinct and sustained nystagmus at Distinct and sustained nystagmus at

maximum deviationmaximum deviation Estimation of the angle of onset.Estimation of the angle of onset. What is the angle if present.What is the angle if present. Vertical NystagmusVertical Nystagmus Lack of ConvergenceLack of Convergence

Step 5Step 5

Divided Attention Psychophysical Divided Attention Psychophysical TestsTests

Romberg BalanceRomberg Balance Walk and TurnWalk and Turn One Leg Stand L @ ROne Leg Stand L @ R Finger to NoseFinger to Nose

Step 6Step 6

Examination of Vital SignsExamination of Vital Signs Second pulse 60 to 90 BPMSecond pulse 60 to 90 BPM Blood Pressure 120 to 140 Systolic Blood Pressure 120 to 140 Systolic

70 to 90 Diastolic70 to 90 Diastolic Body Temperature 98.6 +/- 1 degree Body Temperature 98.6 +/- 1 degree

FF

Step 7Step 7

Dark Room ExaminationsDark Room Examinations Room Light – Average 4.0 2.5 – 5.0mmRoom Light – Average 4.0 2.5 – 5.0mm Near Total darkness – Average 6.5 5.0 – Near Total darkness – Average 6.5 5.0 –

8.5 mm8.5 mm Direct light – Average -3.0 2.0-4.5mmDirect light – Average -3.0 2.0-4.5mm Rebound dilationRebound dilation Nasal and oral cavity examinationNasal and oral cavity examination

Step 8Step 8

Check for Muscle ToneCheck for Muscle Tone Tense or rigidTense or rigid Flaccidity or rubber likeFlaccidity or rubber like NormalNormal

Step 9Step 9

Examination for Injection SitesExamination for Injection SitesThird pulseThird pulse

Step 10Step 10

Interrogation of Suspect Interrogation of Suspect Miranda? YesMiranda? Yes Any such interview can proceed only Any such interview can proceed only

in conformance with formal in conformance with formal admonition and strict observance of admonition and strict observance of the suspect’s Constitutional rights.the suspect’s Constitutional rights.

Step 11Step 11

Opinion of EvaluatorOpinion of Evaluator““In my opinion as a certified DRE In my opinion as a certified DRE

subject Sergeant Wojciehowicz subject Sergeant Wojciehowicz “Wojo” is under the combined “Wojo” is under the combined influence of Hallucinations and influence of Hallucinations and

Cannabis and is unable to operate a Cannabis and is unable to operate a motor vehicle safely.”motor vehicle safely.”

Step 12Step 12

Toxicological Sample Toxicological Sample

7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs

Central Nervous System DepressantsCentral Nervous System Depressants Central Nervous System StimulantsCentral Nervous System Stimulants HallucinogensHallucinogens Dissociative AnestheticsDissociative Anesthetics Narcotic AnalgesicsNarcotic Analgesics InhalantsInhalants CannabisCannabis

7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs

Central Nervous System Central Nervous System DepressantsDepressants

BarbituratesBarbituratesNon-BarbituratesNon-Barbiturates

Anti-anxiety tranquilizersAnti-anxiety tranquilizersAnti-depressantsAnti-depressants

Anti-psychotic tranquilizersAnti-psychotic tranquilizersCombinationsCombinations

7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs

Central Nervous System StimulantsCentral Nervous System Stimulants

CocaineCocaine

AmphetaminesAmphetamines

MethamphetaminesMethamphetamines

DesoxynDesoxyn

EphedrineEphedrine

7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs

HallucinogensHallucinogens

Peyote - cactusPeyote - cactus

Psilocybin - mushroomsPsilocybin - mushrooms

LSD – lysergic acid diethylamideLSD – lysergic acid diethylamide

MDMA, STP, TMA – psychedelic MDMA, STP, TMA – psychedelic amphetaminesamphetamines

7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs

Dissociative AnestheticDissociative Anesthetic

PCP – phencyclidinePCP – phencyclidine

Ketamine Ketamine

7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs

Narcotic AnalgesicsNarcotic Analgesics

HeroinHeroinMethodoneMethodoneMorphineMorphineCodeineCodeineDilaudidDilaudidHycodanHycodanDemerolDemerol

7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs

InhalantsInhalants

Volatile SolventsVolatile Solvents

Anesthetic GasesAnesthetic Gases

AerosolsAerosols

7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs

CannabisCannabis

MarijuanaMarijuana

HashishHashish

Hashish OilHashish Oil

MarinolMarinol

Tony CorrotoTony Corroto DRE/SFST InstructorDRE/SFST Instructor

tcorroto@comcast.nettcorroto@comcast.net

duiexpertwitness.comduiexpertwitness.com

404-906-2153404-906-2153