1. 1 1What does the future holdfor higher education What does the future hold for higher education? Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012IMHE General ConferenceParis, 19 September 2012 Andreas SchleicherAdvisor of the OECD Secretary-General on Education PolicyDeputy Director for Education

2. Education 2 2Formal learningproviders Informal learning Traditional institutions Traditional institutionsWhat does the future hold Is there no end How successful do to the expansion ofinstitutions engage withfor higher educationhigher education? evolving learning needs?Four questionsOwnership LearnerFormal learningInformal learning Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 Who can make aCan we extend mass Innovators Innovatorssystemic difference toeducation for some toclosing skills gaps? personalised learning for all? 3. Education 3 3Formal learningproviders Informal learning Traditional institutions Traditional institutionsWhat does the future hold Is there no end How successful do to the expansion ofinstitutions engage withfor higher educationhigher education? evolving learning needs?Ownership LearnerFormal learningInformal learning Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 Who can make aCan we extend mass Innovators Innovatorssystemic difference toeducation for some toclosing skills gaps? personalised learning for all? 4. The composition of the global talent pool has changed 4 4Countries share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-old age groups,What does the future hold 55-64-year-old population 25-34-year-old populationfor higher education Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 About 39 million peopleAbout 81 million peoplewho attained tertiary levelwho attained tertiary level 5. The composition of the global talent pool has changed 5 5Countries share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-old age groupsWhat does the future hold55-64-year-old population25-34-year-old populationfor higher educationUnitedother, 14.5United States, 35.8 States, 20.5 other, 12.9Korea, 1.6 Australia, 1.7Korea, 5.7Mexico, 1.8Australia, 1.6 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012Italy, 1.9Mexico, 3.9Spain, 2.1 Japan, 10.9Italy, 2.0 Brazil, 3.5Spain, 3.5France, 3.5 Canada, 4.2Brazil, 4.5United Kingdom, 5.3 France, 4.1China, 18.3Japan, 12.4Canada, 3.1 Germany, 6.3Germany, 3.1China, 6.9 UnitedKingdom, 4.4 6. Australia 7 7AustriaBelgiumCanadaA world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark 30,000EstoniaFinland 1995for higher educationFranceGermany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland 20,000IsraelItalyJapanKoreaCost per student 15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand 10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia 5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerland0Graduate supplyTurkeyUnited Kingdom 0102030 4050 60 70United StatesTertiary-type A graduation rate (%) 7. Australia 8 8AustriaBelgiumCanadaA world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark 30,000EstoniaFinland 1995for higher educationFranceGermany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland 20,000IsraelItaly United StatesJapanKoreaCost per student 15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand 10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia 5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerland0Graduate supplyTurkeyUnited Kingdom 0102030 4050 60 70United StatesTertiary-type A graduation rate (%) 8. Australia 9 9AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2000for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom0102030 40 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 9. Australia1010AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2001for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 10. Australia1111AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2002for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 11. Australia1212AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2003for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 12. Australia1313AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2004for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 13. Australia1414AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2005for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 14. Australia1515AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2006for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 15. Australia1616AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2007for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 16. Australia1717AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2008for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 17. Australia1818AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2009for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 18. Australia1919AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2009for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelItalyDenmarkJapan United KingdomKorea15,000 Australia Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlands New ZealandNew Zealand Finland10,000IcelandNorwayPoland PolandPortugalSlovak Republic AustraliaSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom01020304050 6070United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 19. Australia2020AustriaBelgiumCanada A world of change higher educationChileCzech RepublicWhat does the future holdDenmark30,000EstoniaFinland2009for higher educationFranceGermany25,000Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)GreeceHungaryIcelandIreland20,000IsraelUSItalyJapanKorea15,000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew Zealand10,000NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSlovenia5,000SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey 0United Kingdom010203040 50 60 70United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate 20. 2222 Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship (2000 to 2010)By region of destinationWhat does the future holdWorldwide In OECDIn EU countries In G20 countries In North Americafor higher education Number of foreign students4 500 0004 000 0003 500 0003 000 000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 20122 500 0002 000 0001 500 0001 000 000 500 0000 200020012002 2003 20042005 200620072008 2009201Chart C4.1 21. 2626 Trends in international education market sharesPercentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destinationWhat does the future hold 2010 2000Market share (%)25for higher education201510 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 5 0Russian FederationSwedenGermanyKorea Austria Canada ChinaAustraliaFrance Spain Japan South Africa ItalySwitzerlandNetherlandsther G20 and non-OECDBelgium United Kingdom New Zealand United States Other OECD Other G20 and non-OECD countries refers to the portion of total foreign students studying in other G20 and non-OECD countries and is obtained after subtracting China, South Africa and the Russian Federation from the total in non-OECD destinations, as estimated from UNESCO data. 22. 2727What does the future holdfor higher educationWill we one day all have a university degreeand work for the minimum wage?A growing educational divide Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 23. 2929 The value of higher education for a manComponents of the private net present value of higher education for a man (2008 or latest available year)What does the future holdDirect costForegone earningsIncome tax effectSocial contribution effect Transfers effect Gross earnings benefitsfor higher educationUnemployment effectGrants effect Portugal $373,851 United StatesCzech Republic $249,679 $329,552Poland $230,630 Slovenia $225,663Austria$225,048Ireland$223,821Slovak Republic $208,883 Hungary$208,386Korea$189,766 OECD average$161,625 France $159,950 Italy Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 $155,346 Canada$153,520 Netherlands $145,886Finland$145,608Germany$144,682Israel$143,582United Kingdom $143,394Japan$143,018Belgium $116,225Australia $115,287 Net Spain present$102,975Norway$82,076Estonia $74,213value inTurkey Sweden $64,177 $61,454USDDenmark$56,369equivalent New Zealand $52,471-400,000-200,000 0 200,000400,000 600,000800,000 USD equivalent Chart A9.3 24. Public cost and benefits of higher education3131 For a man obtaining tertiary education (2008 or latest available year) Public benefitsPublic costsIn equivalent USDWhat does the future hold Hungary $254,984 United States$232,779Ireland $172,602for higher educationItaly $168,693Belgium $166,477Germany$156,125 Slovenia$155,664 Netherlands $133,560Austria $132,103Poland $118,266Czech Republic $115,790Israel $107,436 OECD average$101,116Finland$95,947Australia$93,236 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 Portugal$89,464United Kingdom$86,550 France $81,545Japan$67,411 Canada$66,845 Net presentSlovak Republic$58,159value Korea $55,367Norway$55,318 Sweden 43,419Denmark $38,421 New Zealand $33,912 Spain$25,591Turkey $21,724Estonia $4,5870 50,000100,000 150,000200,000 250,000300,000 Chart A9.5 25. IMHE, 19 September 2012What does the future holdAndreas Schleicher for higher education32 32Consumption or economic use? 26. Average GDP growth (real percentage change from the previous3434 year) and labour income growth in GDP, by educational categories Countries with at least five years of growth estimates by educational categories; GDP growthestimates are matched with years of education growth estimates (2000-2010)What does the future hold GDP Growth ISCED 5B/5A/6 ISCED 3/4ISCED 0/1/2 5%for higher education 4% 3% 2% Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 1% 0%-1%Czech Republic United States Germany Switzerland Austria Norway IsraelIreland France New Zealand Sweden HungaryDenmarkKoreaCanadaFinland Country averageUnited KingdomChart A10.1 27. IMHE, 19 September 2012 What does the future holdAndreas Schleicherfor higher education 36 36 Who should pay for what, when and how?Can we ensure sustainable financing? 28. IMHE, 19 September 2012What does the future holdAndreas Schleicher for higher education 3737809070210200220100120130140150160170180190 110United Kingdom Korea(2000 = 100)Index of change Estonia Spain PortugalPolandFinlandCzech RepublicMexico Austria JapanDenmarkFranceChange in expenditure Ireland OECD average BelgiumItalyChange in expenditure per student SwedenGermany NorwaySlovak RepublicNetherlandsHungary BrazilChange in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)Index of change between 2000 and 2009 (2000=100, 2009 constant prices) IcelandChanges in tertiary students and expenditure United States Israel Switzerland 29. Average tuition fees and proportion of students who3939 benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grantsTertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008-09, national full-time studentsEducation at a Glance 2012 Bubble size7 000shows Group 2:graduation ratesGroup 3: Potentially high financial United States Average tuition fees charged by public institutions in USD6 000 Extensive andbarriers for entry to broadly uniform cost tertiary-type A education,sharing across but also strong student United Kingdom5 000 students, student support. support systemsJapansomewhat lessAustralia4 000 developed.3 000Group 4:New Zealand Group 1:Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012Relatively low financial barriers No (or low) financial barriers to entry to tertiary education and Netherlands2 000relatively low support for tertiary studies due totuition fees and a high level of student aid. Switzerland ItalySpain1 000Austria Belgium (Fl.) Norway Belgium (Fr.)Denmark0 France MexicoFinland Iceland Sweden-1 000 0 2550 75 100 Chart B5.1% of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants 30. Average tuition fees and proportion of students who4040benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008-09, national full-time studentsEducation at a Glance 20127 000United States Average tuition fees charged by public institutions in USD6 0005 000 United KingdomJapan Australia4 0003 000 New ZealandAndreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012Netherlands2 000 SwitzerlandItalySpain1 000 Austria Belgium (Fl.) NorwayBelgium (Fr.) Denmark0FranceMexicoFinland IcelandSweden-1 0000 25 5075 100 Chart B5.1 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants 31. Education4242Formal learningproviders Informal learning Educational institutions Traditional institutionsWhat does the future hold Is there no end How successful do to the expansion ofinstitutions engage withfor higher educationhigher education? evolving learning needs?Ownership LearnerFormal learningInformal learning Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 Who can make aCan we extend mass Innovators Innovatorssystemic difference toeducation for some toclosing skills gaps? personalised learning for all? 32. IMHE, 19 September 2012 What does the future holdAndreas Schleicherfor higher education4444 Skill score150 200250 300350Not completed schoolUpper secondaryUniversityNot completed schoolUpper secondaryUniversityNot completed schoolUpper secondaryHigher education and skillsUniversityInterquartile range in skill distribution by educational qualification 33. 4545 Learning beyond institutions Cross-sectional skill-age profiles for youths by education and work statusWhat does the future holdMean skill score320for higher education310 Youth in education300 Youth inand work290education280270260 Youth in work Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012250240230 Not in education,220not in work 1617 181920 212223 2425 Age Linear (In education only) Linear (In education and work) Linear (Work only) Linear (NEET) 34. Education4646Formal learningproviders Informal learning Traditional institutions Traditional institutionsWhat does the future holdIs there no endHow successful doto the expansion of institutions engage withfor higher education higher education?evolving learning needs?Ownership LearnerFormal learningInformal learning Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 Other providers Other providers Who can make aCan we extend masssystemic difference toeducation for some toclosing skills gaps? personalised learning for all? 35. 47 Skills shortages and unemployment coexist47Unemployment rates (2011)What does the future holdShare of employers reporting recruitment difficultiesfor higher education PolandIrelandNorwaySpainSouth AfricaUnited Kingdom Sweden Netherlands FranceCzech Republic HungaryChina Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012Austria SloveniaItalyCanada BelgiumGermanyGreeceMexicoNew Zealand SwitzerlandTurkey United StatesAustraliaBrazilIndiaJapan % 9080 70 605040 30 20 10010 20 30 % 36. 4848Evidence on the link between skill mismatch and earnings Skill mismatch and earnings are strongly relatedWhat does the future holdfor higher education 3000 Monthly wages US$ 2500 2000 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 1500 1000303540 45 5055 60 65AgeHIGH-SKILL MATCH (high foundation skill, high use)SKILL DEFICIT (low foundation skill, high use)SKILL SURPLUS (high foundation skill, low use)LOW-SKILL MATCH (low foundation skill, low use) 37. Education5050Formal learningproviders Informal learningTraditional institutions Traditional institutionsWhat does the future holdIs there no end Will institutions succeedto the expansion ofshifting responsibility forfor higher education higher education?learning to the learner?Ownership LearnerFormal learningInformal learning Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012Other providers Who can make aCan we extend mass Innovatorssystemic difference toeducation for some toclosing skills gaps? personalised learning for all? skip 38. Participation in higher education among students whose5252 parents have low levels of education (2009)Percentage of 20-34 year-old students in higher education whose parents have low levels of educationWhat does the future holdPercentage of parents with low levels of education in the total parent populationOdds of being a student in higher education if parents have low levels of education (right axis)for higher education Odds ratio100% 1.090%0.980%0.870%0.760%0.650%0.5 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 201240%0.430%0.320%0.210%0.1 0%0.0Hungary Denmark AustriaSweden Germany TurkeyPortugalNetherlands GreecePolandLuxembourg Belgium Finland AustraliaSwitzerland New Zealand Spain Iceland IrelandOECD average NorwaySloveniaUnited States CanadaItalyFrance Czech Republic United KingdomChart A6.1 39. Intergenerational mobility in education (2009)5454 Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than theirparents (upward mobility), lower (downward mobility) or the same (status quo) and status quo byparents educational level (low, medium, high)What does the future hold HighMediumLow Downward mobility Upward mobilityfor higher education Status quo by parents educational level100%90%80%70%60%50% Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 201240%30%20%10% 0%TurkeyGermany Norway Luxembourg Sweden Austria Greece Australia PortugalFranceOECD average SpainHungary SwitzerlandIrelandSloveniaItalyEstoniaBelgium Netherlands Canada DenmarkCzech Republic Poland New Zealand IcelandUnited Kingdom FinlandSlovak RepublicUnited States Chart A6.5 40. No relationship between share of private financing and5555 educational mobility in higher educationPercentage of private sources in higher education financeWhat does the future hold80 United Kingdom Higher share of private financing in higher educationfor higher education70United States60 Australia5040 CanadaNew ZealandItaly PolandPortugal Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 201230 Netherlands Czech RepublicSpain20 FranceGermany IrelandSlovenia Austria Belgium Sweden10Iceland FinlandNorwayDenmark Hungary Higher degree of educational mobility 0 010 20 304050607080 Percentage of students in higher education whose parents have low education 41. A close relationship between equity at school5656and equity in higher education 0.80The odds of a 20-34 year-old attending higher education if parents have low levels ofWhat does the future hold Iceland 0.70 the more likely it is that people with disadvantagedfor higher education Portugal Ireland 0.60 Denmark backgrounds make it into higher educationSweden 0.50 Spain Australia 1education (2009)ItalyFinland PolandGermany 0.40 Austria Greece NorwaySwitzerland Belgium HungaryCzech Republic Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012 0.30United States 2 0.20Canada 2 New Zealand 1 R = 0.37 0.10 The weaker the influence of social background on learning outcomes at school (PISA) 0.001520 25 30 3540 45 50 55 60 Impact of PISA index of economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS) on student reading performance (2000)Note: The number of students attending higher education are under-reported for Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UnitedStates compared to the other countries as they only include students who attained ISCED 5A, while the other countries includestudents who attained ISCED 5A and/or 5B. Therefore, the omission of data on 5B qualifications may understateintergenerational mobility in these countries.1. Data source from Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey (ALL) of 2006. 42. IMHE, 19 September 2012What does the future hold Andreas Schleicher for higher education 59 590.1 0.0 0.20.30.4 0.50.6Norway%Germany Chart C6.1DenmarkUnited Kingdom Austria CanadaNew ZealandSweden FinlandBelgium NetherlandsCzech RepublicEmployed 25-64 year-olds OECD averagePortugalSpain EstoniaSlovak Republiceducation as a percentage of GDP (2007)Poland Compares with 1.6% for higher education Italy GreeceOECD averageAnnual labour costs of employer-sponsored non-formalHungary 43. 6060Making lifelong learning a reality for all Skills by ageSkill scoreWhat does the future hold305for higher education295285275265 Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 20122552452352251525 35 45 55 65No adjustmentAgeAdjusted for immigrant status and educationAdjusted for immigrant status, education and reading engagement 44. IMHE, 19 September 2012What does the future holdAndreas Schleicher for higher education61 61 45. 6262 www.oecd.org/education/eag2012What does the future hold Data and publicationsfor higher education Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.orgThank you ! and remember: Andreas Schleicher IMHE, 19 September 2012Without data, you are just another personwith an opinion