Whales in Fjords - · PDF fileAll of this contributed to the final study design of the project...

2013 Season Report & Data

Whales in Fjords: The pre-tanker ecology of inland whales, seabirds, & their prey in the

northern Great Bear Fjordland, B.C.

Eric Keen Scripps Institution of Oceanography 2013 Fieldwork Report

2013 “Bangarang” Fieldwork & Data Report E.M. Keen

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Draft 14 November 2013

To offer recommendations or concerns, please contact: Eric Keen Scripps Institution of Oceanography 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0208 La Jolla, CA 92093-0208 [email protected] 707.238.2232 All photographs by Eric or the crew of the 2013 Bangarang field season unless otherwise noted. Image on “Contents” page below by Janie Wray, NCCS.


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Contents

This brief report is intended to supplement the more comprehensive 2013 Methods Overview. Here I provide impressions of the project’s first season, evidence of its potential, and an outline of planned improvements for 2014. The data displayed here are raw and not yet interpreted. More formal reports will be prepared in the winter.

Synopsis ………………………………………………………………………. 4

2013 Season Overview ……………………………………………………. 6

Vessel Problems ……………………………………………………………. 8 Vessel Improvements …………………………………………………….. 9 Preliminary Results ……………………………………………................ 10 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 10 Tracks ………………………………………………………………… 11

CTD …………………………………………………………………... 12 Secchi ………………………………………………………………… 14 Visual Surveys ………………………………………………………. 15 Plans for 2014 ……………………………………………………………….. 25

Finances ……………………………………………………………………... 28

2013 Budget ………………………………………………………… 28 2014 Projections ……………………………………………………. 30

Logistics ……………………………………………………………..……….. 32

Related Materials:

- 2013 Methods Overview - The “Bangarang Bible”: Standard Operating Procedures - Research Underway: Bangarang User’s Manual - RUB software and project files


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Project Synopsis

Endangered baleen whales are now reinvading the temperate fjords of British Columbia's north coast. There, at the interface of the Great Bear Fjordland and the subarctic Pacific, fin and humpback whales have begun to use the protected, productive waterways to forage intensively and socialize. Their return raises questions about the current and past importance of such fjords to species that have historically been considered offshore. As their populations continue to recover from 20th century whaling, how and to what extent will they come to rely on this habitat? Conversely, what is the potential importance of these whales to the ecological function of the north coast? These academic questions have become applied in light of proposed crude oil and natural gas tanker routes through the Great Bear waterways. How will unprecedented vessel noise, ship strikes, and possible spills impact these inland whales, and by extension the place as a whole? Answers here are difficult. As mobile predators whose habitat use depends entirely on transient prey conditions, the response of whales and seabirds to maritime development cannot be assessed by counting the predators alone. The biological oceanography of the place must be monitored on multiple trophic levels. I see my dissertation as an opportunity to study the foraging strategies and ecology of these inland whales while simultaneously collecting baseline data for the impact assessment of escalated resource trafficking in the Great Bear. In summer 2013, with support from the National Geographic Society and Waitt Foundation, I conducted 4 months of visual, acoustic, and oceanographic surveys within a broad transect of the northern fjords (Fig. 1). Data were collected from the SV Bangarang, my 12m motorsailer, in close collaboration with the Gitga’at First Nation, the North Coast Cetacean Society, and Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans. My crew of

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Figure 1. Study plan.


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three performed repeated circuits of the study area throughout the summer. In each circuit we conducted water column sampling (CTD, Secchi, and zooplankton net casts) at 24 stations. In transit between stations we conducted three line-transect surveys concurrently: 1) distance sampling for marine mammals and vessels; 2) strip-width sampling for seabirds, jumping salmon and tidal features; and 3) echosounder transects at 38 and 200 kHz to map schools of fish and zooplankton. When whales were seen, they were approached for detailed behavioral observations, photo-identification, fecal collection, passive acoustic recordings with a towed hydrophone array, and echosounder imagery of their surrounding prey field. Special focus was given to fin whales, the newest arrival species to the fjordland and the least studied. This study design, when replicated multiple times per season for multiple seasons, will allow me to broadly characterize the geographic and temporal dynamics of the Great Bear’s summer pelagic ecosystem prior to any impacts imposed by tankers. Several aspects of local oceanography, including water column structure, zooplankton diversity, and the seabird community, remain poorly studied. Moreover, I will be able to offer quantitative answers to questions regarding the relationship between fjordland tetrapods and their prey. These questions include:

- Local population geography: How many baleen whales and seabirds are using this habitat, and how does that use change spatially and behaviorally throughout the summer?

- Threshold foraging: What are the prey conditions (relative density, depth, and patchiness of schools) in which cetaceans and seabirds are foraging, and how do they compare to ambient conditions in the study area?

- Spatial foraging: At what spatial scales are whale and seabird predator distribution most tightly coupled to prey conditions, and how is this influenced by their competition or cooperation during feeding?

- Fin whale acoustics: Are fin whales vocalizing in the study area? If so, what behaviors or conditions are associated with their call rates? This will determine the potential efficacy of passive acoustic monitoring for mitigating ship strikes of this endangered species.

- Baseline for assessment, basis for mitigation: Are oceanographic changes within the study area,

and the response of whales to those changes, predictable enough to inform a policy of adaptive tanker traffic control that minimizes impacts to whales?

My first season of fieldwork has provided a proof of concept for this project, a fine-tuned survey design, and preliminary data with which to prepare my analytical approach. I now seek funding for summer 2014. A key advantage to small-craft research is its cost-effectiveness; my entire 2013 season cost less than one day on a Scripps research ship. In addition to improvements in vessel operations and equipment for next season, I hope to cover the subsistence costs of crew so that I can attract high-caliber researchers as well as host students from the local Gitga’at village of Hartley Bay. I believe this study has demonstrated potential, both academic and applied, and I’m looking forward to getting back out there.


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2013 Season Overview Overall, I consider the season a difficult success. Please see “Logistics”, p. 32, for acknowledgments of all the collaborators, crew, supporters, mentors, and friends who made the season possible. The time we carved out for field work this season was June 1 to September 30 (Fig. 2). Of those 122 days, 34 were lost to repairs (see pg. 8), 34 were spent in transit to and from the study area, and 9 were claimed by nasty weather. This left us with 45 days of functional research. Many of these functional days took place during the burn-in period at the beginning of the season, in which protocols were still being ironed out (Mode Zero). In the end, 19 days were spent performing the full gamit of 3-person transects and station work (Modes Stout and Lite). Given these pitfalls, our original study objectives had to be adjusted repeatedly. Priorities:

1. Photo-identification of fin and humpback whales.

These data were promised to the North Coast Cetacean Society (NCCS), my primary collaborators, as well as John Ford's Cetacean Research Program at DFO and the Gitga’at Guardian Watchmen. Meeting this objective necessitated continual circuits of the study area whenever we were operable, and that’s what our first month consisted primarily of. Meanwhile, we worked on equipment trials, transect design, and protocol refinements for the broader pelagic ecosystem monitoring project – and dealt with frustrating repairs. In turn, this modus operandi acquainted me with the study area, its weather patterns, and its anchorages.

2. Acoustic data, both active and passive, in the presence of fin whales.

We were successful in collecting active acoustics data all season-long. Unfortunately, we exprienced hydrophone difficulties that gave us only scant passive recordings. But because the three seasons of acoustic effort will eventually be analyzed cumulatively, any and all acoustic data were valuable.

3. Layout stations and transects, and complete two “oceanographic” circuits.

4. Test various modes of circuit effort intensity.

5. Refine protocols for all aspects of data collection.

After a full oceanographic circuit was finally complete (survey mode "Bangarang Stout") by late July, another month was spent performing photo-ID circuits ("Bangarang Zero") and dealing with repairs, all the while coping with crew shortages. A third month was spent nearly fully operational but dampened by bad weather, in which a refined oceanographic circuit was conducted ("Bangarang Lite"). In that third month, a fourth circuit was also fit in, testing the viability of “Predator-Prey” circuits, in which transects but not station work are conducted. All of this contributed to the final study design of the project (see “Bangarang Methods”) We logged 620 engine hours over the course of the season. On days of formal research effort, we averaged 11

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Figure 2. Effort calendar for Project Bangarang, depicting the number of days we spend in various modes of functionality (or lack thereof) for each season.


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engine hours per day. We logged a total of 271 whale sightings. 202 of these were of humpbacks. Only 3 were of killer whales. 43 were of fin whales, and the remaining 22 were of baleen whales that were too distant to confidently identify to species. From photo-identification, we know that we saw 37 individual fin whales in the study area; together with the images from NCCS, the season total was 47 individuals, and many more than that for humpbacks. As stated above, it was a difficult success. I have lists, pages long, of improvements I hope to make to both boat and study design for 2014. But in 2013 many obstacles were successfully overcome, including obtaining the necessry safety and seamanship qualifications for the project; obtaining start-up funding (though much later than anticipated); shopping for, purchasing, and retrofitting a suitable vessel; building research agreements with collaborators; enlisting crew; equipping the vessel for research; writing the data entry software; taking the vessel up and down the southern Inside Passage; coping with boat problems; and making the most out of the time we had on the water. We tried to make the most of repair periods, including helping to build a bathroom at Whale Point. As a greenhorn skipper, I was relieved that I never ran aground, drug anchor, capsized, lost any crew overboard, or had anyone get sea sick. I must repeat, and I could never say it enough, that the undeserved kindness of many folks turned this summer into an extremely positive experience and, quite frankly, a dream come true. I know that the project will remain a constant challenge in one form or another until I am forced to wrap it up, but again, I simply cannot wait to get back out there.


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Vessel Problems

Boat repairs were the primary cause of lost research days in 2013. Solving and surviving the problems would have been impossible without the hospitality, patience and support of Whale Point, Hartley Bay, and crew. The major problems were… - Priming issues with tbe bilge system that, along with the constant oil leaks of a 33-year old engine, made

bilge discharge a constant source of concern and embarrasment.

- A seized pressure switch in the potable water pump that led to a blown hose and the flooding of the engine room (and seizure of the starter solenoid; see below).

- A seized starter solenoid, which was replaced during our Port Edward mechanic trip (see next item).

- A cracked and leaking pipe in the coolant system that required an 8-day round-trip to Port Edward for repair.

- Excessive leaking from the stuffing box, requiring mechanic’s attention in Port Edward.

- Simultaneous alternator and battery charger failure that kept us docked at Hartley Bay for 10 days, waiting for parts. The generosity of the Gitga’at, especially Tony, Wally, Bunker, and Nicole in this case, was critical in solving the problems.

- A small but steady leak in the shaft seal of the raw water pump kept us docked at Whale Point for two weeks (to Hermann and Janie’s great dismay but immense, unbelievable patience) while a new water pump was ordered and shipped.

- A slow but persistent leak in transmission fluid, for which all we could do was turn off our bilge pump (which wasn’t working anyway), top off transmission fluid levels every night, and survive until winter.

- A frayed V-belt that gave out while in a Seattle shipping lane.

Not listed here are the myriad wiring, plumbing, and rigging problems that one discovers upon taking ownership of an older boat – or the various snags with research equipment.


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Vessel Improvements

In chronological order: -New owner! -Replaced ignition switch. -Changed coolant. -New anchor and anchor rode (see text above). -2 new fire extinguishers. -5 new Type I PFDs. -New flare set with waterproof box. -New dish set. -New LifeSling. -Moved compass to a cockpit wall mount. -New dinghy: 8 ft West Marine 3-person inflatable,

rollable with floor slates. -New inverters: one 1200 Watt pure sine wave

inverter, one 1500 Watt inverter. -New Garmin 441s chartplotter with depth

sounding transducer. -New iCom 2200H VHF and Standard Horizon

radios. -New docklines and mainsheet. -Replaced wiring to bilge pump. -New Xantrex LinkLite Pro battery monitor. -New 12V AGM battery (for research). -Complete chart set of the southern Inside

Passage. -New flags (U.S. ensign, B.C. courtesy flag, private

“Bangarang” burgee). -New travel guitar, ukulele, and banjo; mounted on

walls and ceiling. -Replaced leaking pipe in coolant system. -New 6-gallon emergency water jugs (n=5). -Replaced starter solenoid. -Replaced heat exchanger anode. -Adjusted stuffing box. -Replaced broken alternator with Balmar 70-Amp

alternator and external multi-stage regulator.

-Replaced battery charger. -Replaced water pump pressure switch. -Replaced aft potable water hosing. -New energy-efficient LG E2050-T 20” flatscreen

LDC monitor in salon wall, with cover plate. -Re-caulked window seams to prevent leaks. -Replaced impeller (twice). -Replaced water pump body. -New food hammocks and raised counter basket for

vegetables. -New fixin’s rack for kitchen counter. -Cleaned bulbs contacts in interior lights. -Replaced running light bulbs and cleaned

contacts. -New retractable clotheslines for salon. -New stemware and stemware hanger for salon. -New toilet paper storage bins. -New magnetic knife-hanging strip. -Replaced V-belt. -In-situ servicing of heat exchanger. -New flagline. -New clothes-storage hammocks for galley and

berths. - New dish drying and food ventilation system in

galley. -Repaired sliding tracks on all gear lockers. -Rewired Espar heater to provide ventilation for

cabin. -Replaced and re-ran the bilge pump hosing, fixing

priming problems once and for all! -New 11-lb propane tank. -New JCV KD-X200 stereo unit. -Haul out and bottom clean (November 2013).

Preliminary Results

The figures that follow are simple displays of raw data from the first season. These data have not yet been analyzed or interpreted, nor have erroneous data points (from typographical errors during data entry) been addressed. Many figures use a standard palette of colors to represent data from the eight blocks of the study area. The figure of my study design (Fig. 1), reproduced below, provides the key for this color code. No results are shown here from the following aspects of the study: vessel sightings, passive acoustic monitoring, echosounder transects, zooplankton tows, or with-whales observations. These will be grappled with in the winter.

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Figure 3. Track of the S.V. Bangarang, color-coded by effort mode, during so-called “Late Summer” (18 Aug. to 5 Sept). i.e. the final quarter of the 2013 season. These tracks can be readily generated by running RU:Bangarang outputs through an R script.

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510

1520

2530

35Salinity (psu)

McKay

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Depth (m)

Verney

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●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

10051010

10151020

10251030

Cam

pania

100 80 60 40 20 0Depth (m)

10051010

10151020

10251030

Estevan

●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

10051010

10151020

10251030

Caam

ano

Fig

ure 4. S

alinity, tem

perature, an

d density profiles for th

e upper w

ater colum

ns of each

block from

the 2013 season

. Th

e blocks’ graph

s are arranged rou

ghly from

north

ern in

shore (top) to sou

thern

offshore (bottom

) and from

west (left) to east (righ

t).


13

Figure 5. a) 2013 surface salinity measurements in each block, arranged from southern offshore (left) to northern inshore (right). Early season measurements correspond to July casts; late season is August 18 to September 4. b) 2013 surface salinity measurements, arranged in chronological order along the x axis.

Figure 6. a) 2013 surface temperature measurements taken by the CTD in each block, arranged from southern offshore (left) to northern inshore (right). Early season measurements correspond to July casts; late season is August 18 to September 4. b) 2013 surface salinity measurements, arranged in chronological order along the x axis.

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EST

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VER

510

1520

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ce S

alin

ity (p

su)

Block

● Early seasonLate season

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510

1520

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ce S

alin

ity (p

su)

2013


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June

1

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1

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1

Sept

1

1112

1314

1516

Surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re (C

)

2013


a) b)

a) b)


14

Figure 7. 2013 Secchi casts in each block, a) arranged from southern offshore (left) to northern inshore (right). Early season measurements correspond to July casts; late season is August 18 to September 4. b) Secchi casts arranged in chronological order along the x axis.

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TEST

02

46

810

12

Block

Secc

hi d

epth

(m)


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46

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12

Secc

hi D

epth

(m)

2013


a) b)


15

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

Longitude (°)

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Circuit 1

05

10 km

●●●● ExtentSinglePatchFieldBelt

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

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Circuit 3

05

10 km

●●●●●●

TypeW

ood − Small

LogKelpR

ockweedJellyfishO

ther

Figure 8. Floating debris and near-surface moon jellies observed on visual strip-w

idth transects in Circuits 1 (6-19 July) and 3

(18-28 Aug.) of 2013.


16

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

Longitude (°)

Latitude (°)

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Circuit 1

05

10 km

●●●●●

# Jumps

12345+

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

Longitude (°)

Latitude (°)

● ●●

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05

10 km

●●●●●

# Jumps

12345+

Figure 9. Jumping salm

on observed on visual strip-width transects in C

ircuits 1 (6-19 July) and 3 (18-28 Aug.) of 2013. M

ean n

um

ber of ju

mps per salm

on w

as different betw

een th

e circuits (W

elch’s tw

o-sample t-test, df=

198.22, n=

481 and 170, p <

0.03064)


17

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

Longitude (°)

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05

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Group Size

12345+10+

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

Longitude (°)

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Circuit 3

05

10 km

●●●●●●●●●●

TaxonAlcidLaridTernLoonC

ormorant

Fowl

PhalaropeStorm

−petrelR

aptorO

ther

Figure 10. Seabirds observed on visual strip-width transects in C

ircuits 1 (6-19 July) and 3 (18-28 Aug.) of 2013.


18

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

Longitude (°)

Latitude (°)

●

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Circuit 1

05

10 km

●●●●●●

Group Size

12345+10+

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

Longitude (°)

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●

●

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Circuit 3

05

10 km

●●●●●●

SpeciesM

arbled Murrelet

Rhinocero Auklet

Cassin's Auklet

Pigeon Guillem

otC

omm

on Murre

Other

Figure 11. Alcids observed during visual strip-w

idth transects in Circuits 1 (6-19 July) and 3 (18-28 A

ug.) of 2013.


19

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

Longitude (°)

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●

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Circuit 1

05

10 km

●●●●●●

Group Size

12345+10+

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

Longitude (°)

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Circuit 3

05

10 km

●●●

TaxonStellar's sea lionH

arbour sealD

all's Porpoise

Figure 12. Small m

arine mam

mals observed during visual strip-w

idth transects in Circuits 1 (6-19 July) and 3 (18-28 A

ug.) of 2013.


20

−129.6−129.4

−129.2−129

52.8 53 53.2 53.4

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Early Summ

er

05

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er

05

10 km

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TaxonStellar's sea lionH

arbour sealD

all's porpoise

Figure 13. Small m

arine mam

mals observed during visual strip-w

idth transects and during casual research effort in the early summ

er (28 June to 28 July) and late sum

mer (12 A

ugust to 05 September) of 2013.


21

Figure 14. All whale sightings from summer 2013, color coded by species and point-sized by group size.

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05

10 km

●●●● TaxonH

WFWKWBW

Figure 15. Whales observed during visual distance sam

pling transects in Circuits 1 (6-19 July) and 3 (18-28 A

ug.) of 2013. Positions have been corrected using observer height, bearing and reticle to sighting, and distance of the vessel from

land.


23

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er

05

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●●●● TaxonH

WFWKWBW

Figure 16. Whales observed on visual distance sam

pling transects and during casual research effort in the early summ

er (28 June to 28 July) and late sum

mer (12 A

ugust to 05 September) of 2013. Positions have been corrected using observer height,

bearing and reticle to sighting, and distance of the vessel from land.


24

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er

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12345+

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52.8 53 53.2 53.4

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Late Summ

er

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LevelD

ebrisSalm

onSm

all MarM

amSeabirdW

hale

Figure 17. All sightings of all taxa observed on visual transects and during casual research effort in the early sum

mer (28 June to 28

July) and late summ

er (12 August to 05 Septem

ber) of 2013. These data overlay the echosounder transects (not pictured).


25

Plans for 2014

The following will be accomplished before the 2014 season, in hopes that fewer days will be lost to repairs. This list is by no means comprehensive. Items contingent upon “Dissertation Improvement Project” funding (see p. 31 ) are marked with an *. Survey Design:

- Seek peer review of 2013 methods and refine them accordingly. - Successfully complete four “Oceanographic” circuits and at least two “Predator-Prey” circuits. - Add a block in Estevan Sound (see Fig. 1) - Split Squally Channel into two blocks (see Fig. 1). - * Add a visual survey platform to the vessel. - * To attract longer time commitments and more experienced field researchers (and therefore collect

more consistent and higher quality data), cover the costs of food and travel for crew.

Data Management: - A weekly “Bangarang Dispatch”: Weekly data packages and maps will be compiled automatically and

reports will be sent to the Gitga’at Guardian Watchmen, advisors and other collaborators. - The GPS fix for the data laptop and acoustics computers will all be synchronized using the same

antenna mounted on the vessel’s radar pole. - In RU: Bangarang v2.0, program the GPS to self-repair itself when it misreads NMEA input. - In RUB 2.0, consider logging automatic position updates every 15 seconds rather than 10 s.

Passive Acoustics - Repair towed array, modify its housing to be more robust to rigors in the field, and add a preamp that

provides 20dB gain and a moderate high pass with a 300 Hz corner frequency. - * Secure a throw-over buoy recorder to deploy during sightings and pick up after other “With Whales”

objectives are met. - * Have a back-up passive acoustics recording package on board.

Echosounder transects:

- Use sound speeds sampled from 2013 to modify that used in echosounder imagery. - Rebuild the transducer deployment system to perform better at higher engine RPM.

Water Column Sampling:

- * Obtain a CTD rated to 600m along with fluorometer, dissolved oxygen, pH, transmissometer sensors. If not, continue with Secchi readings.

- As a back up, record Beaufort Scale with each Secchi cast. - Because observer technique may significantly affect depth readings, consider having only Eric perform

Secchi casts.


26

Phytoplankton: - * Add a phytoplankton sampling program to the study plan, including replicated surface tows at each

station, results preserved with microscopic imaging, and the proper references for processing images. Zooplankton:

- Modify the zooplankton net design such that the flowmeter is mounted within the net and will not spin once the net is cinched shut.

- * Install a line hauler wired to the vessel battery bank to retrieve tows. This would expedite station work, enable us to operate in less ideal weather (which means more research days), and allow us to take replicate tows at each station.

- * Conduct a performance trial, something along these lines: the echosounder will be used to detect a large prey patch on both the high- and low-frequency echogram, the vessel will be positioned over it, and 10 tows will be made to 200m in rapid succession. The vessel will drift with the current but reposition itself if influenced by the wind, such that it remains still with respect to surface oceanography. We will then do the same trial in an area that shows prey on only low-frequency echogram, another trial only on the high-frequency echogram, and absolutely no prey on the echosounder beam.

- * Empirically test the filtration efficiency of the net, using two flowmeters – one mounted within the net as usual, the other mounted on the outside of the net.

- Store preserved samples in a large cooler that is secured to the fore head wall. - Record GPS drift speed during every tow. - In winter 2014, develop a sample processing protocol that can be performed at sea. Consider turning

and splitting the samples by taxon into small jars each night.

Seabird surveys: - Record a categorical height above water for each flying bird, e.g. surface, eye level, mid-mast, above

mast. We can use this to estimate the wind speed at that height above the water. - For one circuit, attempt to record reticle and bearing to all alcids seen on the water, in order to

empirically assess what our effective strip-width is for sitting alcids in the study area (after Ronconi and Burger 2009)

- In RUB 2.0, record higher taxon name (e.g. Alcid, Larid, Phalarope, etc.) with each seabird sighting. - Increase field identification literature on board, including Harrison (1987), “A Field Guide to Seabirds

of the World”. Marine Mammals:

- Transition from strip-width sampling to distance sampling for all small marine mammals. “With Whales”

- Completely revamp the fecal sampling system on board, and refine protocols and supplies for preserving the samples. We were not well prepared for this aspect of our study in 2013 season.

- Conduct 10-minute hydrophone recordings will each and every fin whale encounter (this will be much more practical with a throw-over retrievable hydrophone buoy system, see above).

Vessel Sightings:

- Develop a more thorough vessel route track recording system. - Ensure that in RUB 2.0 the Vessel Sighting form records vessel behavior; it failed to do this in 2013.

S.V. Bangarang

- Improve living quarters for crew (this includes myriad small projects not mentioned here). - Replace toilets. - Replace bimini system on board. - Install a radar pole with radar, a GPS antenna that splits to synchronize position readings for all

laptops, and a new VHF antenna. - Fix all leaks. - Replace all hosing and pump for the potable water system. - Install new sail cover canvas, lazy jacks, and jib sheets. - Sew protective canvas covers for hydrophone spool and Preservation Station.


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- Repair transmission leak, service the engine, fully stock the spare parts and filter inventory on board. - * If funding allows, install a new (or much newer) engine. This would completely revolutionize the

Bangarang Project – rather than surviving another two field seasons ridden with repair days, we would substantially increase the quality, quantity, and broader impacts of my data. The project would finish with the vessel in great working condition, suitable for contracted research in other systems with other needs. It would enable me to turn my dissertation work into a blueprint for ecosystem-scale research from small vessels.


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Finances

2013 Budget Total expenses of the 2013 season. The “Travel” category refers to the costs associated with looking for candidate vessels and sailing the Bangarang to and from the study area. The “clothing” subcategory under Maintenance refers to the dive gear needed to clear the hull in-water throughout the summer; the “clothing” subcategory under Research refers to foul weather and survival gear needed to conduct surveys. Research Costs

Item Total

Running Total

Food Groceries 2,117.28

Dine out 91.65 2,208.93

2,208.93

Fuel Diesel 2,659.73 Propane 67.48

2,727.21

4,936.14

Research Acoustics 780.33 Books 154.14 Catalogs 30.82 Clothing 461.88 Data 1,511.18 Echosounder 10,265.85 Electrical 712.53 First Aid 485.39 Office Supplies 127.79 Storage 168.43 Zooplankton 3,860.16

18,558.50

23,494.64

Other Shipping 498.83

498.83

23,993.47

Research Total 23,993.47


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2013 Budget, continued Vessel Costs

Item Total

Running Total

Maintenance Anchor system 547.32 Books 117.61 Charts 311.99 Clothing 223.91 Dinghy 689.13 Domestic 1,009.04 Electrical 712.34 Fluids 459.59 Hardware 1,920.12 Navigation 693.84 Repairs 2,707.43 Rigging 751.66 Safety 838.22 Shipping 185.51 Spare Parts 217.81 Tools 987.62 Various 39.68

12,412.82

36,406.29

Purchase Insurance 861.00

Lettering 179.20 Papers 10.00 Purchase 33,000.00 Shipping 39.03 Surveys 1,280.00 Titling 350.00

35,719.23

72,125.52

Travel Car rentals 653.85 Ferries 157.05 Food 339.02 Gasoline 296.61 Hotel 389.81 Internet 24.00 Moorage 561.67 Parking 331.00

2,753.01

74,878.53

Vessel Total 50,885.06

Grand Total 74,878.53

2014 Outlook The following are needed in order for the project to be carried out in 2014 in its most basic form. Many of the research equipment costs pertain to items that were borrowed in 2013 but will not be available for loan in 2014.

Needs

Item Total

Running Total

Food Groceries for 3 crew 2,500

2,500

2,500

Fuel Diesel 3,000

Propane 100

3,100

5,600

Research USB Weather Station 400

Echosounder Laptop 750

Flowmeter x2 800 Codend x2 200 Plankton Sock 100 Transducer Mount 100 Fujinon Binoc’s x3 2,200 GPS Antenna 50 GPS Synch. System 100 Long Arm and Net 85 Alcohol

Preservation Supplies 100

4,885

10,485

Vessel &

Safety Honda Generator 1,200

VHF Antenna 80 EPIRB 500 Mustang Jacket x3 900 Various 0

2,680

13,165

Travel Crew ferry 600

600

13,765

Other Shipping 200

200

13,965

Needs Total

13,965

Dissertation Improvement Projects (DIP) The following would substantially enhance the consistency and quality of the data we collect, transforming the project from one having promise to one that can promise results. These projects are organized roughly in descending order of “bang for their buck”. Item total Running total

Zooplankton Line Hauler 600 Jars x200 400 1,000

14,965

Engine New engine

15,000

15,000

29,965

Crew Quality of Life Crew Airfare 1,800

Internet Extension 200 2,000

31,965

Visual Platform Stainless steel, removable platform 3,000

3,000

34,965

Phytoplankton Net 400

References 100 Microscope &

Imaging 1,000 1,500

36,465

Other, Small Throw-Over PAM Buoy 500

Moorage funding 400

Camera pelican case 200 1,100

37,565

Other, Large Kiwi Soundsharp 1,800 Stern crossbar 6,000 Throw-Over PAM

Buoy 500 Moorage 400 Camera pelican case 200 8,900

46,465

CTD SBE CTD 19v Plus

14,000

Fluorometer 4,250 Dissolved O2 sensor 4,250 pH sensor 4,250

26,750

73,215

DIP Total

59,250

Grand Total

73,215


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Logistics

Collaborations Fieldwork in the study area is made possible by research agreements made with the Gitga'at First Nation, the North Coast Cetacean Society (NCCS), and the Cetacean Research Program of Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans. These and other stewards have been monitoring the whales of the Great Bear for many years, and without their support and good faith I would not have had the chance to contribute my small part to their ongoing work. The hospitality and support of residents in Hartley Bay, the center of the Gitga’at First Nation, enabled us to survive the 2013 field season. Their good nature and patience were constant, and it made all the difference. Hermann Meuter and Janie Wray of NCCS are our primary emergency contacts in the area, as well as our friends and supporters -- as well as the primary inspiration for the inception and realization of this project. Whale Point, NCCS headquarters, was available to us as a shelter in poor weather, a workshop for repairs, a source of drinking water, a place to access email and shower, and a source of fellowship. The maritime community in the study area, upheld by the Gitga’at, NCCS, DFO, and the NPO Pacific Wild, provided critical friendship whenever it was needed. Crew For most of the season, two other researchers were on board with Eric at any one time; most volunteers worked for tours of 6 weeks. These teammates paid their own way to be on board because Eric couldn’t. Nonetheless, they worked harder than anyone could have hoped for. Their tireless high spirits, patience, friendship, hardiness, work ethic, and sense of adventure made all the difference in the world. 2013 crew were Mike Keen, Will Watson, Keri Bryan, Dylan Padgett, Katie Qualls, Richard Candler, and Matt Irwin. Subsistence We ordered groceries through NCCS, who has a special relationship with the Overwaitea grocer in Prince Rupert and with the ferry that runs between Hartley Bay and Prince Rupert twice a week. We would typically get a food order every 14 days. Diesel, engine oil, propane (occasionally), water, moorage, and cell phone signal (and often gifts of salmon, halibut, and Dungeness crab!) were available to us in Hartley Bay. Emergency Response An EPIRB and SPOT beacon are carried on board. The SPOT beacon was used to transmit our location to NCCS, Eric’s advisor Jay Barlow, and Eric’s parents each evening. We are always within VHF radio contact of the Prince Rupert Coast Guard office, as well as the Gitga’at Guardian watchmen and NCCS. We regularly see pleasure craft and sein-fishing boats during transects. Eric and most crew hold wilderness medical certifications at the WMI Wilderness First Responder (WFR) level. Funding & Support This research was funded by the National Geographic Society Waitt Grant (Grant number 2681-3), the 2013 Mullin Award from the Biological Oceanography curricular group at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and the 2012 NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (GRF) video contest. SIO tuition and stipend were provided by an NSF GRF. None of these grants would have come through without letters of support from Jay Barlow, David Haskell, and Trevor Branch. Material support and equipment loans came from SIO’s Dayton Lab, the SIO Pelagic Invertebrate Collection (thanks to collection manager Linsey Sala), the Southwest Fisheries Science Center Protected Resource Division, the DFO Cetacean Research Program, Andrew Wright, Will Watson, Nicole & Bunker, and North Coast Cetacean Society.


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Advice from Jay Barlow, Barb Taylor, Hermann Meuter, Janie Wray, Mark Ohman, Linsey Sala, Tony Koslow, Jules Jaffe, Shannon Rankin, John Calambokidis, Erin Falcone, Annie Douglas, Andrew Wright, and Chris Picard substantially improved study design. Springtime airfare while preparing for the field season would have been insurmountable without the support of JetBlue airways. Peace, patience, selflessness, and wheels from Jenna made springtime preparations in San Diego possible, and her encouragement during the autumn grant application season was crucial. The patience, hard work, sense of adventure, and resilience of the 2013 crew were astounding. No aspect of this project would have been possible without the financial, material, and moral support of the Keen family. Many of those listed above had the power to stop this endeavor in its tracks by simply saying, “No”, but chose instead to give the Bangarang Project the benefit of many doubts. Perhaps, by the end of season three, Eric will have justified their grace. Permits Marine mammal research was conducted under NCCS’ permit, DFO MML 043. Zooplankton collection was conducted under DFO license XR 65 2013.

Friends of the Bangarang.


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Whales in Fjords - · PDF fileAll of this contributed to the final study design of the project...

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Transcript of Whales in Fjords - · PDF fileAll of this contributed to the final study design of the project...