What is a Disaster? · IMPACT: Earthquake, Tornado, Tsunami •The impact stage is the entire...
Transcript of What is a Disaster? · IMPACT: Earthquake, Tornado, Tsunami •The impact stage is the entire...
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Module 2 1
MODULE 2
Reactions and Behavior Changes
Through Disaster “Phases”
*IMPACT PHASE RESPONSES
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Module 2 2
Learning Objectives:
• To become aware of behaviors, thought processes, and feelings of survivors with the passage of time post-disaster
• To conceptualize the sequences of changes as the survivor adapts to different stages of the disaster.
Reactions and Behavior Changes
Through Post Disaster “Phases”
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Module 2 3
Overview Of Module:– Description: Sets the stage for recognizing the
crisis response and adaptive behavior of survivors across post-disaster time phases.
– Purpose: To systematically categorize behavior processes through time phases.
– Content: Developmental phases of individual reactions to the initial Impact Phase following natural disasters.
Reactions and Behavior Changes
Through Disaster “Phases”
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Module 2 4
QUESTION:
What happens to people and what
behavior manifestations can psychosocial
workers detect after the initial impact
when catastrophic disaster strikes?
Reactions and Behavior Changes
Through Disaster “Phases”
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Module 2 5
Organization and Identification of
Behavior Changes:
• Present/focus on key human reactions
– identified by workers (personal experience)
• According to the passage of time and conceptual perspectives:
– biological
– psychological/emotional
– interpersonal
– socio-cultural/spiritual.
Reactions and Behavior Changes Through Disaster “Phases”
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Module 2 6
Direct Impact On Individuals
IMPACT
Killed
Injured
Displaced/
Property Loss
Direct Impact Victims = Medical casualties (killed, injured) + Physically impacted
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Module 2 7
Disaster Phases
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Module 2 8
WARNING: Hurricane/Flood
Days in advance of the disaster,
individuals’ responses vary widely in
attention and response to a warning
according to:
Perceptions
Interpretations
Implication to self
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
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Module 2 9
Danger of the disaster to the region known
to be imminent 24 hours before landfall…
– People become more likely to comply with
emergency public information directives at
the threat stage.
THREAT: Hurricane/Volcanic Eruption
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
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Module 2 10
IMPACT: Earthquake, Tornado, Tsunami
• The impact stage is the entire period of destructive activity by the disaster.
• Individuals became bolted into action for preservation of self, family and those at high risk.
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
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Module 2 11
PHASE: Impact
I. Duration:
Hours to a few days
II. Impact period
III. Plans activated
IV. Survival behaviors: Seeking Safety
Search
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
Rescue
Aid
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Module 2 12
V. Responses:
Shock
Terror
Fear
“Stun” reaction
“Freeze” reaction
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
PHASE: Impact
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Module 2 13
Altruism is common
Self-assessment of risk may be distorted
Separation from family members is distressing
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
PHASE: Impact
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Module 2 14
STAGE: Post-impact
• Survivors become aware of the extent of the
destruction.
• Unusual strength and drive is exhibited…
• Individuals contact fellow survivors and search for:
• who/what has survived• what must be done.
• Anxiety, tension and survival guilt appears.
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
& Recoil
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Module 2 15
• Outside help and professional mobilization from
the community.
• Those in need of the most assistance are treated with medical, physical, and psychosocial support.
• Most individuals begin to exhibit stress and depressive reactions during this time.
STAGE: Early Aftermath
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
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Module 2 16
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
THREAT IMPACT RECOILEARLY
AFTERMATH
Bio
Changes in
neurochemical
levels in the body:
•Fatigue
•Exhaustion
•Over-activity
Psychosomatic
problems:
•Irritability
•Insomnia
Health aftermath:
•Illness
•injuries
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Module 2 17
THREAT IMPACT RECOILEARLY
AFTERMATH
Psycho
•Superstition
•Rumor
•Confusion
•Passive-
negative
•High sense of
invulnerability
•Humor
•Centrality
•Reversal of
behavior
•Fear
•Anxiety
•Cognitive
clouding
•Hyperactivity
•Underactivity
•Grief-Mourning
•Depression
•Narcissistic
sensitivity
•Anxiety
•Return to
normal function
•Less than
normal function
•Resignation
(pathological
resolution)
•(Fixated in
ambivalent
emotion)
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
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Module 2 18
THREAT IMPACTRECONST-
RUCTION
EARLY
AFTERMATH
Inter-
personal
•Helping
•Planning
•Shopping
•Community
activity
•“Worry Work”
•Helplessness
•Self-isolation
•Docility
•Dependency
•Indecisiveness
•Scapegoating
•Guilt
•Easily “hurt”
•Difficulty in
sharing
•Competition
•Frustration with
bureaucracy
•Relations with
job/ family
•Reach different
levels of
accommodation
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
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Module 2 19
THREAT IMPACT -RECOILEARLY
AFTERMATH
Socio-
cultural/
spiritual
• Fatalism
• Religious
activities
• Community
preparedness
• Family Ties
• Strengthening
of religious
feelings
• Influence of
myths
Traditional:
• stronger
• weaker
• Religious
activities
Anniversary
Traditional
ceremonies are
Attended by many
Survivors thankful
For their recovery.
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
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Module 2 20
Psychosocial Impact of Disasters
E
E
Fear and Distress
Response
Behavior Change
Psychiatric
Illness
Sources: Ursano, 2002; Institute of Medicine, 2003
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Module 2 21
Fight-or-flight-or-freeze
Gastrointestinal distress-nausea
Increased: heart rate
blood pressure
respiration
Immediate ResponsesPhysical
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Module 2 22
Sweating/Shivering
Dizziness
Muscle tremors
Weakness
Immediate ResponsesPhysical
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Module 2 23
Immediate
Responses
Emotional numbing
Self-blame
Shame
Change in awareness of one’s surroundings
Cognitive
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Module 2 24
Immediate
Responses
Grief/Sadness
Fragility
Feeling vulnerable
Hopelessness
Emotional
Emotional PainPervasive Anxiety
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Module 2 25
Immediate Responses
Shock
Numbness
Fear
Terror
Feeling unreal
Feeling out of control
Disorientation
Rapidly-shifting emotions
Emotional
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Module 2 26
Immediate Responses
Startle reactions
Difficulty expressing
oneself
Restlessness
Constant talking
Slowed reactions
Behavioral
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Module 2 27
Immediate Responses
Intense use of prayer
Spiritual
Grateful for being alive
Promising acts of contrition
if loved ones are found
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Module 2 29
No individual who
experiences a disaster is
untouched by it.
Disaster Consequences…
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters
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Module 2 30
The majority of individuals
exposed to a disaster
return to normal
functioning.
Disaster Consequences…
Phases of reactive behavior
in natural disasters