What are the 4 branches of Science? 1. Biology Study of life 2. Chemistry Study of composition of...
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Transcript of What are the 4 branches of Science? 1. Biology Study of life 2. Chemistry Study of composition of...
What are the 4 branches of Science?1. Biology
Study of life
2. ChemistryStudy of composition of matter
3. PhysicsStudy of forces and motion
4. Earth ScienceStudy of the Earth and its
surroundings
Four Branches of Earth Science
GeologyStudy of the solid earth
OceanographyStudy of the oceans
MeteorologyStudy of the atmosphere and weather
AstronomyStudy of the universe
4 Earth’s Spheres
1. Hydrosphere = all earth’s water…everywhere.
2. Atmosphere = all the air surrounding earth
3. Geosphere = all of the solid earth
4. Biosphere = all living things on earth
Determining Location
Latitude – distance N or S of equator measured in degreesLines run east and westMeasures distances N & S0º = equator90º = poles
Determining Location
Longitude – distance E or W of the Prime Meridian measured in degreesLines run N and SMeasures distances E & W0º = Prime Meridian…Greenwich, Eng.180º = International Date Line
MapsProjecting from a round earth/globe onto a flat map will always produce some type of distortion…
Land & distances at the poles are greatly enlarged
Land & distances at the equator are normal
Topographic Maps (Contour Maps)
Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D.Shows elevations by contour lines (lines of
equal elevation)Contour interval – elevation difference
between adjacent linesScale – a distance on the map = a distance
on the surface (ratio, bar, verbal)Legend/key – explains symbols on the map
Latitude and Longitude
Written as follows: 118°00’00” meaning 118 degrees, 0 minutes, and 0 seconds.31°30’15” = 31 degrees, 30 minutes, and 15 seconds.Remember that minutes and seconds only go to 60…not 100!Always connect the top/bottom and left/right lines of lat or long
Rules of Contour Lines
Never cross
“Vs” point upstream
Closely spaced lines = steep land
Farther spaced lines = flatter land
Form closed loops
Atoms
Atom – the first man
Atom – smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of the elementAre neutralEqual #s protons and electrons
Atom PartsProtons – positively charged1 amu = massFound in nucleus
Neutrons – no charge (neutral)1 amu = massFound in nucleus
Electrons – negatively chargedVery little massOutside of nucleus in energy levels
Atomic number – # of protons in the nucleusSequentially numbered
Mass number - # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Isotope – atom with same # of protons but a different # of neutronsUsed for dating rocks/fossils/etc EX: 12C and 14C
Ion – atoms that gained or lost electrons giving them a charge (+ or -)
Mixtures, Solutions, CompoundsMixture – combination of substances… Components don’t lose identities Easy to separate components Not in a set ratio
Solutions – special type of mixture
Compounds – 2 or more elements chemically combined Components do lose their identity Components can’t be separated out easily Components in a specific, set ratio
Atomic Bonds
Atoms without a full outer energy level are likely to bond chemically…3 types:
1. Ionic – formed when electrons are transferred between atoms
- between metals and non-metals
2. Covalent – when electrons are shared between the atoms of non-metals
3. Metallic – when electrons are shared by all the metal ions on the surface of the “stuff”