Western Civilization Lecture 11
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Transcript of Western Civilization Lecture 11
Western Civilization
Mr. Mike Lecture 11
Western Civilization
World War I Era of Totalitarianism World War II Reaction to Modern War
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationWorld War IWorld War I
Background Background
Colonialism Colonialism Conflicts in Imperialistic Foreign Policy Conflicts in Imperialistic Foreign Policy
between European Empiresbetween European Empires A complex network of political and military A complex network of political and military
alliances throughout Europe established alliances throughout Europe established Colonial Empires paved the way for war to Colonial Empires paved the way for war to
spread globallyspread globally
Western CivilizationWorld War I
Background
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Factories used to build up
military weapons and navy fleets
The U.K. and Germany began an weapons race
Eventually every major power in Europe was building up weapons
Modern military weapons were more powerful than any in history.
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Background
The Bosnian Crisis The Bosnian Crisis Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria
declares independence and is proclaimed Tsar
1908-09 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
1912-13 Balkan Wars
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Background
The Bosnian Crisis The Bosnian Crisis 28 June 1914 – Prince Franz
Ferdinand (heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne) assassinated by a Bosnian-Serb
28 July 1914 – Austria-Hungry and Germany declared war on Serbia
Serbia and Allies (U.K., France and Russia) Declare war
World War I Begins
Western CivilizationWorld War I
The Central Powers The Central Powers Austro-Hungarian Empire:
entered the war on 28 July 1914
German Empire (including German colonial forces): 1 August 1914
Ottoman Empire: secretly 2 August 1914; openly 29 October 1914
Kingdom of Bulgaria: 14 October 1915
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Triple Entente Triple Entente The United Kingdom France Russia
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Triple Entente's AlliesTriple Entente's Allies Andorra Belgium Brazil China Costa Rica Cuba Czechoslovak
Legions Greece Guatemala
San Marino Serbia Siam Australia Canada India Newfoundland New Zealand South Africa British crown
colonies United States
Haiti Honduras Italy Japan Liberia Montenegro Nicaragua Panama Portugal Romania
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Colonies become battle-Colonies become battle-fields for European War fields for European War
Colonies were required to fight for their European Colonial Authorities Early fighting began in
Africa between French, British and Germany Colonial Troops
Asia and the Pacific Middle East
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Modern WeaponsModern Weapons
Trench Warfare Long trenches dug by
opposing armies Slow advances
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Modern WeaponsModern Weapons
Hand Grenades Contained explosives
and pieces of metal Thrown into trenches Caused massive
injuries
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Tanks
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Guns
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MACHINE GUN FIRE: CAMBRIN by Robert Graves(September 25 1915)
The torn line wavers, breaks, and falls.'Get up, come on!' the captain calls'Get up, the Welsh, and on we go!'(Christ, that my lads should fail me so!)A dying boy grinned up and said:'The whole damned company, sir; it's dead.''Come on! Cowards!' bawled the captain, thenFell killed, among his writhing men.
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Mortars
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Poison Gas
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Flamethrowers
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AirplanesWarshipsSubmarines
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Treaty of Versailles Formally Ended the War Formed the League of
Nations Germany agreed to pay
enormous war reparations and award territory to the victors
Caused bitterness in Germany, which gave rise to the Nazis
Western CivilizationWorld War I
Impact of WWI Social Trauma Ultra Nationalism Anti-Modernism Pacifism Loss of Optimism Questions the idea
of Progress
Dulce et Decorum EstDulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred OwenDulce et decorum est pro patria mori: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori: mors et fugacem persequitur virummors et fugacem persequitur virumnec parcit inbellis iuventaenec parcit inbellis iuventaepoplitibus timidove tergo.poplitibus timidove tergo.
How sweet and glorious it is to die for one's country: Death pursues the man who flees, spares not the hamstrings or cowardly backs Of battle-shy youths. (Horace – Roman Poet)
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backsAnd towards our distant rest began to trudge.Men marched asleep. Many had lost their bootsBut limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hootsOf tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.
Dulce et Decorum EstDulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred OwenGas! Gas! Quick, boys!---An ecstasy of fumbling,Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;But someone still was yelling out and stumbling,And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime...Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
If in some smothering dreams you too could paceBehind the wagon that we flung him in,And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;If you could hear, at every jolt, the bloodCome gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cudOf vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,---My friend, you would not tell with such high zestTo children ardent for some desperate glory,The old Lie: Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori.
Western Civilization
Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini A founder of Italian
Fascism 1922 Mussolini took
control of Italy by a coup d'état
Established a one-party government which was called the “ National Fascist Party”
Western Civilization
Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Believed that Italy
was the rightful heir of the Roman Empire
Had a policy of expansion of Italy to reclaim territories that were formally part of the Roman Empire
Western Civilization
Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Established policies to
encourage “social progress” (social Darwinism)
Rejected Egalitarianism in favor of a class system
Rejected both Socialism and Democracy
Established a Dictatorship
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Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Between 1925 and 1927
dismantled all constitutional limitations to his power
1925 Became “Head of the Government” was was no longer accountable to the parliament
Established a Police State
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Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Took control of all Italian
media Instituted censorship and
government propaganda 1933 – Italian expansionism
resulted in Italy's take over of Ethiopia
Western Civilization
Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler World War I Veteran Angry that Germany lost
the war and blamed the Jewish Germans
1919 joined the Nazi Party (DAP) – “German Workers Party”
1921 – Became leader of the reorganized Nazi Party (NSDAP)
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Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler 1923 – Attempted to
overthrow the German leadership and establish Nazi rule
The attempt failed and Hitler was imprisoned
In prison he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
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Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler 1924 – Released from
prison Gained public support
because of his strong views on German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anti-communism
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Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler 1933 – Hitler was appointed
Chancellor of Germany Reorganized the
Government into the Third Reich
Established a single-party system of government under Nazi control
Became a Dictator
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Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler 1933 – Withdrew Germany
from the League of Nations 1935 – Hitler rejected parts
of the Versailles Treaty in order to expand his army
Western Civilization
Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler
1935 – Established the anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws Outlawed marriage between
Jews and non-Jews Banned non-Jewish under 45
from working in Jewish homes Deprived non-Aryans of the
benefits of German citizenship
Western CivilizationAdolph HitlerAdolph Hitler
1936 – Preparation for War Reoccupied the demilitarized
zone in the Rhineland violating the Versailles Treaty
Issued the "Four-Year Plan Memorandum” to prepare Germany for war
Formed an Axis of powers between Germany, Italy and Japan in opposition to Communism
Western CivilizationAdolph HitlerAdolph Hitler
Action T4 Ideology of “Racial Hygiene” -
Cleansing for racially unsound elements
Euthanasia Program
physicians killed thousands of people "judged incurably sick, by critical medical examination"
Blind, Mentally Disabled, Physically disabled
275,000 people were killed under T4 by medication, starvation, or in the gas chambers
“60,000 Reichsmarks is what this person suffering from a hereditary disease costs the People's community during his lifetime. Comrade, that is your money too”
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Pre-War AggressionPre-War Aggression
1935 – Italy invaded and occupied Ethiopia
1937 – Italian and German planes bombed Guernica during the Spanish Civil War
1937 – Japan invaded China as part of its Imperial Expansion
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Pre-War AggressionPre-War Aggression
1938 – Japan invaded the USSR and Mongolia
1938 – Germany annexed Austria
1939 – Germany invaded Czechoslovakia
1939 – Italy conquered Albania
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Pre-War AggressionPre-War Aggression
Britain and France promise to support and defend Poland from a potential invasion by Germany
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World War II Begins
19391939
1 September 1939 Germany attacked Poland
3 September 1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany
United States decided to remain neutral in the conflict
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World War II Begins
19391939
Ribbentrop Pact signed between the Soviet Union and Germany
USSR also invaded Poland and divides the country between the USSR and Germany
Russia invaded Finland
U.K. and France vote to remove USSR from the League of Nations
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World War II Events
19401940 Germany invaded Denmark and
Norway
German 'Blitzkrieg' overwhelms Belgium, Holland and France.
Churchill becomes Prime Minister of Britain.
Germany attempts to gain air superiority over the U.K.
40,000 Britain civilians killed during German bombings
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World War II Events
19411941 Hitler begins Operation
Barbarossa - the invasion of Russia.
Germany invades Greece and Yugoslavia.
Allies take Tobruk in North Africa, and resist German attacks.
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the US enters the war.
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World War II Events
19421942 Germany suffers setbacks at
Stalingrad and El Alamein.
Singapore falls to the Japanese in February - around 25,000 prisoners taken.
American naval victory at Battle of Midway, in June, marks turning point in Pacific War.
Mass murder of Jewish people at Auschwitz begins.
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World War II Events
19431943 Surrender at Stalingrad marks
Germany's first major defeat.
Allied victory in North Africa enables invasion of Italy to be launched.
Italy surrenders, but Germany takes over the battle.
British and Indian forces fight Japanese in Burma.
Western CivilizationWorld War II
World War II Events
19441944 Allies land at Anzio and bomb
monastery at Monte Cassino.
Soviet offensive gathers pace in Eastern Europe.
D-Day: The Allied invasion of France. Paris is liberated in August.
Guam liberated by the US
Okinawa, and Iwo Jima bombed.
Western CivilizationWorld War II
World War II Events
19451945 Auschwitz liberated by Soviet
troops.
Russians reach Berlin: Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders on 7 May.
Truman becomes President of the US on Roosevelt's death, and Attlee replaces Churchill.
After atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders on 14 August.
Western CivilizationWorld War II
World War II Events
The Holocaust The Holocaust
Between 11-17 million people killed Romani, Sinti, Soviet
prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, homosexuals, people with disabilities, Jehovah's Witnesses and other political and religious opponents
6 million European Jews
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World War II Events
The Holocaust The Holocaust
Concentration Camps Forced labor (slavery) Many died of hunger,
exhaustion and disease in the camps
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World War II Events
The Holocaust The Holocaust
Extermination Camps Many built in German
occupied territories Prisoners performed force
labor until they died of starvation, exhaustion or brutal beatings
Gas chambers were used to perform mass executions