WHAT DO YOU THINK THIS UNIT IS ABOUT? CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES-...

WHAT DO YOU THINK THIS UNIT IS ABOUT?

CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

UNIT 3

GLOBALIZATION


What is globalization?

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology


YOUR TURN!1-Has globalization affected your country?Think about the changes in recent years in:Job opportunitiesCultureFashionIdeas

2-Do you think your country needs to be protected from the effects of globalization?


YOUR TURN!

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION?


YOUR TURN!ADVANTAGES

1. Integration of markets: Markets are interlinked- European Union2. Cheaper Products for Consumer: Trainers are Cheap3. Lowering of international Bariers: Now European Union can

Trade with ASEAN and NAFTA.4. Providing jobs in LEDC's and help develop economy (less

Economically Developed Countries)5. Standardization of products: coke and McDonalds


YOUR TURN!DISADVANTAGES

1. Intense Competition Cheaper Products for Consumer: Trainers are Cheap

2. Widening of Gap between rich and poor countries3. Harder for Smaller businesses to establish themselves4. Exploitation of workers: Paying the workers in LEDC's a fraction of

what would be paid in to workers in LEDCs.5. Income generated in Host country is not always spent in the same

country - money earned from supplying cheap call centres in India will not be spent in India but maybe in UK or US.


LISTENING


globalization(n) :Word Formation : globalize (v)

Definition : the process of making something, such as a business, operate in a lot of different countries all around the world

Synonyms :-Antonym :-Collocations :-

Ex: Globalization may lead to destruction of local customs and culture.

Ex: Some people think that the spread of English as an international language is another result of globalization.

Ex: In order to earn more, most companies try to globalize.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

colonialism(n) :Word Formation : colonialistDefinition : when a powerful country rules a weaker one, and

establishes its own trade and society thereSynonyms : imperialismAntonym : -Collocations :-

Ex: As with the other institutions in the 3rd World, education has been heavily influenced by colonialism.

Ex:In the 18th century, many countries were colonialist, and try to find colonies to meet their needs.

Ex: As a result of colonialism, workforce in the developing countries are mostly exploited.


A supporter of colonialism

social justice(n) :

Word Formation :

Definition : The fair and proper administration of laws that all persons, irrespective of ethnic origin, gender, possessions, race, religion, etc., are to be treated equally and without prejudice.

Ex: Social justice is based on the idea of a society which gives individuals and groups fair treatment and share of the benefits of society.


commodity(n) :Word Formation :- Definition : a product that is bought and sold.Synonyms :-Antonym : -Collocations : commodity-producing(adj),

basic/primary/agricultural commodity , buy/sell commodity

Ex: The prices of agricultural commodities increased suddenly in the winter.

Ex: Unlike oil, most Third World commodities are not essential to the West any ore.

Ex: It’s clear that most of the commodity-producing countries suffer from colonialism.


multinational(adj) :

Word Formation : multinational (n)Definition : a multinational company has factories, offices,

and business activities in many different countriesSynonyms : -Antonym :-Collocations :multinational company/firm/corporate

Ex: The growth of multinational corporations provided an increase in investment in foreign countries.

Ex:With multinational firms, it’s hard to say where profits are actually earned

Ex: Multinationals have made large investments in Thailand


poverty(n) :Word Formation : -

Definition : the situation or experience of being poorSynonyms :-Antonym : -Collocations : severe/extreme poverty, suffer/fight/reduce

poverty

Ex: Seven out of every ten Guatemalans live in poverty and half cannot read and write.

Ex: We need an effective strategy to fight povertyEx: Poverty and unemployment are two of the biggest

causes of crime CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

labour-saving(adj) :Word Formation :-

Definition : making it easier for you to do a particular jobSynonyms :-Antonym : -Collocations : labour-saving device/gadget/equipment

Ex: After the luxury of labour-saving devices, it’s too hard to go back to the old ways.

Ex: There are many labour-saving gadgets for the farmers now, so they don’t have to do everything by human force.

Ex: If you can afford it, buy some labour-saving devices, like a washing machine.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

corruption(n) :Word Formation :-

Definition : dishonest, illegal, or immoral behaviour esp. from someone with power

Synonyms :-Antonym : -Collocations : widespread corruption

Ex: The officials were charged with bribery and corruptionEx: The investigation uncovered widespread corruption

within the police forceEx: The country’s government has been accused of

corruption and abuse of powerCANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

vary(v):Word Formation :-

Definition : if several things of the same type vary, they are all different from each other

Synonyms : differAntonym : -Collocations : vary from..to.. , vary according to , very

greatly/significantly/slightly

Ex: Test scores vary from school to school.Ex: Charges vary according to size.Ex: Medical treatment varies greatly from state to state.


turnover(n):Word Formation :-

Definition : the amount of business done during a particular period

Synonyms :-Antonym : -Collocations : turnover of, high/large/total/annual

turnover, insrease turnover, turnover fall

Ex: The drugs industry has an annual turnover of $200bn.Ex: Last year, they increased turnover by nearly $100m.Ex: The company’s turnover for 2009 fell to $80m, from

nearly $95m the previous year.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

LISTENING


LISTENINGIndira Prabhu is an economist from India. She is being

interviewed about globalization.

1. What do you think her views will be on the following topics:

Globalization as colonialismSocial justiceThe relationship between commodity-producing countries

and multinationalsCANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

LISTENING2. Indira Prabhu’s views on:

Globalization as colonialism

She does not agree that globalization is the new face of colonialism. On the contrary, she thinks that it is the best way of fighting poverty.



Social justice

Workers will eventually demand social reforms and conditions will improve.

Poor working conditions are the effect of poverty in the country itself, not of globalization.



The relationship between commodity-producing countries and multinationals

Multinationals take advantage of commodity-producing countries and dictate low prices which do not reflect the value of the products.


LISTENING3. Now, Indira discusses the impact globalization has had

on developed countries. Listen and answer the questions.

1-According to her, who has most to fear from globalization?

2-What does the interviewer say is a main worry for the West?

3-What is the main reason for job losses in the USA?CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

LISTENING3. ANSWERS

1-According to her, who has most to fear from globalization?People in the West / in developed countries have most to fear from

globalization

2-What does the interviewer say is a main worry for the West?Parents are worried that their children’s lives will be harder than

their own. There are also people who have become unemployed because their jobs have gone abroad.

3-What is the main reason for job losses in the USA?Labour-saving efficiencies, not companies moving abroad.


LISTENING4. Listen to Part C and answer the questions.

1-What problems are created when countries export knowledge?

2-How does Indira feel about the move into the service sector?

3-How can developed countries maintain their world position?


LISTENING4. ANSWERS1-What problems are created when countries export knowledge?If poorer countries gain knowledge, they can overtake rich countries

because they will have both know-how and cheaper labour and production costs.

2-How does Indira feel about the move into the service sector?She thinks that the service sector will not be enough to support a

developed economy; it needs manufacturing as well.

3-How can developed countries maintain their world position?They can maintain their world position by continuing to invest in

innovation.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

LISTENING

5.

How far do you agree with what Indıra said?

Were you surprised by any of her views?


READING


GDP(gross domestic product) :

Word Formation : -

Definition : the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year, except for income received from abroad

Ex: The GDP of India is about $60 bn, and the government is trying to increase it.


GNP(gross national product) :

Word Formation : -

Definition : the total value of all goods and services produced in a country, usually in a single year


distribution channel :Word Formation :-

Definition : a way of selling a company's product either directly or via distributors

Ex: The company has decided to change its distribution channels, because they believe that the reason why they cannot reach the customers is them.

Ex: Possible distribution channels are wholesalers or small retailers or retail chains or direct mailers or your own stores.

Ex: What is the extent of your distribution channel?


joint venture ( n.phr. ):

Word Formation :-

Definition : A partnership or conglomerate, formed often to share risk or expertise

Ex: In A joint venture between the film companies to produce TV shows, they share the risk of failure

Ex: Avea is a joint venture between Aria and Aycell.


disposable income( ):Word Formation :-

Definition : income (after taxes, bills, etc.) that is available to you for saving or spending

Ex: Do consumers have enough disposable income in Turkey?Ex: The percentage of disposable income spent at

supermarkets has declined since 1980s.Ex: To provide welfare among people, the government is

planning to pay additional disposable income.


economic outlook( ):Word Formation :-

Definition : general attitude to economy

Ex: At the end of 19th century, economic outlook began to improve in the US.

Ex: The economic outlook of Japan is manly based on the production of machines.

Ex: Most companies need international economic outlook to improve.


consumer base( n.phr.):

Word Formation :-

Definition : It refers to the clients to whom a business sells products and services

Ex: A company should analyze its consumer base to identifty the number of currently active customers and to understand their purchase behaviours.


development zone( n.phr. ):

Word Formation :

Definition : refers to an area, especially in or near a city, where the government tries to encourage economic development by offering financial advantages to people who start companies, factories, etc. there:

Ex: Nationwide, almost 4,000 industrial parks and development zones are under construction.


hurdle(n) :Word Formation : -

Definition : An obstacle or difficulty to be overcomeSynonyms : obstacleAntonym :-Collocations :overcome/clear/get over a hurdle

Ex: Finding enough money for the project was the first hurdle.

Ex: There are several hurdles to get over in someone’s career.

Ex: His biggest hurdle to get the job will be the interview.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

emerge(v) :Word Formation : emerging(adj)

Definition : to become knownSynonyms : appearAntonym :-Collocations :

Ex: Many details of the plan emerged at yesterday’s meeting.

Ex: More research in consumer buying and behaviour in emerging electronic markets is needed.

Ex: The country’s emerging oil industry seems to be a good value in the near future.


being in the process of emerging or developing

outstanding(adj) :Word Formation : outstandingly (adv)

Definition : very great or clearSynonyms : noticableAntonym :Collocations : outstanding performance/success

Ex: It’s certainly true that the project proved an outstanding success.

Ex: She did outstandingly well in the job interview. I’m sure they’ll hire her.

Ex:CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

culminate(v) :Word Formation : culmination(n)Definition : if a process culminates in or with a particular

event, it ends with that eventSynonyms : -Antonym :-Collocations : culminate in / with

Ex: These efforts will culminate in the success of the project.

Ex: This book represents the culmination of 15 years’ workEx: This company is very important for him because it is the

culmination of a lot of effort and time.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

Culmination of sth: Something that happens

at the aned of a long period of effort or

development

fertile(adj) :Word Formation : -

Definition : Highly or continuously productiveSynonyms : prolific

Antonym : infertileCollocations : -

Ex: There are a lot of fertile areas in the East part of Turkey.

Ex: This are is infertile, so we didn’t clear it for cultivation.Ex: Some developing countries are really fertile markets for

multinational companies. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

strive for(v) :Word Formation :

Definition : make a great effort to achieve sthSynonyms :Antonym :Collocations :always/constantly strive for

Ex: The company must constantly strive for more efficiency.Ex: This is the nature of science, always striving for a set of

rules and solutionsEx: Commitment to health service means constantly

striving for better ways.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

prudent(adj) :Word Formation :

Definition : sensible and careful, esp by trying to avoid risksSynonyms :Antonym :Collocations :

Ex: It’s more prudent, more rational and more natural to use organic materials.

Ex: If you want to run a business abroa, you should be prudent. Their customs and values may be different.


determined (adj) :Word Formation :-

Definition : having a strong desire to do sthSynonyms :-Antonym :-Collocations : determined to ...

Ex: He is determined to be the best jazz musician ever.Ex: The company is determined to be the leading one

in the textile industry.Ex: They have just set up the business,however, they

are determined to be the best in the country.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

estimate(v) :Word Formation : estimated (adj)Definition : to try to judge the value, size, cost, etc. of sth

wthout calculating it exactlySynonyms :-Antonym :-Collocations : estimate that, be estimated to ...

Ex: Scientists estimate that smoking reduces life expactancy by around 12 years.

Ex: Based on estimated rates of inflation, employees will get a big salary increase.

Ex: At this point, the profit is estimated to be around $40 m.


evaluate(v) :Word Formation : evaluation(n)Definition : to judge how good, useful, or succesful

something isSynonyms : assessAntonym :-Collocations :carry out an evaluation , evaluate carefully

Ex: We need to evaluate the success of the campaign carefully

Ex: There wasn’t enough time to evaluate the information before the meeting.

Ex: The managers are carrying out an evaluation of the new system . They are assessing pros and cons.


reveal(v) :Word Formation : -

Definition : to make known sth that was previously unknown or secret

Synonyms : -Antonym : conceal Collocations : -

Ex: A succesful test can reveal a manager’s skills.Ex: The company has just revealed its plans for the coming

year, including the opening of new offices in Paris.Ex: The rates declared at the end of the year revealed the

GDP of the country.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

expand(v) :Word Formation : expansion(n)Definition : if a company, business expands, or someone

expands it, they open new shops, factories, etc.Synonyms : -Antonym : -Collocations : economic/great/international expansion,

expand greatly/rapidly

Ex: The hotel wants to expand its business by opening new hotels in various parts of the world.

Ex: The computer industry has expanded greatly over the last decade.

Ex: The food industry underwent a period of expansion.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

distinct(adj) :Word Formation : distinction(n)Definition : clearly different or belonging to a different

typeSynonyms : -Antonym :-Collocations : distinct types/groups/categories , distinct

from

Ex: The European Union is made up of 15 nations with distinct cultural, linguistic and economic roots.

Ex: The target audience of two hospitality groups are quite distinct from each other.

Ex: There was a distinct local advertising market to support the company.


commit(v) :

Word Formation : commitment(n)

Definition : to promise or give your loyalty, time or money to a particular principle, person or plan of action

Ex: Like so many men, he has problems committing himself to a relationship.

Ex: The government must commit itself to improving health care.

Ex: Once we have committed to this course of action there is no going back.


READING2. Scan the text and answer the questions.

1.Which western multinational companies does the text mention?

2.What is the significance of these numbers?


£600 $995bn 2.7bn 50 miles 365m 235 80m 200

2.1. Which western multinational companies does the text mention?

2.2. What is the significance of these numbers?

600: the number of women the L’Oreal researchers watched taking a shower

995bn: GDP of China

2.7bn: the value of the Chinese cosmetics market

50 miles: the distance from Shanghai to the new economic development zone

2.2. What is the significance of these numbers?

365m: the urban population of China

235: the number of McDonald’s in Chinese cities

80million: the number of purchasers of L’Oreal products in China

200: the number of products L’Oreal tested

READING3. Read the text and answer the questions1-What does L’Oreal’s ‘bathroom’ research hope to achieve?

2-Why do you think Paolo Gasparini talks about Chinese pharmacies?

3-Why is China such an attractive market for foreign businesses?

4-What has China done to encourage foreign businesses to set up near Shanghai?

5-Why didn’t L’Oreal enter the Chinese market earlier?


READING3. Read the text and answer the questions

6-How did L’Oreal plan its entry into the Chinese market?

7-How useful has L’Oreal’s joint venture with the Suzhou medical college been?

8-Maybelline, L’Oreal Paris, and Lancome are all brands of L’Oreal, but they are sold in china through different sale outlets. Why do you think this happens?

9-According to Paolo Gasparini, what is the difficulty and importance of recruiting good local staff?


READING3. ANSWERS

1-What does L’Oreal’s ‘bathroom’ research hope to achieve?It intends to discover how Chinese women use the products

L’Oreal is promoting

2-Why do you think Paolo Gasparini talks about Chinese pharmacies?

The company is interested in using pharmacies as points of sales

3-Why is China such an attractive market for foreign businesses?It is a very large market with a growing spending power


READING3. ANSWERS4-What has China done to encourage foreign businesses to set up

near Shanghai?It has opened a new economic development zone

5-Why didn’t L’Oreal enter the Chinese market earlier?Before the early 1990s it thought that the average incomes were

too low and the distribution channels poor

6-How did L’Oreal plan its entry into the Chinese market?It tested about 200 products, launched a joint venture with a

medical college and started an extensive R&D programme


READING3. ANSWERS

7-How useful has L’Oreal’s joint venture with the Suzhou medical college been?

It helped them to reformulate their products for the Chinese market

8-Maybelline, L’Oreal Paris, and Lancome are all brands of L’Oreal, but they are sold in china through different sale outlets. Why do you think this happens?

They are aimed at different target markets who will make their purchases from different sales outlets


READING3. ANSWERS

9-According to Paolo Gasparini, what is the difficulty and importance of recruiting good local staff?

The difficulty is in finding the right personnel since marketing is new to the country. Gasparini thinks having the right staff is the key to becoming market leader


READING

4. Match a word from box A with one from Box B to form collocations from the text.

Outstanding potentialEconomic outlookProduction facilityDistribution channelDevelopment zoneConsumer baseJoint ventureDisposable income


READING

5. Complete the sentences with an appropriate collocation.

1.Development zone2.Consumer base3.Production facility4.Economic outlook5.Disposable income6. Joint venture7.Distribution channel8.Outstanding potential


WORKBOOK


take advantage of something(phr.v):Word Formation : -Definition : to use a particular situation to do or get what

you wantSynonyms :-Antonym :-Collocations :

Ex: I took advantage of good weather to paint the shed.Ex: Some developing countries have important natural

sources, but they don’t know how to use them. At this point, developed countries take advantage of this situation and set up factories there.

Ex: Bill took advantage of his height and joined the basketball team.


take place ( phr.v ):

Word Formation :-

Definition : to happen , esp after being planned or arranged

Synonyms :-Antonym :-Collocations :-

Ex: The talks between two sides are still taking place.Ex:The final exam will take place in June.Ex: Major changes are taking place in society.


take on ( phr.v. ):Word Formation : -Definition : to agree to do some work or be responsible for

somethingSynonyms : -Antonym :-Collocations :-

Ex: Don’t take on too much work. The extra cash isn’t worth it.Ex: We have taken on too much work lately. I hope we can

handle it.Ex: If you take on too much responsibility, you will most

probably be stressed , which may lead to several problems.


take over from ( phr.v ):

Word Formation :

Definition : to begin to do something that someone else was doing

Synonyms : to replaceEx: Jane took over as the director after Richard retired.Ex: Can you take over the cooking while I walk the

dog?


take the opportunity ( phr.v):Word Formation :-

Definition : do sth you have a chance to doSynonyms :-Antonym : -Collocations :-

Ex: Several employees took the opportunity of retiring early.

Ex: A lot of students have taken the opportunity of turning back to school this semester

Ex: I took the opportunity of studying with Prof. Adams, which was an amazing experience.


take part in (phr.v ):Word Formation :-

Definition : to be involved in an activity, sport, event, etc with other people

Synonyms :-Antonym : -Collocations :-

Ex: About 400 students took part in te protest.Ex: Some of the executive managers didn’t take part in the

meeting yesterday.Ex: She wanted to take part in the conference , but she was

ill.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

take up ( phr.v ):

Word Formation :-

Definition : to start a new job or have a new responsibilitySynonyms :-Antonym :-Collocations :-

Ex: Peter will take up the management of the finance department

Ex: The company is planning to take up a few new departments.


take off (phr.v ):

Word Formation :

Definition : to become successful or popular very fast

Ex: Her business has really taken off.


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