What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane...

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Transcript of What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane...

Page 1: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.
Page 2: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

What are the building blocks?

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Chlorine

Atoms

Methane

Formaldehyde

Hydrogen cyanide

Phosphorus pentachloride

Molecules

Subatomic particles Protons

Electrons

• s orbital

• p orbital

• d orbital

• Hybrids

Page 3: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.
Page 4: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.
Page 5: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

It’s all aboutbuilding blocks

Page 6: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.
Page 7: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.
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4 3 2 1

Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen

Number of available connections (bonds)

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HH HHCC

HH Methane

HH

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HHCC

HHMethanol

HHOO

HH

Page 11: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

The forces at work are:

Electromagnetic:

Repulsion of like charges: proton-proton and electron-electron

Attraction of unlike charges: proton-electron.

Magnetic:

Electron spin introduces magnetic forces. Electrons with opposite spins produce opposite magnetic poles. Opposite magnetic poles attract. Opposite spin is required for electrons to occupy the same orbital.

Page 12: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.
Page 13: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Lewis Structures & Molecular Shape

Page 14: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Lewis Structures

Gilbert Lewis

Page 15: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Lewis Structures

• Keeps track of valence (bonding) electrons

• Predicts formula for many compounds

• Predicts charge of compounds

• Predicts stability of compounds

• Predicts molecular shape if combined with other theories.

nitrate=NO3-

Page 16: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Why interest in Molecular Shape?

• Predicts polar compounds (ones with ends with opposite charges)

• Predicts solubility

• Predicts interaction with light (link)

• Predicts crystal structure

δ-

δ-δ-δ+

δ-

δ-δ- δ+

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Methane building blocks

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Carbon

1s2 2s2 2p2

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2s 2px 2pz2py1s sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3

109.5o

Promote Hybridize

x

z

y

Methane: Carbon

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Page 21: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

VSEPR

• http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/vsepr/

• http://www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/chemputer/vsepr.html

• http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/Vsepr/table1.html

• http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Lecture/Chapter10/VSEPR.html

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Page 23: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Orbitals

• http://www.mpcfaculty.net/ron_rinehart/orbitals.htm

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Lewis Structures

• http://www.stolaf.edu/depts/chemistry/courses/toolkits/121/js/lewis/

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1

2

3

4

5

PF3 5 + 7x3 = 26 valence electrons

Page 26: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

4 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

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1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

PF3

FP

FF

Page 28: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

4 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

1 central atom=A

3 bonding atoms = B3

1 non-bonding pairs of electrons = N

AB3N

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AB3N

Page 30: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

AB3N

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HybridizationNumber of

electron groupsHybridization

2 sp

3 sp2

4 sp3

5 sp3d

6 sp3d2

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F

Polar?

FP

F

P = 2.1

F = 4.0Electronegativity

δ-

δ-δ-

δ+

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1

2

3

4

5

SCl2 6 + 7x3 = 27 valence electrons

Page 37: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

4 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

Page 38: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

4 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

1 central atom=A

2 bonding atoms = B2

2 non-bonding pairs of electrons = N2

AB2N2

Page 39: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

AB2N2

Page 40: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

HybridizationNumber of

electron groupsHybridization

2 sp

3 sp2

4 sp3

5 sp3d

6 sp3d2

Page 41: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Polar ?

δ-δ-

δ+

S = 2.5

Cl = 3.0Electronegativity

Page 42: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

1

2

3

4

5

CS2 4 + 6x2 = 16 valence electrons

Page 43: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

2 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

Page 44: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

2 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

1 central atom=A

2 bonding atoms = B2

Zero non-bonding pairs of electrons

AB2

VESPR Sketch

Page 45: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

AB2

Page 46: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Hybridization# of electron

groups Hybridization Electron geometry

2 sp

3 sp2

4 sp3

5 sp3d

6 sp3d2

for carbon

for sulfur

Straight

Trigonal

Tetrahedral

Trigonal bipyramidal

Octahedral

Page 47: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

2s 2px 2pz2py1s sp spPromoted Hybridized

Carbon in hydrogen cyanide or carbon disulfide:

2s + 2px

Linear

Page 48: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Polar ?

S = 2.5

C = 2.5Electronegativity

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1

2

3

4

5

KrF2 8 + 7x2 = 22 valence electrons

Page 50: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

5 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

Page 51: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

5 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

1 central atom=A

2 bonding atoms = B2

3 non-bonding pairs of electrons

AB2N3

VESPR Sketch

Page 52: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

AB2N3

Page 53: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Polar ? No

Kr = 3.0

F = 4.0Electronegativity

δ-δ-

δ+

Page 54: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

1

2

3

4

5

PO33- 5 + 6x3 + 3 = 26

valence electrons

Page 55: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

4 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

--

-

3-

3-

Page 56: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

2 groups of electrons, which will repel each other.

1 central atom=A

3 bonding atoms = B3

1 non-bonding pairs of electrons=N

AB2N

VESPR Sketch

3-

Page 57: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

3-

Page 58: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Hybridization# of electron

groups Hybridization Electron geometry

2 sp

3 sp2

4 sp3

5 sp3d

6 sp3d2

for P & O

Straight

Trigonal

Tetrahedral

Trigonal bipyramidal

Octahedral

3-

Trigonal pyramidal

Page 59: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Polar ?

O = 3.5

P = 2.1Electronegativity

δ-δ-

δ+3-

δ-

Page 60: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

Now it’s your turn

Page 61: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

3s 3px 3pz3py2

Neon

120o

Hybridized

Phosphorus Pentachloride: Phosphorus

TrigonalBipyrimidal

sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d

dxz dyz dxy dx2-y2 dz2

120o

90o

Promoted

Page 62: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

PF3

Page 63: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

n=1l=0m=0

n=1l=0

m=0n=2l=0m=0

n=2l=0

m=0

n=2l=1m=-1

n=2l=1m=-0

n=2l=1m=+1

n=2l=1

m=-1

n=2l=1

m=0

n=2l=1

m=+1

n=3l=0m=0

n=3l=0

m=0

n=3l=1m=-1

n=3l=1m=0

n=3l=1m=+1

n=3l=1

m=-1

n=3l=1

m=0

n=3l=1

m=+1

n=4l=0m=0

n=4l=0

m=0

n=3l=2m=-2

n=3l=2m=-1

n=3l=2m=0

n=3l=2m=+1

n=3l=2m=+2

n=3l=2

m=-2

n=3l=2

m=-1

n=3l=2

m=0

n=3l=2

m=+1

n=3l=2

m=+2

n=4l=1m=-1

n=4l=1m=0

n=4l=1m=+1

n=4l=1

m=-1

n=4l=1

m=0

n=4l=1

m=+1

n=5l=0m=0

n=5l=0

m=0

n=4l=2m=-2

n=4l=2m=-1

n=4l=2m=0

n=4l=2m=+1

n=4l=2m=+2

n=4l=2

m=-2

n=4l=2

m=-1

n=4l=2

m=0

n=4l=2

m=+1

n=4l=2

m=+2

n=5l=1m=-1

n=5l=1m=0

n=5l=1m=+1

n=5l=1

m=-1

n=5l=1

m=0

n=5l=1

m=+1

n=6l=0m=0

n=6l=0

m=0

n=5l=2m=-2

n=5l=2m=-1

n=5l=2m=0

n=5l=2m=+1

n=5l=2m=+2

n=5l=2

m=-2

n=5l=2

m=-1

n=5l=2

m=0

n=5l=2

m=+1

n=5l=2

m=+2

n=6l=1m=-1

n=6l=1m=0

n=6l=1m=+1

n=6l=1

m=-1

n=6l=1

m=0

n=6l=1

m=+1

n=7l=0m=0

n=7l=0

m=0

n=6l=2m=-2

n=6l=2m=-1

n=6l=2m=0

n=6l=2m=+1

n=6l=2m=+2

n=6l=2

m=-2

n=6l=2

m=-1

n=6l=2

m=0

n=6l=2

m=+1

n=6l=2

m=+2

n=7l=1m=-1

n=7l=1m=0

n=7l=1m=+1

n=7l=1

m=-1

n=7l=1

m=0

n=7l=1

m=+1

n=4l=3m=-3

n=4l=3m=-2

n=4l=3m=-1

n=4l=3m=0

n=4l=3m=+1

n=4l=3m=+2

n=4l=3m=+3

n=4l=3

m=-3

n=4l=3

m=-2

n=4l=3

m=-1

n=4l=3

m=0

n=4l=3

m=+1

n=4l=3

m=+2

n=4l=3

m=+3n=5l=3m=-3

n=5l=3m=-2

n=5l=3m=-1

n=5l=3m=0

n=5l=3m=+1

n=5l=3m=+2

n=5l=3m=+3

n=5l=3

m=-3

n=5l=3

m=-2

n=5l=3

m=-1

n=5l=3

m=0

n=5l=3

m=+1

n=5l=3

m=+2

n=5l=3

m=+3

Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Period 4

Period 5

Period 6

Period 7

Principle number

n l=0l=0 l=1l=1

l=2l=2

l=3l=3

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Page 65: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.

HePeriod 1

Period 2

Period 3

Period 4

Period 5

Period 6

Period 7

Page 66: What are the building blocks? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorine Atoms Methane Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide Phosphorus pentachloride.