West nile
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West Nile Virus
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
OverviewOverview
• Organism• History• Epidemiology• Transmission• Disease in Humans• Disease in Animals• Prevention and Control
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The Organism
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
The AgentThe Agent
• Flaviviridae−Flavivirus
Single stranded RNA
• Related to SLE, JE, Murray Valley, Kunjin
• Infects humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and other mammals
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History
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
HistoryHistory
• 1937: West Nile District, Uganda• 1950
−Egypt Ecology studied Disease varies
− Israel 1951-54 1957
Meningoencephalitis in elderly
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
HistoryHistory
• 1962, 2000: France• 1973-74: South Africa• 1996: Romania
− First outbreak in industrialized urban area
• 1998: Italy• 1999
− Russia− United States, New York
First occurrence in the western hemisphere
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Epidemiology
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
United States - 1999United States - 1999
• New York City−62 cases−7 deaths−Zoo birds, crows,
horses• St. Louis Encephalitis
virus first suspected• Similar to virus strain
found in Israel
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
1999 NYC area - WNV activity 1999 NYC area - WNV activity
MosquitoesMosquitoes
BirdsBirds
HumansHumans
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
1999 – NYC WNV Cases1999 – NYC WNV Cases
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Possible Modes of Introduction of West Nile Virus into the U.S.
Possible Modes of Introduction of West Nile Virus into the U.S.
• Infected human host• Human-transported vertebrate host
−Legal− Illegal
• Human-transported vector(s)• Storm-transported vertebrate host (bird)• Intentional introduction
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Spread of WNV in the U.S.: 1999-2002
Spread of WNV in the U.S.: 1999-2002
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
WNV Monthly Onset: 1999-2001WNV Monthly Onset: 1999-2001
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Age distribution of WNV cases: 1999-2001
Age distribution of WNV cases: 1999-2001
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
WNV in the U.S., HumansWNV in the U.S., Humans
Year Cases Deaths
1999 62 7
2000 21 2
2001 66 9
2002 4156 284
2003 9862 264
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
WNV in the U.S.: 2003WNV in the U.S.: 2003
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
WNV in U.S.: as of July 6, 2004
WNV in U.S.: as of July 6, 2004
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
WNV Positive Animals, 2003WNV Positive Animals, 2003
• U.S. Cases−4,554 equine −30 dogs−17 squirrels−1 cat−32 unidentified animal
species
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
WNV Equine Cases: 2003WNV Equine Cases: 2003
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
WNV Equine Cases: 2004WNV Equine Cases: 2004
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
2002 WNV World Distribution2002 WNV World Distribution
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Transmission
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Incidental hosts
Vectors
Humans, horses, and other animalsAmplifying hosts
Birds
Culex sp., Aedes sp., Ochlerotatus sp.
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Ecology & TransmissionEcology & Transmission
• Primary vector is Culex sp.− 43 species
• Isolated uncommonly from ticks− Asia, Russia− Role in transmission
not clear
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Culex pipiensCulex pipiens
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Culex restuansCulex restuans
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Culex salinariusCulex salinarius
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Aedes vexansAedes vexans
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Ecology & TransmissionEcology & Transmission
• Infected mosquitoes overwinter
• Transovarial transmission
• Birds− Contact
transmission− Migratory transport
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Human TransmissionHuman Transmission
• Laboratory acquired−Laceration during necropsy on blue jay−Needle stick
• Blood transfusions−23 cases in 2002− Implemented screening in 2003
737 presumptive West Nile viremic donors 2 transfusion associated cases
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Human TransmissionHuman Transmission
• Organ transplantation−4 documented cases from 1 organ donor−Organ donor received blood from
viremic blood donor• Transplacental transmission
−WNV 27th week gestation• Breast feeding
−Mother received contaminated blood− Infant WNV positive
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Disease in Humans
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Human DiseaseHuman Disease
• Incubation: 3-14 days−80% asymptomatic or mild flu-like illness−20% develop sudden fever, weakness,
headache, myalgia, nausea, vomiting• Symptoms last 3-6 days• Fine maculopapular rash
More frequent in children
• Recent epidemics: menigoencephalitis
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Human DiseaseHuman Disease
• Less than 1% (1:150) infected−Develop severe illness
With neurological component
−Encephalitis (meningoencephalitis) Fever, confusion, disorientation, seizures,
ataxia, tremors, neck stiffness, ± coma
−Muscle weakness to flaccid paralysis of extremities
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Human DiseaseHuman Disease
• Severe illness−Case-fatality rate: 3-15%−Highest among elderly
Those over 50 yrs at greatest risk
• Overall death rate: 0.1%−1:1,000 infections
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Diagnosis in HumansDiagnosis in Humans
• Antibody detection−Serum or CSF− IgM capture ELISA (MAC-ELISA)
Within 8 days
−Fourfold or greater rise in titer Acute/convalescent – 3 weeks apart Strong evidence of infection
− IgM in CSF strongly suggests CNS infection
−Cross reaction to other viruses
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Diagnosis in HumansDiagnosis in Humans
• Plaque reduction neutralization test− To differentiate cross-reaction− CDC test for state’s initial case− Negative tests
Collected within 14 days of illness Reconfirm
• Duration of immunity− Unknown− IgM may last 6 months or more in blood− Up to 16 months in CSF
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Treatment in HumansTreatment in Humans
• No specific therapy• Supportive care• Ribavirin?• Interferon alpha-2b? • Vaccine in Phase 1 of clinical trial
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Animals and West Nile Virus
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
WNV in AnimalsWNV in Animals
Horses (*) Black Bear Bats
Goats (*) Wolf (*) Llama (*)
Sheep (*) Alpaca (*) Cattle (*)Dog (*) Mountain Goat Seal (*)
Rabbit Alligator (*) Cat (*)
Chipmunk Gray Squirrels (*) Deer
Skunk
Crocodile (*)
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Clinical Signs in WildlifeClinical Signs in Wildlife
• Birds−Commonly found dead (Corvids esp.)
• Bats, chipmunks, skunks, and domestic rabbits−Majority do not develop clinical signs
• Gray Squirrels−Lethargy, biting paws,
vocalization, ataxia, circling, encephalitis, myocarditis
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Clinical Signs in Large AnimalsClinical Signs in Large Animals
• Bovine−Ataxia progressing to paresis
• Alpaca, Sheep, Goats−Fever, horizontal nystagmus, torticollis,
ataxia, recumbency−Vocalization−The alpaca had mild to moderate,
diffuse, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Clinical Signs in Small AnimalsClinical Signs in Small Animals
• Dogs and Cats• Rarely exhibit clinical illness
• Fever, depression• Muscle weakness, spasms• Seizures, paralysis, myocarditis
• Wolf- 1 case−3 months old, zoo animal, CNS signs
• Suspect WNV in animals exhibiting neurological and cardiac symptoms
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Clinical Signs in Small AnimalsClinical Signs in Small Animals
• Dogs and cats experimentally infected−Mosquito bite: dogs
All dogs showed viremia, no clinical signs−Mosquito bite: cats
All cats showed viremia All but one showed mild clinical signs
− Infected prey: cats All cats developed viremia None showed clinical signs
• Conclusion: readily infected, but not amplifying hosts
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Clinical Signs in HorsesClinical Signs in Horses
• Paralysis of lips, facial muscles, or tongue
• Head tilt, difficulty swallowing
• Altered mentation • Sound sensitive • Blindness • Troubling righting• Drowsiness
• Flu-like, anorexia, depression
• Muscle and skin twitching
• Hyperesthesia• Propulsive walking• Weakness, ataxia,
recumbency• Seizures
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Diagnosis and Treatment in Horses
Diagnosis and Treatment in Horses
• Diagnosis−Serology
Seropositive & unvaccinated = WNV infection
• Immunity−Many months or longer
• Perform necropsies with proper precautions
• Supportive treatment
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
WNV Vaccine for HorsesWNV Vaccine for Horses
• Fully licensed vaccine−November 2002−Killed product−2 doses
3-6 weeks apart−Annual booster−Restricted use
to veterinarians only
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Prevention and Control
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Mosquito ManagementMosquito Management
• Surveillance• Source reduction• Personal protection• Biological control • Larvicide• Adulticide
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
SurveillanceSurveillance
• Dead bird testing• Sentinel chicken flocks• Mosquito collection
−Test for pathogens−Account for species
• Larval and adult mosquitoes−Map habitats−Record keeping
• Determining nuisance vs. vectors
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Source ReductionSource Reduction
• Eliminating larval habitats−Tires, bird baths, containers, rain
gutters, unused swimming pools
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Source ReductionSource Reduction
• Making habitats unsuitable for larval development
• Public education• Marsh water
management−Drain, fish access,
gated
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Personal ProtectionPersonal Protection
• Reduce time outdoors− Especially evening hours
• Wear long pants and sleeves• Use mosquito repellent
− 35% DEET• Do not use DEET on
your animals• Make sure all window screens are intact• Use yellow “bug” light bulbs in outdoor
light fixtures
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Biological ControlBiological Control
• Utilizes predators, both natural and introduced, to eat larvae and pupae−Mosquito fish
Gambusia affinis, G. holbrooki most common Fundulus spp., Rivulus spp., killifish
• Other agents have been used but are not readily available−Fungus, protozoa, nematodes
• Copepods
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
LarvicidesLarvicides
• Use when source reduction and biological control not feasible
• More effective and target-specific• Less controversial than adulticides• Applied to smaller geographic areas
−Larvae concentrate in specific locations
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
LarvicidesLarvicidesProductName
Product(Larvae, Pupae, Adult)
Temephos Abate (L)
Methoprene Altosid (L)Oils BVA, Golden Bear (L, P)Monomolecular film Agnique (L, P)
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTI)
Aquabac, Bactimos, LarvX, Teknar, Dunks (L)
Bacillus sphaericus VectoLex (L)
Pyrethrins Pyrenone, Pyronyl (A, L)
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
AdulticidesAdulticides
• When other control measures unsuccessful
• Least efficient• Proper type and time of
application helps efficacy−Ultra Low Volume foggers
1 ounce per acre
−Small droplets contact and kill adults
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
AdulticidesAdulticidesChemical
NameProduct
Malathion Fyfanon, Atrapa, Prentox
Naled Dibrom, Trumpet
Fenthion Batex
Permethrin Permanone, AquaResilin, Biomist, Mosquito Beater
Resmethrin Scourge
Sumithrin Anvil
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
BiosafetyBiosafety
• Mosquito avoidance precautions−Bug spray, long sleeves, etc
• Wear gloves or double plastic bags to collect dead birds
• Wash hands after handling• Manipulate carcasses in biosafety
cabinet when possible for necropsy
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Author:
Co-authors:
Reviewer:
Radford Davis, DVM, MPH
Ann Peters, DVM, MPHStacy Holzbauer, DVM
Jean Gladon, BS