Wetland Functions and Values Fundamentals for Conservation Commissioners Training Program - Unit 5...
-
Upload
karley-jan -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
1
Transcript of Wetland Functions and Values Fundamentals for Conservation Commissioners Training Program - Unit 5...
Wetland Functions and ValuesWetland Functions and ValuesFundamentals for Conservation Commissioners
Training Program - Unit 5
Fundamentals for Conservation CommissionersTraining Program - Unit 5
Massachusetts Association of Conservation CommissionsMassachusetts Association of Conservation Commissions
Creation of this Unit was funded in part with a grant
from the Massachusetts
Environmental Trust.
Creation of this Unit was funded in part with a grant
from the Massachusetts
Environmental Trust.
Developed by Scott Jackson of
the University of Massachusetts
Developed by Scott Jackson of
the University of Massachusetts
Wetland ValuesWetland Values
• Flood control
• Storm damage protection
• Pollution control
• Protection of water supply
• Protection of groundwater
• Fisheries and shellfish
• Wildlife habitat
• Climate regulation
• Aesthetics and recreation
• Education and research
• Harvest of natural products
Interests Protected by the ActInterests Protected by the Act
• Flood control
• Storm damage prevention
• Pollution prevention
• Public and private water supply
• Groundwater supply
• Land containing shellfish
• Fisheries
• Wildlife habitat
Salt MarshSalt Marsh
BogBog
Forested SwampForested Swamp
Floodplain ForestFloodplain Forest
Shrub SwampShrub Swamp
MarshMarsh
Wet MeadowWet Meadow
Wetland ValueWetland Value
Wetland FunctionWetland Function
Capacity:
Wetland Characteristics
Capacity:
Wetland Characteristics
Opportunity:
Watershed Context
Opportunity:
Watershed Context
Flood Control: FunctionFlood Control: Function
• Flood storage (reduces flood peaks)
• Velocity reduction (reduces flow)
• Desynchronization (staggers flood peaks)
Flood Control: CharacteristicsFlood Control: Characteristics
• Capacity for ponding or flooding
• Flood ratio
• Size
• Associated with watercourse
• Constricted outlet
• Sheet vs. channelized flow
• Dense vegetation (forest or shrub)
• Roughness
Flood Control: Watershed ContextFlood Control: Watershed Context
• Located just upstream of human settlements or other sensitive areas
• Large proportion of impervious surfaces
• Large proportion of steep slopes
• Channelized waterways into wetland
• Lakes & wetlands <10% of watershed
Storm Damage Control: FunctionStorm Damage Control: Function
• Anchor shoreline
• Dampen waves
• Reduce current velocity
• Intercept water
Storm Damage Control: Characteristics
Storm Damage Control: Characteristics
• Associated with watercourse or water body
• Dense Vegetation
• Wetland width >10'
• Gradual shoreline (erosion)
• Gradient in wetland (waves)
Storm Damage Control: Watershed Context
Storm Damage Control: Watershed Context
• Coastal areas
• Open water fetch >2000 ft.
• High water velocities
• Downstream of channelized waterway
• Downstream of water release dam
• Potential for boat wakes
• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological
Pollution Control: FunctionPollution Control: Function
Wetlands remove pollutants using
several processes
Important PollutantsImportant Pollutants
• Toxic materials
• Sediment
• Nutrients
Pollution Control: CharacteristicsPollution Control: Characteristics
• Capacity for ponding or flooding
• Flood ratio• Water retention• Constricted outlet• Gentle wetland
gradient• Sheet vs. channelized
flow• Size
• Aerobic/anaerobic soil interface
• Duration saturation/shallow inundation
• Dense vegetation (floating, emergent)
• Organic soils• Shellfish beds
Pollution Control: Watershed Context
Pollution Control: Watershed Context
• Upstream of water supply or other sensitive areas
• Proximity to pollution sources
• Large proportion of impervious surfaces
• Lakes & wetlands <10% of watershed
Protection of Water Supply: FunctionProtection of Water Supply: Function
Water Quality
• Removing pollutants
Water Quantity
• Detaining and releasing runoff and floodwater
• Groundwater discharge
Groundwater Discharge: IndicatorsGroundwater Discharge: Indicators
• Presence of springs
• Surface outflow exceeds surface inflow
• Persistent flow
• Consistent water temperature
• Outlet only
• Topographic position
• Large size relative to catchment area
Soil horizon(inches below
surface)
Horizontalwater flow rate(inches/hour)
Reduction inflow rate(percent)
Degree ofdecomposition
(1 to 10)
0-3 250 0 13-6 140 44 26-9 63 75 39-12 21 92 4
12-18 7 97 518-24 3 99 6 & 7
Boelter and Verry 1977
Horizontal Water Flow Rate as a Function of Depth Below the Surface in Organic WetlandsHorizontal Water Flow Rate as a Function of Depth Below the Surface in Organic Wetlands
Protection of Water Supply: Watershed Context
Protection of Water Supply: Watershed Context
• Located in deposits of stratified drift
• Upstream of water supply or other sensitive areas
• Proximity to pollution sources
• Large proportion of impervious surfaces
• Lakes & wetlands <10% of watershed
Protection of Groundwater: Function
Protection of Groundwater: Function
• Removing pollutants
• Groundwater recharge
Groundwater Recharge: Mechanisms
Groundwater Recharge: Mechanisms
• Perched wetlands
• Floodplains
• Bank storage
• Seasonal recharge
Confining Layer (hard pan)Confining Layer (hard pan)
Aquifer
Water Table
Recharge
Perched WetlandPerched Wetland
Bank StorageBank Storage
Recharge
Flood Level
Normal Water Level
Impervious Wetland Soil
Pervious Soil
Groundwater Recharge: Characteristics
(where recharge function is present)
Groundwater Recharge: Characteristics
(where recharge function is present)
• Association with watercourse
• Perched wetland
• Somewhat permeable soils
• Variable water levels
• High edge-to-volume ratio
Protection of Groundwater: Watershed Context
Protection of Groundwater: Watershed Context
• Public or private wells down gradient
• Significant wetlands or watercourse down gradient
• Proximity to pollution sources
• Large proportion of impervious surfaces
• Associated with a significant aquifer
• Located in deposits of stratified drift
Shellfish Habitat: FunctionShellfish Habitat: Function
• Provide appropriate substrates
• Food chain support
• Maintenance of water supply
• Maintenance of water quality
POM
NO2
Food Chain SupportFood Chain Support
PlantsNutrient Uptake
OrganicDebris
InvertebratesDebris Processing
Shellfish Habitat: Characteristics(coastal areas and directly upstream)Shellfish Habitat: Characteristics(coastal areas and directly upstream)
• Salt marsh and/or tidal flats present
• Unrestricted tidal hydrology
• Water quality
• Productivity/POM export
• Connection with waterway supporting shellfish
• Capacity to remove pollutants
Fish Habitat: FunctionFish Habitat: Function
• Spawning areas
• Nursery habitat
• Cover
• Food chain support
• Maintenance of water supply
• Maintenance of water quality
Fish Habitat: CharacteristicsFish Habitat: Characteristics
• Connection with permanent water
• Presence of springs
• Water chemistry
• Temperature
• No channelization
• Pools at low water
• Natural fluctuation in water level
• Cover and shade
Wildlife Habitat: FunctionWildlife Habitat: Function• Breeding areas
• Foraging areas
• Shelter
• Over-wintering areas
• Migratory routes
• Food chain support
• Maintenance of water supply
• Maintenance of water quality
Wildlife Habitat: CharacteristicsWildlife Habitat: Characteristics
• Diversity of wetland classes
• Interspersion of vegetation and open water
• Diversity of vegetation (vertical and horizontal)
• Surrounding habitat
• Water chemistry
• Scarcity
• Special habitat features
Wildlife Habitat: Examples of Special Habitat Features
Wildlife Habitat: Examples of Special Habitat Features
• Vernal pools• Saltwater pans• Mud flats• Undercut banks• Vertical sandy banks• Underwater banks of fine silt &
clay• Sphagnum hummocks and pools• Large cavity trees
Special HabitatFeatures
Special HabitatFeatures
Special HabitatFeatures
Special HabitatFeatures
New Hampshire MethodNew Hampshire Method
New Hampshire Method:Ground WaterUse Potential
New Hampshire Method:Ground WaterUse Potential
Buttonbush
River
Open WaterMarsh
Gas Pipeline(Limited Project)
Floodplain Forest
DetentionBasin
Mall
Parking Lot
ForestedSwamp
PermanentOpen Water
Perennial Stream
Access Road
ReplicationArea