Wetting Agents and Moisture in Sand-Based Putting Greens · Hydrophobic Rootzone Publications Since...
Transcript of Wetting Agents and Moisture in Sand-Based Putting Greens · Hydrophobic Rootzone Publications Since...
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Wetting Agents and Moisture
in Sand-Based Putting Greens
Doug Karcher
Associate Professor
Department of Horticulture
University of Arkansas
turf.uark.edu
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Hydrophobic Rootzone Publications
Since 1883, > 1200
publications
Native sandy grasslands
(CA, FL, and Australia)
Currently, 200 pub’s per 5
years. (Dekker et al.)
Golf greens – 1964
(Dorman et al.)
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What Causes
Localized Dry
Spots?
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LDS on Sand-Based Greens
Water repelled by
“waxy” coatings
on sand grains
Water drop
penetration time:
5s - >10m
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Cause of LDS Organic coatings on sand grains
LDS
HEALTHY
LDS
HEALTHY
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Courtesy of Coen Ritsema, Alterra, Wageningen, NL
Wetting Agent Efficacy - Golf Course DePan, NL
This golf course was established on native sandy soils. Which
half of the fairway was treated with a wetting agent?
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How Do Wetting
Agents Work?
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Wetting Agent Function
Acts as a bridge between waxy sand coatings and
water droplet
Eventually leach or decomposed by microbes
Sand remains hydrophobic: TEMPORARY FIX
Hydrophobic
sand grain
Water
droplet
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Wetting Agent in Action
Lower surface tension, less dew formation
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Athens, Georgia
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Can Wetting Agents
Reduce Irrigation
Requirements?
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Irrigation Frequency &
Wetting Agent Effects on
LDS and Moisture Distribution
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Treatment Structure
Irrigation threshold (vol. soil moisture)
1. 12% (~ daily)
2. 10% (~ 2-3 x / week)
3. 8% (~ 1-2 / week)
4. 6% (~ extreme drought stress)
Wetting agent (Revolution)
1. untreated control
2. label rate (6 oz / 1000 ft2 / per month)
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in.
B
BBC
BBB
BC
ABBB
B
A
A
AA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
May June July August
Irri
ga
tio
n (
mm
)6% moisture
8% moisture
10% moisture
12% moisture
12
6
8
10
14
4
2
in.
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Irrigation threshold = 12% soil moisture (daily)
untreated wetting agent
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Irrigation threshold = 10% soil moisture (2-3x per wk)
untreated wetting agent
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Irrigation threshold = 8% soil moisture (1-2 x per wk)
untreated wetting agent
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Irrigation threshold = 6% soil moisture (< 1 / wk)
wetting agent untreated
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Surface Soil Moisture
Weekly measurements
on a 1 x 1 ft. grid
Average moisture
values
Moisture variability
within plots
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Surface soil moisture (vol. %)
Irrigation thresholds are displayed in sub-plot receiving wetting agent treatment
Wet
Dry
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Surface soil moisture (vol. %)
Irrigation thresholds are displayed in sub-plot receiving wetting agent treatment
Wet
Dry
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Surface soil moisture (vol. %)
Irrigation thresholds are displayed in sub-plot receiving wetting agent treatment
Wet
Dry
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Are There Differences
Among Wetting
Agents?
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Wetting Agent Effects on Putting
Green Moisture Distribution
Commonly-used products tested within the same trial
Tested during frequent, moderate, and infrequent
irrigation frequencies
Evaluated LDS and soil moisture at 3 depths
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Picture taken 08/04/08
Untreated
border
areas
GCSAA Wetting Agent Trial University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, AR
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Untreated control
Untreated control
Tricure Primer
Magnus Magnus
Revolution Cascade Plus Primer
Revolution Cascade Plus
GCSAA Wetting Agent Trial LDS – August 26, 2009
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GCSAA Wetting Agent Trial - 2008
B
C
A
AAB
ABC
A
ABC
A
ABAB
BC
10
15
20
25
Frequent Moderate Infrequent
Vo
lum
etri
c w
ater
co
nte
nt a
t 3 i
nch
dep
th (
%)
Irrigation regime
Control Cascade Plus
Magnus Primer
Revolution Tricure
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Effect of Cascade Plus Timing on Season-
Long Control of Localized Dry Spot
Label: 2 applications 7 d
Has not provided season long control in previous
studies
Experimental timing treatments:
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control
May 9 and 16
May 9 and 16 /
July 9 and 16
May 9 and July 9
Picture taken 8/4/08
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Other Wetting Agents Warrant Consideration
Amega Sciences Trial Helena Trial
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Summary Points Most wetting agent products tested reduced LDS and
improved moisture uniformity w/o adversely affecting moisture content
Many wetting agent products available Find product resulting in uniform and desirable moisture
content (get a moisture probe!)
Univ. of Arkansas will continue WA research
Make wetting agents more effective! Couple w/ reduced irrigation frequency to:
↓ summer stress decline
↓ surface organic matter content
↓ summer disease
↓ moss and algae
↓ water budget
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Acknowledgments
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Wetting Agents and Moisture
in Sand-Based Putting Greens
Doug Karcher
Associate Professor
Department of Horticulture
University of Arkansas
turf.uark.edu