Western Civilization Lecture 2
description
Transcript of Western Civilization Lecture 2
Introduction to Western Civilization
IS-VNU
Mr. Mike Beard
Session 2
Foundations of Western Civilization – Part 2
Introduction to Western Civilization
The Birth of Christianity Rome and Western Christianity Key People of the Middle Ages Medieval Art Medieval Architecture
Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Jesus of NazarethChristianity – Jesus of Nazareth
Central Figure of Western History
Western Calendar based on Jesus' birth A.D. = Anno Domini (Year of the Lord)
B.C. = Before Christ
Earliest Know Image of Jesus, 235 AD
Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Jesus of NazarethChristianity – Jesus of Nazareth
Jewish Rabbi Biblical Genealogy
claims that Jesus was from the line of King David.
Hebrew name “Yeshua” = God Delivers (Rescues)
Born in Bethlehem, Raised in Nazareth
Earliest Know Image of Jesus, 235 AD
Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Early Beliefs about JesusChristianity – Early Beliefs about Jesus
The Divine Logos The Christ - Messiah Virgin Birth Performed Miracles Crucified under Roman
Prefect Pontius Pilate Buried in a tomb sealed and
guarded by Roman soldiers Resurrection
Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Early Beliefs about JesusChristianity – Early Beliefs about Jesus
LogosLogosHeraclitusHeraclitus – The principle of order and knowledge
AristotleAristotle – Reasoned discourse (Logic)
StoicsStoics – Divine animating principle of the universe
The Divine Logos
“In the beginning was the Logos, and the Logos was with God, and the Logos was God. ” (John 1:1–2)
Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Early Beliefs about JesusChristianity – Early Beliefs about Jesus
Christ - MessiahChrist - MessiahChristChrist = Greek translation of “Messiah”
JudaismAnointed one (king)A future King from the line of David
“Jesus said to them, 'But who do you say that I am?' Simon Peter replied, 'You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.'” (Matthew 16:15–16).
Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Early Beliefs about JesusChristianity – Early Beliefs about Jesus
Virgin Birth Virgin Birth Nicaean Creed
“We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ...For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven, was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary and became truly human.”
Gospel of Luke
The angel Gabriel was sent from God to a virgin [whose] name was Mary. He said, “you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus. He will called the Son of the Most High. And the Lord God will give to him the throne of his father David. The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you.”(Luke 1:26–38).
Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Early Beliefs about JesusChristianity – Early Beliefs about Jesus
Performed Miracles Performed Miracles Purpose of Miracles
“Now Jesus did many other signs in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book; but these are written so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name.”
(John 20:30–31)
Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Early Beliefs about JesusChristianity – Early Beliefs about Jesus
Crucifixion Crucifixion Well Documented Event
in Roman History Biblical AccountsMara Bar-SerapionRoman historian TacitusGreek satirist LucianJewish historian JosephusBabylonian Talmud
Masaccio, The Trinity
Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Early Beliefs about JesusChristianity – Early Beliefs about Jesus
Burial Burial Speared in his side to
confirm death Buried by Joseph of
Arimathea and Nicodemus
Tomb sealed and guarded by Roman soldiers
Christianity Christianity Early Beliefs about JesusEarly Beliefs about Jesus
The Resurrection The Resurrection Biblical Account After 3 Days Jesus' tomb was
found empty Women followers claimed to
see a resurrected Jesus Disciples claimed Jesus
appeared to them Apostle Paul claimed that
Jesus appeared to him
Christianity Christianity Early Beliefs about JesusEarly Beliefs about Jesus
The Resurrection The Resurrection Central Belief to Early Central Belief to Early ChristiansChristians
“If Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith.” (1 Corinthians 15:14)
Christianity Christianity Early Beliefs about JesusEarly Beliefs about Jesus
The Resurrection The Resurrection
Biblical Account
“For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died...was buried, that he was raised on the third...and that he appeared to Peter, then to the twelve...then to more than five hundred brothers at one time... Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me.” (1 Corinthians 15:3–8).
Christianity Christianity Early Beliefs about JesusEarly Beliefs about Jesus
Arguments Against the Arguments Against the ResurrectionResurrection Stolen BodyStolen Body – Jesus' body
was stolen by his followers to fake a resurrection
Swoon HypothesisSwoon Hypothesis – Jesus' didn't die but merely lost consciousness. After lying in a tomb for several hours he regained consciousness and walked out of the tomb
Christianity Christianity Early Beliefs about JesusEarly Beliefs about Jesus
Arguments for the Resurrection Arguments for the Resurrection The Roman Guard and sealed The Roman Guard and sealed
tomb tomb Against the Swoon Hypothesis –
Rome knew how to execute people
Women as first eye-witnesses Multiple Eye-witness accounts Willingness of eye-witnesses to
die for claims
Rome & Christianity Rome & Christianity
Persecution of Early Christians Persecution of Early Christians Emperor Nero issued first Emperor Nero issued first
systematic persecution of systematic persecution of Christians Christians
Diocletian Persecution Series of four edicts banning
Christian practices Over 20,000 Christians killed
Methods of Killing Crucifixion Fed to Wild Animals Burned Alive Killed in Dramas
Rome & Christianity Rome & Christianity
Peace between Rome and Peace between Rome and Christianity Christianity
Emperor Constantine IEmperor Constantine I 312 AD – Vision of a cross as a sign 312 AD – Vision of a cross as a sign
to conquer the Westto conquer the West 313 AD – Edict of Milan legalizes 313 AD – Edict of Milan legalizes
Christianity in RomeChristianity in Rome 325 AD – Sponsored the Council of
Nicaea Funded Church Buildings and Clergy
Theodosuis I 27 February 380 AD – Christianity
become the State Religion of Rome
Emperor Constantine IEmperor Constantine I
Rome & Christianity Rome & Christianity
Roman Church Councils Roman Church Councils
325 AD – Council of Nicaea 381 AD – First Council of
Constantinople 431 AD – Council of Ephesus 451 AD – Council of
Chalcedon
Rome & Christianity Rome & Christianity Christianity & Military PowerChristianity & Military Power
Jesus taught, “Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.” (Mt 5:39)
The Middle Ages is also know as the “Dark Ages” because of the violence associated with it.
During the Dark Ages Christianity spread through War and Conquest
Rome & Christianity Rome & Christianity
Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity
Clovis Clovis
In AD 481, Clovis united the Franks and became their king.
The Franks were the largest of the Germanic tribes
Clovis converted to the Roman Catholic Christianity.
Essentially, the Franks blended Germanic and Roman cultural practices.
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages
Key People Key People
Charles Martel
Ruler of the Franks
732 AD – Battle of Tours (France) against Muslim expansion into Europe
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages
Key People Key People
Charles Martel
VideoVideo
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Key Key People Key Key People
Charlemagne768 AD – King of the Francs
Forces most of Western Europe to convert to Christianity or face death
Massacre of Verden - Executed 4,500 Saxon Pagans
800 AD – Crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III
Successfully stopped the spread of Islam in Europe
Expanded Roman Catholic Christianity throughout Europe
The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages
Key People Key People
Charlemagne
VideoVideo
Rome & Christianity Rome & Christianity
Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity
St. Benedict St. Benedict
500 AD – St. Benedict Monastic Rules
Father of Monasticism Monks and Monasteries
spread Christianity across Eurpoe
Rome & Christianity Rome & Christianity
St. Patrick of Ireland St. Patrick of Ireland
Taken to Ireland as a slave at age 16 and escaped after 6 years
Became a Christian priest, and later a Bishop
Returned to Ireland as a missionary
Converted Irish to Christianity
VIDEOVIDEO
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages
Key Philosophers Key Philosophers
St. Augustine of Hippo Most Influential Writings –
City of God and Confessions
Wrote against the Pelagians and formulated doctrine of original sin
Wrote extensively about Human Free-will and Divine Sovereignty
Major influence on Western Theology and Philosophy
Influenced Reformers
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages
Key Philosophers Key Philosophers
St. Thomas Aquinas Italian Dominican Priest
Wrote Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles
Philosophy - knowledge of any truth requires Divine help
Natural (reason) and Supernatural (scriptures) Revelation were two sources of truth
Re-introduces Aristotle to Western Theology and Philosophy
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Medieval Art & Architecture Medieval Art & Architecture
Hints of Plato Directed Attention to
the Heavenly Realm Not Concerned with
this World Focus on the Divine
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Medieval Art Medieval Art
Coptic Icon of Jesus and an AbbotCoptic Icon of Jesus and an Abbot
Early Medieval Early Medieval CharacteristicsCharacteristics Iconic Religious Halos Anti-Realist Flat Minimal Background
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Medieval Art Medieval Art
(1308-11) The central panel of Duccio's Maestà altarpiece (1308-11) The central panel of Duccio's Maestà altarpiece
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Medieval Art Medieval Art
Mary Magdalen announcing Mary Magdalen announcing the Resurrection to the the Resurrection to the Apostles, St Albans Apostles, St Albans Psalter, English, 1120-1145.Psalter, English, 1120-1145.
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Medieval Art Medieval Art
The oldest Byzantine icon The oldest Byzantine icon of Mary, c. 600, encaustic, of Mary, c. 600, encaustic, at Saint Catherine's at Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai Monastery, Mount Sinai retains much of Greek retains much of Greek realist style.realist style.
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Medieval Art Medieval Art
The Bamberg Apocalypse, The Bamberg Apocalypse, from the Ottonian from the Ottonian Reichenau School, Reichenau School, achieves monumentality in achieves monumentality in a small scale. 1000-1020a small scale. 1000-1020
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Medieval Art Medieval Art
Byzantine Church Mosaics Byzantine Church Mosaics from the late 12th century.from the late 12th century.
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Early Medieval Early Medieval Architecture Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Massive Buildings
Cross-shaped
Thick Walls
Round Arches
Decorative Arcading
Large Towers
Vaulted Ceilings
The Cathedral of Lisbon
Romanesque Architecture
Massive Buildings
Angoulême Cathedral
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Early Medieval Early Medieval Architecture Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Massive Buildings
Tournai Cathedral
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Early Medieval Early Medieval Architecture Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Cross-shaped Building Plan
Angoulême Cathedral Plan
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Early Medieval Early Medieval Architecture Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Thick Walls
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Early Medieval Early Medieval Architecture Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Round Arches
Decorative Arcading
The Church of le Puy en Velay
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Early Medieval Early Medieval Architecture Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Large Towers
Catedral de Worms
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Early Medieval Early Medieval Architecture Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Vaulted Ceilings
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Early Medieval Early Medieval Architecture Architecture
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Late Medieval Late Medieval Architecture Architecture
Gothic Architecture
Skeletal Stone Structures
Stained-glass Windows
External Flying Buttresses
Pointed Arches
Ribbed Stone Vaults
Clustered Columns
Sharply Pointed Spires
The Cathedral of Reims
The Middle AgesThe Middle AgesLate Medieval Late Medieval Architecture Architecture
Gothic ArchitectureGothic ArchitectureSkeletal Stone StructuresSkeletal Stone Structures
The Piazza Duomo
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Late Medieval Late Medieval Architecture Architecture
Gothic Architecture
Stained-glass Windows
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Late Medieval Late Medieval Architecture Architecture
Gothic Architecture
External Flying Buttresses
Gothic ArchitecturePointed Arches
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Late Medieval Architecture Late Medieval Architecture
Gothic Architecture Ribbed Stone Vaults
Inside the Cologne Cathedral
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Late Medieval Architecture Late Medieval Architecture
Gothic ArchitectureClustered Columns
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Late Medieval Late Medieval Architecture Architecture
Gothic Architecture Sharply Pointed Spires
Salisbury Cathedral