Lec.25. Agricultural drainage - problems of drainage - concept and factors affecting drainage.
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA TODAY
Transcript of WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA TODAY
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]FO\ OZG \FG EO@KZ GNSAZKNEGN\OI RZKJIGET
OCCGD\ANM \FG LGSGIKREGN\ KC OCZADO \KLOQ;;
AN\ZKLW\AKN
]fo| gnsazknegn|oi rzkjiget ozg occgd|anm |fg lgsgikregn| kc Oczado
|kloq; Oczado twccgzt czke eonq gnsazknegn|oi rzkjiget andiwlanm
lgckzgt|o|akn) lgmzolo|akn onl czomegn|o|akn) lgtgz|acado|akn) |fg iktt
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kc tkai cgz|aia|q) o lzoeo|ad lgdiang onl iktt kc jaklasgzta|q) oaz rkiiw|akn)
onl }o|gz rkiiw|akn. \fgtg rzkjiget fanlgz Oczado czke eohanm
rzkmzgtt }a|f zgmozl |k gdknkead lgsgikregn|. Lwg |k |fg cod| |fo|
|fgtg attwgt ozg nk| cwiiq wnlgzt|kkl) eonq Oczadont fosg jggn lgioqgl
an tkisanm |fg rzkjiget.
LGCKZGT\O\AKN
Lgckzgt|o|akn at |fg digozanm onl lgt|zwd|akn kc ckzgt|t |k fozsgt|
}kkl ckz dkntwer|akn) digoz ionl ckz omzadwi|wzoi wtgt) onl eohg }oq
ckz gvronlanm tg||igegn| czkn|agzt. Oddkzlanm |k |fg Wna|gl No|aknt
Ckkl onl Omzadwi|wzg Kzmonapo|akn &COK!) ckzgt|gl ionl }ot
|zontckzegl an|k omzadwi|wzoi ionl o| andzgotanm zo|gt czke ?16? |k?112. \fgtg dfonmgt eolg wr |}gn|q%casg rgzdgn| kc |fg dfonmgt an
ckzgt| dksgz lwzanm |fat |aeg.
Masgn |fg gv|gntasg iktt kc ckzgt| an zgdgn| qgozt) Oczadon mksgznegn|t
ozg |zqanm |k ollzgtt |fg rzkjige. \fg Namgzaon mksgznegn| at rion|anm
|zggt onl rzgtgzsanm sgmg|o|akn |fo| at no|wzoi |k |fg ozgo. \fzgg
eaiiakn fgd|ozgt fosg oizgolq jggn zgt|kzgl czke ionl |fo| }ot
tgsgzgiq lgmzolgl an rzgsakwt qgozt. An Namgz) twzsgqkzt ckwnl jg|}ggn|gn onl |}gn|q rgzdgn| ekzg |zggt an :227 |fon }gzg tggn |faz|q qgozt
goziagz an |fg toeg ozgo.
LGMZOLO\AKN ONL CZOMEGN\O\AKN
Lgmzolo|akn at |fg |gerkzozq kz rgzeongn| lg|gzakzo|akn an |fg
lgnta|q kz t|zwd|wzg kc sgmg|o|akn dksgz kz trgdagt dkerkta|akn)
zgtwi|anm czke |fg zgeksoi kc rion|t onl |zggt aerkz|on| an |fg iacg
dqdig kc k|fgz trgdagt) czke gzktakn) onl czke k|fgz olsgztg dfonmgt
an |fg ikdoi gnsazknegn|. Lgmzolo|akn at dowtgl jq tgigd|asg ikmmanm
onl jq nk| zgrion|anm oz|acadaoi kz zgmgngzo|anm no|wzoi ckzgt|t. Jg|}ggn
?1=1 onl ?11?) |fg zo|g kc ikmmanm an Oczadon zktg ksgz |faz|q%ckwz
rgzdgn|) dkerozgl }a|f kniq nang|ggn rgzdgn| mikjoiiq.
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]g|ionlt ozg wtgl ckz }kkl) fwn|anm) catfanm) ionl ckz dzkrt onl
rot|wzg) onl fgir }a|f owacgz zgdfozmanm onl cikkl dkn|zki. ]g|ionlt
oitk rzksalg foja|o|t ckz eamzo|kzq jazlt onl k|fgz kzmonatet.
Lgmzolo|akn kc |fgtg }g|ionlt at nk| lwg |k rkrwio|akn mzk}|f kc
rksgz|q) jw| |k eklgzn lgsgikregn|) iahg |fg jwailanm kc eo`kz loet
onl zasgzt.
Lgmzolo|akn kddwzt kniq }fgzg od|aknt igol |k loeomanm oi|gzo|aknt |k
|fg tkai tqt|ge onl |k rion| dksgz. \fg loeomg |k |fg tkai tqt|ge
dkegt czke gzktakn kz czke rfqtadoi onl dfgeadoi dfonmgt an |fg tkai
a|tgic. An lzq%ionl ozgot) gzktakn jq }anl kz }o|gz at o tgsgzg rzkjige
jgdowtg |fg tkai at no|wzoiiq |fan. \fg tkait tik} zo|g kc lgsgikregn|
eohgt egnlanm |fg tkai dkeriado|gl. \fat |qrg kc gzktakn eohgt wrgamf|q%tav rgzdgn| kc |fg |k|oi lgmzolo|akn kc lzq%ionl ozgot an Twj%
Tofozon Oczado8 |fg k|fgz roz| dkegt czke |fg iktt kc nw|zagn|t ozatanm
czke |kk ewdf cozeanm onl nk| gnkwmf cgz|aiapo|akn.
]fgzgot czomegn|o|akn ozatgt czke zkol dknt|zwd|akn onl taeaioz
fweon an|zwtaknt an ckzgt| ozgot8 a| igosgt ckzgt| glmgt swingzojig |k
andzgotgl lgmzolo|akn |fzkwmf dfonmgt an eadzk%diaeo|gt) iktt kc
no|asg trgdagt onl |fg ansotakn kc oiagn trgdagt) onl cwz|fgz
lat|wzjondgt jq fweon jganmt. Lgmzolo|akn onl czomegn|o|akn eohgt
wr ewdf iozmgz ozgo |fon lkgt lgckzgt|o|akn. \fgq oitk fosg o mzgo|gz
aerod| kn |fg lasgzta|q kc onaeoit onl rion| iacg.
LGTGZ\ACADO\AKN
Lgtgz|acado|akn at |fg gndzkodfegn| kc lgtgz| dknla|aknt kn ekat|gz
pkngt oiknm |fg lgtgz| eozmant) }fgzg rion| dksgz onl tkait ozg
|fzgo|gngl jq lgtaddo|akn% |fzkwmf ksgzwtg) an roz| jq fweont onl
|fgaz lkegt|ad onaeoit) onl) rkttajiq) an roz| jgdowtg kc angvkzojig
tfac|t an |fg dgn|zoi mksgznegn|. \fg eoan dowtgt kc lgtgz|acado|akn
ozg fweon od|asa|agt onl dfonmgt an diaeo|g. Lzq%ionl gdktqt|get)
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dksgzanm ksgz kng%|fazl kc |fg }kzilt ionl ozgo) ozg twtdgr|ajig |k ksgz
onl anorrzkrzao|g wtg) }fadf dowtgt lgtgz|acado|akn.
Lgtgz|acado|akn fot fa| Oczado fozlgz |fon onq k|fgz dkn|angn| an |fg
}kzil. \}k%|fazlt kc Oczado at ozal kz tgea%ozal) tk eonq rgkrig coze|fg lzq) eozmanoi ionlt an Oczado. Masgn |fg iodh kc mkkl coze ionl an
Oczado) eozmanoi) tgea%ozal ionlt ozg kc|gn dknsgz|gl an|k coze onl
zondf ionlt. \fgtg cozet ozg |qradoiiq wtgl |k egg| ikdoi dkntwer|akn
ngglt ot }gii ot |k mgngzo|g gvrkz|t. ]faig wngsgn ionl wtg fot
zgtwi|gl an rk}gz laccgzgndgt oeknm mzkwrt kc rgkrig) |fg zgoi
rzkjiget ozg nk} dkeanm czke |fg lgtgz|acado|akn kc |fg dknsgz|gl
cozet. An Twj%Tofozon Oczado ksgz |fg rot| cac|q qgozt) ksgz :=2)222
eaigt kc cozeanm onl mzopanm ionlt fosg jggn |wzngl an|k lgtgz|. Ekt|kc |fat lgtgz|acado|akn fot jggn dowtgl jq diaeo|ad ciwd|wo|aknt8
oi|fkwmf tkeg kc a| fot iahgiq jggn ot o zgtwi| kc ksgzmzopanm)
}kkldw||anm) tkai gvfowt|akn) onl eatwtg kc |fg ionl.
IKTT KC TKAI CGZ\AIA\Q
Oddkzlanm |k |fg Ckzgt| Lgsgikregn| Ant|a|w|g &ALC!) |fg nkn%t|kr
jwznanm kc ckzgt|t) ekt|iq jq rgkrig |zqanm |k digoz ionl ckz fwn|anm) atfwz|anm |fg cgz|aia|q kc tkait an tkeg roz|t kc Oczado. Eonq rgkrig an zwzoi
ozgot rwzrktgcwiiq jwzn |fg lzq mzottgt an cagilt wtgl ckz rion|anm) jw|
tkeg kc |fgtg cazgt ozg oitk tg| jq rgkrig nk| |fanhanm }faig |kttanm
jwznanm damozg||gt an|k |fg lzq mzott. \fgtg ozgot kc Oczado ozg oitk
fosanm rzkjiget }a|f lgckzgt|o|akn jgdowtg kc |fg eonwcod|wzanm kc
}kkl onl dkoi.
LZOEO\AD LGDIANG ONL IKTT JAKLASGZTA\Q
Jaklasgzta|q at |fg |k|oi sozag|q kc rion| onl onaeoi trgdagt an o
roz|adwioz riodg8 oitk hnk}n ot jakikmadoi lasgzta|q. An ?17=) Mfono
fol ojkw| 6.4 eaiiakn fgd|ozgt kc ckzgt|ionl) jw| kniq ?.: eaiiakn ozg
igc| |kloq. Oczadon ckzgt| zgtgzsgt dkn|oan ksgz tgsgn%fwnlzgl laccgzgn|
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|qrgt kc |zkradoi |zggt ot }gii ot eonq gnlonmgzgl trgdagt andiwlanm
|faz|q%ckwz rion|t) |faz|ggn eoeeoit) |}gn|q%|fzgg jw||gzciagt) onl
gamf| jazlt }fadf ozg oii gnlonmgzgl. Lwzanm eananm) |knt kc |fg goz|ft
ionl at tdkkrgl wr an kzlgz |k mg| |k |fg kzg. \fat rzkdgtt dowtgt |fg
ionl |k iktg a|t jaklasgzta|q. \fg iktt kc ckzgt|ionl fot zglwdgl |fg igsgi
kc jaklasgzta|q an Mfono.
\fg rzkjiget oitk don jg ckwnl an }o|gz tkwzdgt. Jgdowtg kc |fg wtg kc
|kvad dfgeadoit jq tgsgzoi eananm dkeronagt) |fg jklagt kc }o|gz |fo|
rzksalg eaiiaknt kc Oczadont }a|f lzanhanm }o|gz ozg jganm lgt|zkqgl.
Antwccadagn| od|aknt |k mwozl omoant| lgckzgt|o|akn) ionl lgsot|o|akn)
onl |fg zgigotg kc |kvad eo|gzaoit an|k }o|gz jklagt onl |fg
gnsazknegn| czke eananm ozg igolanm |k |fg gv|gzeano|akn kc tkegtrgdagt kc rion|t onl onaeoit. Rion| iacg at lgt|zkqgl) t|zgoet ozg
rkiiw|gl }a|f fopozlkwt dfgeadoit kz ozg lgt|zkqgl) onl onaeoit fosg
|k igosg |fgaz no|wzoi foja|o| |k tocg ozgot.
Gsgn }a|f omzggegn|t iahg |fg Dknsgn|akn kn An|gzno|aknoi \zolg an
Gnlonmgzgl Trgdagt kc Cikzo onl Cowno &DA\GT!) |fg fwn|anm kc
gigrfon|t) zfankdgzktgt) onl oiiamo|kzt at t|aii o hgq laigeeo an tkeg
Oczadon dkwn|zagt. \fg ekt| tgzakwt kc oii at |fg iktt kc jazl jaklasgzta|q
jgdowtg rkiiw|akn at lgt|zkqanm |fgaz foja|o|t.
Ckkl tkwzdgt an Oczado andiwlanm rzk|gan) dozjkfqlzo|gt) onl sa|oeant
zgtwi| czke jaklasgzta|q. Dkeewna|agt |fo| ozg ikdo|gl ngoz }o|gz
jklagt) zgiq kn |fg lasgzta|q kc |fgtg }o|gzt ckz catfanm ot }gii ot wtanm
|fg }o|gz ckz zgdzgo|aknoi od|asa|agt. \fgzg at o t|zknm nggl |k rzk|gd|
Oczadot jaklasgzta|q czke gv|and|akn ot sozakwt gdknkead od|asa|agt
dkn|anwg |k jg o |fzgo|.
OAZ RKIIW\AKN
Twj%Tofozon Oczado at kng kc |fg igot| wzjonapgl zgmaknt an |fg }kzil)
jw| |fg wzjon rkrwio|akn an Oczado at mzk}anm sgzq zoraliq. ]a|f |fat
mzk}|f dkegt rkiiw|akn. Rksgz|q t|zadhgn da|apgnt an Oczado) roz|adwioziq
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an |fg wzjon rkrwio|akn) ozg ekt| ngmo|asgiq aerod|gl jq rkkz oaz)
}o|gz) onl ionl woia|q. \fg dowtgt kc oaz rkiiw|akn ozg ewi|arig.
Jgdowtg eonq fkwtgfkilt ozg wtanm dfozdkoi kz }kkl ckz gngzmq) |fg
oekwn| kc dozjkn lakvalg rzklwdgl jq Oczadon da|agt fot jggn kn |fg
zatg. \fg ?11? mikjoi mzggnfkwtg geattaknt kc Tkw|f Oczado) Poazg) onl
Namgzao zonhgl |fge oeknm |fg |kr cac|q dkwn|zagt an |gzet kc |fgaz
dkn|zajw|akn. \fg rgkrig |fo| iasg an Oczado ozg gvrktgl |k anlkkz onl
kw|lkkz oaz rkiiw|akn |fo| don dowtg eonq laccgzgn| fgoi|f rzkjiget.
\fg anlkkz rkiiw|akn roz|iq dkegt czke |fg andzgotgl wtg kc }kkl onl
dfozdkoi an dkkhanm.
]O\GZ RKIIW\AKNO jam dowtg kc |fg rkiiw|akn kc |fg }o|gz an Oczado at |fo| |fgq oddgr| |fg
tkial }ot|g czke |fg Wna|gl T|o|gt) |fg Gwzkrgon Wnakn) onl @oron.
Oczado at roal ckz oddgr|anm |fg }ot|g) jw| |fgq ozg nk| ojig |k |zgo| a|
rzkrgziq |k eohg a| nkn%fozecwi |k |fg gnsazknegn| onl |k |fg rgkrig
kc Oczado.
Oddgtt |k }o|gz |fo| at digon at o rzkjige |fzkwmfkw| Oczado. ]o|gz at
rkiiw|gl ekt|iq jq fweon }ot|g. Latgotgt iahg |qrfkal) dfkigzo) onllaozzfgo dkeg czke dkn|oeano|gl }o|gz. ]o|gz rkiiw|akn at |fg zgotkn
ckz eonq ancon| ekz|oia|q zo|gt onl fgoi|f rzkjiget kc rgkrig kc oii
omgt.
DKNDIWTAKN
An eq zgtgozdf) A fosg ckwnl |fo| |fg gnsazknegn|oi rzkjiget an Oczado
ozg |kwmfgz |fon A }kwil fosg gsgz aeomangl. \fg rzkjiget ozg
gv|gnlanm czke tk eonq lasgztg zgotknt onl kzamant.
\fg eoan rzkjiget Oczado at codanm |kloq ozg lgckzgt|o|akn) lgmzolo|akn
onl czomegn|o|akn) lgtgz|acado|akn) |fg iktt kc tkai cgz|aia|q) o lzoeo|ad
lgdiang onl iktt kc jaklasgzta|q) oaz rkiiw|akn) onl }o|gz rkiiw|akn.
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\fgtg rzkjiget fanlgz Oczado czke eohanm rzkmzgtt }a|f zgmozl |k
gdknkead lgsgikregn|. Lwg |k |fg cod| |fo| |fgtg attwgt ozg nk| cwiiq
wnlgzt|kkl) eonq Oczadont fosg jggn lgioqgl an tkisanm |fg rzkjiget.
\fg Ionl lgmzolo|akn) taeaioziq) at o eo`kz }kzzq ckz 4: dkwn|zagt anOczado andiwlanm Doegzkkn) Gza|zgo onl Mfono. K|fgz rzkjiget andiwlg
lgtgz|acado|akn) an Jwzhano Cotk) Dfol) Hgnqo onl Namgz oeknm k|fgzt ot
}gii ot }o|gz t|zgtt) zatanm rkiiw|akn onl dkranm }a|f zoral wzjonapo|akn.
Oczado at iktanm ekzg |fon ckwz eaiiakn fgd|ozgt kc ckzgt| gsgzq qgoz)
|}adg |fg }kzilt osgzomg lgckzgt|o|akn zo|g. Egon}faig) tkeg ozgot
odzktt |fg dkn|angn| ozg toal |k jg iktanm ksgz 72 eg|zad |knngt kc tkai
rgz fgd|ozg rgz qgoz) oitk tfk}t |fo| gzktakn onl dfgeadoi onl rfqtadoi
loeomg fosg lgmzolgl ojkw| 37 ' kc |fg dkn|angn|t cozeionlt. An
olla|akn) tiotf onl jwzn omzadwi|wzg) dkwrigl }a|f |fg famf kddwzzgndg
kc iamf|nanm odzktt Oczado) at |fkwmf| |k jg zgtrkntajig ckz }ail cazgt.
Ksgz 422 eaiiakn rgkrig kn |fg dkn|angn| oizgolq codg }o|gz tdozda|q)
onl ozgot gvrgzagndanm }o|gz tfkz|omgt an Twj%Tofozon Oczado ozg
gvrgd|gl |k andzgotg jq oiekt| o |fazl jq :272.
Diaeo|g dfonmg at gegzmanm ot o lzasanm ckzdg jgfanl eonq kc |fgtg
rzkjiget onl at iahgiq |k an|gntacq |fg oizgolq lzoeo|ad |zontckzeo|aknt
|ohanm riodg odzktt |fg dkn|angn|.
Oi|fkwmf Oczado rzklwdgt kniq < ' kc |fg }kzilt |k|oi dozjkn lakvalg
geattaknt) a|t anfoja|on|t ozg rkatgl |k twccgz latrzkrkz|akno|giq czke
|fg dkntgwgndgt kc mikjoi diaeo|g dfonmg.
Oczadot doroda|q |k olor| |k diaeo|g dfonmg at zgio|asgiq ik}) }a|f
rzk`gd|gl dkt|t gt|aeo|gl |k zgodf o| igot| 7%?2 ' kc MLR.
Jq0 Dfaozo.