West Isles Marine Park Pilot Study

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N TION LMARINE PARK CONCEPT

WEST ISLES

NEW BRUNSWICK

PILOT STUDY

SUMMARY DOCUMENT

Parks Canada/Tourism New Brunswick



i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents • . . . . i

Lis t o f Figures • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v

Purpose o f P i l o t Study v i

Acknowledgements • • • • • • • • • • v i i

Conclusions and Recommendat ions • • • • • • v i i i

PART I - PILOT STUDY

1. In t roduc t ion • • . • • • . . . . . 1

1.1 Marine Regional Analys is Program 1

1.2 Comparative Analys is o f the h r ~ e NACSin th e Outer Bay of Fundy • • • • • • • • • 1

2 . Study Area • • • . • • • • 4

2 .1 Geographica l Set t ing • 4

3. Natura l and Cul tu ra l Resources o f

West I s l e s • • . . . 6

3.1 Let i t e P a ssa ge U n it . . . . 7

3 .2 Cent ra l Is land Unit . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.3 Head Harbour P a ssa ge U n i t . . . . . . . 8

3 .4 Deer Is land Unit • • • • • 9

4. National Marine Park Objec t ives 9

4.1 A National Marine Park Theme fo r the

West I s l e s • • • • • • • • • • • • 11

4.2 Oceanographic Uni ts and Thei r Role in

Concept Development . . . 12



4.2 .1

4 .2 .1 .1

4 .2 . 1 . 2

4 .2 .1 .3

4 .2 .1 .4

4.2 .2

4 .2 .3

4 .2 .4

4.3

4.3 .1

4 .3 .2

4.4

4 .5

4 .5 . 1

4.5 .2

4 .5 . 3

4.6

4.7

4.7 .1

4 .7 .2

4 .7 . 3

4.8

4.8 .1

4 .8 .2

4 .8 . 3

4 .9

4.9 .1

Page

Cent ra l I s land Unit 12

White Horse I s land and AdjacentMarine Area ••• . • • • • . • 14

Adams, Simpson, Mowat and Barnes I s lands 14

Nubble, White, The Spectac les and the

Hosp i t a l I s l ands • • • • • • • • . • • . 16

Bean and Hardwood I s land • • • • • • • • • . 16

Head Harbour Passage Uni t • . 17

Le t i t e Passage Unit •••• 18

Deer I s land Unit • • • • • • 20

Vis i t o r Circu la t ion in ConceptDevelopment • • • • • • 21

Park Centre •••••..••. 21

Vis i t o r Circu la t ion Modes 21

Fac i l i t i e s Base in Concept Development • • . 24

Educat ion and In t e rp re t a t ion inConcept Development • • • • • • • • . • . " 25

I n t e rp r e t i ve Objec t ives • • • . . . . 25

Park Centre • • . • 26

On-Site I n t e rp r e t i ve and Act i v i t y Areas 26

Ju r i s d i c t i ona l Considera t ions " • • . • 27

Resources Use Considera t ions in Concept

Development • . . . • • • " " • . 28

Fishery Resources ... ... . 29

Recrea t iona l Spor t Fishery • • • " • 30

unting 31

Vis i t o r Use Considera t ions in Concept

Development .. .. 31

Scuba Diving • • . • • • . • . . • • • . • . 31

Boa t Access •••••••••.••.. 32

Law Enforcement and Publ ic Safe ty ••• 33

Maintenance of Environmental Qual i ty

in Concept Development • • " • " • • . • . " 34

Sewage and Waste Disposa l • • • • • • • 34



4.9 .2 Shorel ine Developments • . • • • • 35

4.9 .3 Shipping and Fishing Boat Act iv i ty • • • 35

4.10 Service Fac i l i t y In f r a s t ruc tu re inConcept Development • • • • • • • • • 36

4.10 .1 Service I ndu s t r y . • • • • • • • • 36

4.10 .2 Medical Serv ices • • • • 37

4.10 .3 Transpor ta t ion Systems • 37

PART I I - RESOUR E ATLAS

5 . Natura l Resources 39· · · · · · · · • · ·5.1 Physiography 39· · · · · · · · · · · · · ·5.2 Climate 39· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·5.3 Oceanography 39· · · · · · · ·5.4 Natura l Themes · · · · · · 40· · · · ·6. Cul tura l Resources 43•· · · · · · · ·6.1 Native Set t lement 47· · · · · · · · · · ·6.2 European Explora t ion 47•· · · · · · ·6.3 Ear ly Fur Trade 47· · · · · · · · · ·6.4 European Set t lement 47· · · · · · · ·6.5 Resource Use · · · · · · · ·6.6 In te rna t iona l Trade - His tor ic

Perspect ive 48· · · · · · · · · · · · • ·7. Land and Marine Resources Uses 50· · ·7.1 Fishery . . · · 52•· · · · · · · · · · ·7.2 Transpor ta t ion 53•· · · · · · · · · · · · • ·7.3 Community Pro f i l e 53· · · · · · · · · · •7.4 Tourism and Recrea t ional Fac i l i t i e s 54· · · ·



iv

Page

ibliography 55

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

1:

2:

3:

Summary of Natural and Cul tura l

Att r ibu tes and Resource Const ra in ts

in Oceanographic Units • • • • •

Summary of the Coastal and MarineNatural Theme Represen ta t ion in theWest I s l e s Study Area

Glossary of Terms

9

66

69



v

LIST O FIGURES

1. Atlant ic Southeast Coast Marine Region . . . . . 2

2. Natural Areas of Canadian Significance in the Bay of Fundy • • • • • • . • • • • . . . 3

3. Study Area • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4. Oceanographic Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 . Preliminary Park Concept • • • • • • • • • • • • 23

6 . Oceanography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

7 . Diversi ty and Abundance of In te r t ida l and

Subt ida l Marine Communities 44

8 . Marine and Shorebird Nesting and Feeding reas • • • • • . . . . 45

9. Marine Mammals - Dis t r ibu t ions , Occurrences and Cri t i c a l Areas • • • • • • • • • • • 46

10. Si tes of Cultural and Histor ic In te res t . . . . 49

11. Shorezone and Marine Uses . . . . . . . . . . . 51



v i

PURPOSE OF THE PILOT STU Y

The purpose of the p i lo t s tudy was to develop a concepto f a Nat ional Marine Park. An ac tua l geographic a rea , theWest I s l e s of New Brunswick, was chosen as the s tudy area

for the planning team.

The p i lo t s tudy resu l t ed in the produc t ion of t h ree

separa te documents:

1) Vol. I Pi lo t Study This document takes an in -

depth look a t one possib le

scenar io for a na t iona l

marine park in the WestI s l e s a rea .

2) Vol. I I Resources Atlas This document conta ins thebulk of the mater ia l

r e l a t i ng to the na tu r a l ,

human and c u l tu r a l

r esources . The mater ia lformed the bas i s for thePi l o t Study Vol. I .

3) Summary Document The Summary Document i s themain publ ic document for the

s tudy. I t i s the de ta i ledsummary of volumes one andtwo and i s divided in to

sec t ions e n t i t l e d p i l o tStudy and Resource Atlas .

The summary document i s ava i l ab le in both French and

Engl i sh and i s ava i lab le to the pub l i c . Volumes I and I Ihave not been t r ans la ted or p r in ted in l a rge qua n t i t i e s for

reasons of e f f i c i e nc y and economy and thus , wi l l not be for

genera l re lease . In te res t ed members of the publ ic wi l l ,however, be able to view Volumes I and I I upon spec i f i c

wr i t t en reques t .



v i i

CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The s tudy team would l i k e to thank a l l those who offered

t h e i r suppor t advice and knowledge dur ing the prepara t ion

o f the concept . We extend a spec ia l note o f thanks to the

many re s idents o f Deer Is land who provided us with va luable

i n s igh t s about the West I s l e s ; to the Chamber of Commerce

fo r t h e i r i n t e r e s t in the pro j e c t ; t o Mr. oug Yurick

Univer s i ty o f Guelph for h i s photos of the f in whales and

porpoise ; and to the s tee r ing committee: Mr. Jack Syroid

Tourism New Brunswick Ms. Mary G i l l i s and

Mr. John Carru the rs Parks Canada for t h e i r advice and

guidance throughout the s tudy and in the f i na l prepara t ion

o f the t ex t .

We would l i ke to extend a persona l note of gra t i t ude to

Mr. Art MacKay and Mr. Bob Bosien and the s t a f f of Marine

Research Assoc ia tes .



v i i i

ON LUSIONS ND RECOMMEND TIONS

Conclusions

1 . The Marine Environment

The marine resources of the West I s l e s capture many of

the oceanographic, marine f lora and fauna, b i rd and

mammal, and i s land hab i t a t themes representa t ive of the

Bay of Fundy sub- reg ion . At the same t ime the West

I s l e s presen t a r i ch h i s to r i c and cu l t u ra l her i t age

which re f l ec t s the s t rong t r ad i t i ons of man's

i n t e r a c t ions with the sea .

2. In t e rp re t a t i on and Recreat ion

The d i ve r s i t y o f oceanographic phenomena and the fu l l

range of associa ted marine f lora and fauna, bi rds and

mammals, i s land habi t a t s and h i s to r i c resources suggest

a wide va r i e ty of i n t e rp re t i ve and rec rea t iona l

oppor tun i t i e s .

3. Resource Act i v i t i e s

With a few excep t ions the inshore f i she ry appears to

have minimal adverse impacts on the marine resource

base . A c t iv i t i e s such as the herr ing f i she ry are par t

of a cu l t u ra l her i t age which adds s ign i f i can t ly not

only to the scenic aspect of the West I s l e s but also

to the i n t e rp re t i ve and rec rea t iona l poten t i a l of thearea .

4 . Oceanographic Units

1) The i n i t i a l marine component of a nat ional marine

park in the West I s l e s should include as an

abso lu te minimum:



x

nat ional marine p ark in th e West I s l e s area . na l t e rna t ive approach involving the jo in t management of

these resources with other federa l agencies i s

cur ren t ly being s tudied .

Recommendations'

I n v ie w of the conclusions drawn by the s tudy team, t is

recommended t ha t considera t ion be given to the pursu i t of a

f ea s i b i l i t y s tudy. P u rs ua n t t o such a s tudy, the study team

recommends t ha t the fol lowing i ssues be c lea r ly addressed: 1) Pol ic ie s for the sound management of marine

r e so u rc e s w i t hi n na t iona l marine parks .

2) The leve l of i n t e r e s t by loca l r e s idents in the

fu ture es tabl ishment of a nat ional marine park in

the West I s l e s a rea .



P RT I

PILOT STUDY



1 -

1. In t roduc t ion

The fol lowing repor t is a summary of a more de ta i l e d

document e n t i t l e d , "Nat ional Marine Park Concept West

I s l e s , New Brunswick Pi l o t Study" prepared by the j o in t

Parks Canada and Tourism New Brunswick study team. This

summary highl ights conc lus ions and recommendations, the

na tura l and cu l tu ra l resources of the West I s l e s a n d

presen t s a pre l iminary na t iona l marine park concept for

the a rea .

1 .1 Marine Regional Analysis Program

As par t of Parks Canada 's ongoing marine reg ional

ana lys i s program, a pre l iminary study o f the Bay of

Fundy was conducted in 1976. The Bay i s recognized by

Parks Canada as a sub- reg ion of the Atlant ic Southeast

Coast Marine Region (See f igure 1) . This pre l iminary

study iden t i f i ed four na tura l areas of Canadian

s igni f icance (NACS), three in the ou te r por t ion and one

in the inner por t ion of the Bay. The four areas are theWest I s l e s and Grand Manan, New Brunswick; Brie r Is land

and Evangeline Beach in Nova Scot ia . All of the N CS

iden t i f i ed ra ted high in t h e i r a b i l i t y t o rep resen t the

coas ta l landform, bio logica l and oceanographic na tura l

themes cha rac t e r i s t i c s of the Bay (See f igure 2) .

1.2 Comparat ive Analys i s of the Three N CS in the Outer Bayo f Fundy

During 1977-78 Parks Canada conducted a comparat ive

marine theme ana lys i s of West I s l e s , Grand Manan and

Brie r Is land (Mackay, 1977-a ,b ) .



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The s tudy concluded tha t the West I s l e s provided the

bes t r epresenta t ion of the marine natura l and cu l tu ra l

theme elements of the ou te r Bay of Fundy and offered

the bes t oppor tuni t i e s for a wide va r i e ty of marine

or ien ted a c t iv i t i e s .

In 1978, Parks Canada approached Tourism New Brunswick

to see whether they would be in te res ted in using the

West I s l e s s tudy area in order to develop fur the r the

na t iona l marine park concept . The province concurred

and the s tudy was then i n i t i a t e d .

2 . Study Area

2.1 Geographical Se t t ing

The West I s les area l i e s a t the western entrance to the

Bay of Fundy a t the Maine-New Brunswick border in an

area reg iona l ly known as the Fundy I s l e s . The West

I s l e s are located in Charlo t te County, New Brunswick,

an area which suppor ts approximately 4 of the

provinc ia l popula t ion . The s tudy a rea is

approximately 110 square ki lometres in ex ten t and

encompasses a marine area , numerous i s l e t s and over 40

i s lands of which Deer Is land is the l a rges t (see

f igu re 3 .

On the New Brunswick mainland, St . George, St . Andrews

and St . Stephen, with a combined popula t ion of 8,500

are the l a rges t towns in proximi ty to the s tudy a rea .

Numerous small v i l l ages are sca t te red along the

mainland coast and on Deer and Campobello I s lands .

Approximately 900 r e s ide n t s c u r r e n t ly l ive in the West

I s l e s . The majori ty l ive on Deer I s land in severa l

small communities inc luding Lord 's Cove, Richardson,

Leonardvi l le and Fairhaven. Residents of the region

ac t i ve l y pursue a var ie ty of occupat ions in the sea



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6 -

products i ndus t ry while o thers are involved in the

tour i sm i ndus t ry and othe r business and se rv ice

occupa t ions .

Access to the study area is via passenger ca r fe r ry

from Let i t e on the mainland and seasonal fe r ry summer

months) from Campobello I s land and Eas tpor t Maine.

Road networks ex i s t only on Deer Is land while access to

the smal ler i s lands requ i res a boat . There are summer

co t t ages on some of the smal ler i s l ands while pr iva te

homes are located along the shores of Deer I s l and . TheWest I s l e s continue to gain in popu la r i ty as a

r e c r e a t ion de s t i na t ion for Canadian and u.s. t o u r i s t s .

A wide range of recrea t iona l f a c i l i t i e s inclUding

provinc ia l parks na t iona l h i s to r i c s i t e s scenic

t r a i l s and loca l parks provide the v i s i t o r with a

var i e t y of outdoor exper iences in the region . Many of

these a t t r ac t ions are located in coas ta l se t t i ngs . The

West I s les area does, however, lack su f f i c i en t tou r i s t

se rv ices and developed a t t r a c t i o n s and draws v is i to r s

pr imar i ly on the bas i s of i t s marine se t t i ng and

na tura l beauty.

3 . Natural and Cul tura l Resources o f West I s l e s

n ana lys i s of the na tura l and cu l tu ra l resources of

the West I s l e s which are descr ibed in Par t I I of t h i s

repor t i den t i f i e s four oceanographic uni t s with

re la t ive ly homogeneous oceanographic and habi t a t

cha rac te r i s t i c s . The four oceanographic uni t s a re :



7 -

1 . Let i te Passage

2. C en t ra l I sl an d

3. Head Harbour Passage

4. Deer Is land

(see map on page 10)

Appendix 1 summarizes the var ious na tura l and cu l tu ra l

a t t r i b u t e s and cons t ra in t s in each oceanographic uni t

~ i are f e l t w i l l inf luence development

cons ide ra t ions and use po ten t i a l s . The assessment is

by no means complete. o doubt addi t iona l a t t r ibu te s

and cons t ra in t s w i l l become ev iden t as new information

becomes avai l ab le . This a s se ssment provides the bas i s

for the r e s t of t he s tu d y and espec ia l ly the conceptual

development proposa ls which fol low.

3 .1 Let i te Passage Unit

This uni t forms the nor thern most sec t ion of t he s tu d y

a rea . I t i s t he o n ly un i t which encompasses por t ions

o f the ew Brunswick mainland and a marine area

representa t ive of Passamaquoddy Bay. I t s marine waters

a re subjec t to constant mixing and tu rbulence .

Whir lpoo l s, su rge channels , s l i cks and areas of

upwel l ing are cha rac te r i s t i c . Although the uni t has a

wide d ive r s i ty of habi t a t types , rocky i n t e r t i d a l areas

p re do min ate . L ig ht and water c l a r i t y diminishapprec iab ly in Passamaquoddy Bay due to high loads of

suspended matter . V is ib i l i t y improves in Let i t e

Passage and may exceed 8 metres . The un i t may be

viewed as an a re a o f s t rong cur ren ts charac te r i zed by

tu rbulent water and narrow channels .



- 8

3.2 Centra l I s land Unit

This uni t is charac ter ized by open water areasconnected by broad channels . The oceanography is

extremely var iab le from one area to another . The flood

t i de div ides between Adams and Hardwood I s lands .

Channels are deep and sub jec t to s t rong curren t s .

Surge cur ren ts flow between Simpson, Mowat and Barnes

I s lands . The water depth is highly i r r egu l a r but shows

a tendency to shal low from eas t to west . The nor thern

por t ion of the uni t , known l oca l l y as the Eastern

Chops, i s charac te r i zed by choppy water t ha t has no

d i s t i nc t pa t t e rn . n area of upwell ing i s not iceable

in the River" between Bean Ledge, Simpson Is land and

the Spectacles I s lands .

The oute r por t ion of the uni t exper iences extens ive

summer fogs and pronounced wave act ion during

southeas te r ly gales . The uni t has a wide d ive r s i ty of

marine hab i t a t s . Shorezone habi t a t s are rugged while

subt ida l c l i f f s are common around the ou t - i s l ands .

Offshore v i s i b i l i t y ranges normal ly from 4.5 metres to

8 metres and may exceed 9 metres . This i s a uni t of

varied oceanography ranging from areas of s t rong

cur ren ts to qu ie t water areas i n t e rspe rsed by i s land

groupings .

3 .3 Head Harbour Passage UnitThis uni t forms the southern boundary of the s tudy

area . Head Harbour Passage is Un shaped with depth

varying from 11 metres to 120 metres . The passage is

subjec t to s trong cur ren ts and tu rbulent surface water

condi t ions . The southern port ion of the passage i s

known for i t s whir lpools , the l a rges t being the Old

Sow. The "River" is an area of qqie t water al though



- 9

t ida l cur ren t s l oca l i zed upwel l ings and r i p s are

ev iden t between Deer and Indian I s l and . A surface

shear zone or area where boundary e f f ec t s appear to be

in p lay between d i f f e ren t water bodies i s manifested in

a nor th-eas t d i rec t i on in the l ee of the Spectacles

I s lands . The un i t as a whole can be viewed as a

tu rbulent passage area which i s the oceanographic

manifes ta t ion of the underwater f au l t geology.

3.4 Deer Is land Unit

This uni t encompasses the near shore area of Deer

Is land from But le r Poin t to Leonardvi l le . This inshore

uni t i s charac te r i zed by ex tens ive shal lows y s ~ low

cur ren t v e l o c i t i e s high sedimenta t ion low l igh t

pene t ra t ion and poor underwater v i s i b i l i t y . The un i t

i s dominated by mud and sandy-mud hab i t a t s and

assoc ia t ed marine l i f e . Man-made hab i t a t s are

i n t e rspe rsed throughout t ak ing the form of lobs te r

pounds, wharfs , groins and her r ing wei r s . This i s a

uni t of quie t water s .

4. Nat ional Marine Park Object ives

The main ob jec t ives of na t iona l marine parks are to

preserve in a na tura l s t a t e marine areas which are

representa t ive of the major marine environments of

Canada and to of fe r a range of oppor tun i t i e s for

Canadians to l ea rn about and enjoy the environment .

The concept which the s tudy team has developed at tempts

to r e f l e c t these objec t ives . I t should not be

cons t rued as def in ing a f a i t accompl i . Rather , t

cons t i t u t e s a genera l idea of what a na t iona l marine

park could look l i ke in the West I s l e s should one ever

be e s t a b l i s he d .



Figure4 OCEANOGRAPHIC UNITS

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11 -

Also the re i s no at tempt to assess whether t h i s

pre l iminary concept is soc i a l l y , economial ly o r

po l i t i c a l l y f eas i b l e . A f e a s ib i l i t y assessment must be

under taken with pub l ic input to determine t h i s .

4 1 A Nat ional Marine Park Theme for the West I s l e s

In developing an overa l l park theme for the West I s l e s ,

the s tudy team focused on the i n t e r re l a t i onsh i ps

between man and the sea . The oceanographic fea tu res

are impressive and s tand alone as a very s trong

s ta tement of the wonders of the marine environment .

At the same t ime the evidence of the h i s to r i c and

presen t a c t i v i t i e s of man are apparent throughout the

West I s l e s . The landscape and seascape have been

grea t l y a f fec ted by man and most of i t s beauty must be

measured in human terms in which ci rcumstances of

na tu re can be seen to have been combined with the

de s i r e s and a s p i r a t i ons of men. The l ighthouses

marking the headlands the colourfu l boats in the many

smal l f i sh ing harbours and t he i r sur rounding

communit ies and a l l the var ious a c t i v i t i e s give meaning

and sca le to the views and are pa r t of the ongoing

s t o ry of the West I s l e s and an essen t i a l pa r t of the

a r e a s charac te r .

In the West I s l e s , the re is an oppor tuni ty for a

cu l tu ra l i n t e rp re t a t i on of cont inuous and v i t a l

i n t e r e s t to modern v i s i t o r s , in r e l a t i ng the economic

and s oc i a l ci rcumstances of man to ecologica l changes

as depic ted in the shorezone and marine environments .

As an essen t i a l par t of an explanat ion of what has

taken place and i s now occurr ing t is necessary to



12 -

t e l l the s tory of man and the sea . The harmony of man,

land and sea , in the pas t , present and fu ture should

serve Canadians as an i n s p i r a t i on in re th inking t h e i r

r e l a t i ons h ips to and with the sea . This is the

suggested theme for the West I s l e s .

4.2 Oceanographic Units and Thei r Role in ConceptDevelopment

As was noted ea r l i e r each oceanographic un i t has i t s

own s e t of na tura l and cu l t u ra l a t t r i b u t e s as well as

resource cons t ra i n t s . Each uni t i s seen to p l a y a

pa r t i cu l a r ro le in the development of a park concept .

The na tura l and cu l t u ra l elements of the West I s l e s

have many inherent qua l i t i e s for rec rea t ion . The

nature of the un i t s sugges t t ha t r e c r e a t iona l a c t i v i t y

in the West I s l e s should be t i ed in not only with an

underwater na tura l exper ience but wi th a su r face one as

wel l .

In t h i s sec t ion the proposed uni t goals for Centra l

I s l and , Head Harbour Passage , Let i te Passage, and Deer

I s land Units and t h e i r use po t en t i a l s are out l ined . nat tempt i s made to br i e f ly out l ine the bas ic types of

ac t i v i t i e s and developments which the s tudy team fee l s

would re in fo rce the marine and cu l t u ra l values of the

West I s l e s . One possib le marine park concept is

ou t l ined in f igure 5, p . 23.

4 .2 .1 Centra l I s land Unit

Proposed Unit Goal

To pro t ec t , manage and maintain the ecologica l

i n t eg r i ty of the marine and i s l and environments to

i n t e rp re t these environments in ways which r e f l e c t

the i n t e r re l a t i onsh i ps between man and the sea while

of fe r ing a t the same t ime oppor tun i t i e s for a wide

range of ac t ive and pass ive r e c r e a t iona l ac t i v i t i e s .



13 -

The na t iona l park ob jec t ives for na tura l resource

protec t ion and v i s i t o r enjoyment could be achieved i f

the main goal for the un i t i s achieved .

The Centra l I s land Unit possesses a gre a t d i ve r s i t y

of b io log ica l and oceanographic themes which could

provide the bas i s for developing a var i e t y of

a c t i v i t y programs for the park v i s i t o r .

Spec i f i ca l l y as to nature i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t he re i s a

d i v e r s i t y of i n t e r t i d a l and subt ida l community

assemblages wi l d l i f e hab i t a t s and underwater

geology t ha t wi l l be of i n t e r e s t to many. The

endemic species of marine l i f e which can be found

throughout wil l be of i n t e r e s t to the i n t e r t i d a l

observer and SCUB d ive r . The observat ion of a wide

var i e t y of marine b i rds and mammals inc luding ospreys

and eagles adds to the na tu ra l i n t e rp re t i ve

po ten t i a l .

The un i t a l so p resen t s the oppor tuni ty to develop an

awareness and apprec ia t ion of the cu l t u ra l pas t of

the West I s l e s . There i s the occas ion for cu l t u ra l

i n t e rp re t a t i on r e l a t i ng the economic and s oc i a l

ci rcumstances of pas t out - i s land i nhab i t an t s to the

na tura l envi ronment . I t should be remembered t ha t t

i s the herr ing and assoc ia ted wei r f i she ry tha t has

dominated the h i s to ry of the West I s l e s . I t would be

most appropria te to i n t e rp re t t h i s f i she ry to the

park v i s i t o r as a good number of weirs are sca t te red

throughout the un i t . Oceanographic themes are well

represented and access to view them i s good.



14 -

The development of a ca re fu l l y in tegra ted program of

marine hab i t a t prese rva t ion and i n t e rp re t a t i on inconjunct ion with se lec ted marine oriented ac t i v i t i e s

wi l l be necessary i f the goal for the uni t i s to be

achieved. In the uni t there are three na tura l i s land

groupings . Each group possesses i t s own se t of

na tura l and cu l tu ra l themes and spec ia l a reas .

4 .2 .1 .1 White Horse Is land and Adjacent Marine Area

White Horse Is land i s a marine bi rd nes t ing s i t e

and as such is one of the ecologica l ly sens i t ive

s i t e s in the uni t . The prese rva t ion of t h i s

spec ia l area i s important to the concept for the

values which l i e not only in the d ive r s i ty and

abundance of the marine b i rds which t supports ,

but in the oppor tuni t i e s i t s presen t s for research

and wi l d l i f e i n t e rp re t a t ion .

4.2 .1 .2 Adams Simpson Mowat and Barnes Is lands

St ra t eg ica l ly located in the cent re of the West

I s l es , t h i s i s land group i s viewed as being the key

to any ove ra l l concept developed for the West I s l e s

and the prese rva t ion of i t s environmental i n t eg r i ty

i s essen t i a l . The i s land group is perhaps the most

su i ted to developments for secondary ac t i v i t i e s

which could of fe r oppor tun i t i e s to pursue

i n t e rp re t i ve and rec rea t iona l ac t i v i t i e s in an

essen t i a l ly quas i -wi lderness marine se t t i ng . The

i s l ands are s c e n ic a l ly a t t rac t ive and the shoals

and reefs surrounding them of fe r a d ive r s i ty of

underwater hab i t a t s and marine l i f e . Oceanographic

themes such as r ip s , surge channel s l i cks , shear

zones and cur ren ts are a l l v i s ib l e from the



15 -

i s l ands . Marine b i rds and mammals are r e a d i ly

observed around the i s l a nds . Adams Is land has the

po t en t i a l to become the s i t e of a secondary

a c t i v i t y area .

Barnes Simpson and Mowat are fores ted and qu i t e

rugged. Separated by narrow surge channels and

surrounded by l edges and shoals t h i s group o f f e r s

some of the most exc i t ing underwater landscapes and

i n t e r t i d a l areas found in the West I s l e s . The

d ive r s i ty of habi t a t types and marine l i f e o f f e r s

outs tanding underwater i n t e rp re t i ve oppor tuni t i e s

for the d iver and non d iver . The observat ion of

underwater communities from the surface is feas ib le

throughout the shoal and ledge a reas . F a c i l i t i e s

such as pr imi t ive campsi tes developed on a l imi ted

sca le could of fe r the v i s i t o r the oppo r tuni ty to

exper ience f i r s t hand the na tura l a t t r i b u t e s of the

area in as na tura l a se t t i ng as i s poss ib le in thereg ion . Sens i t ive i s land and marine hab i t a t s such

as the sea l haulout area on Barnes Is land and

osprey nes t ing s i t e s on Simpson and Barnes Is lands

should be respected for t h e i r na tura l and

i n t e rp re t i ve va lues .

The ob jec t ive for t h i s i s land group could be to

preserve the ecologica l and scenic q u a l i t i e s of

both marine and t e r r e s t r i a l s i t e s and to cap i t a l i ze

on t h e i r v i s i t o r a t t r ac t ion po t en t i a l by providing

pr imi t ive camping oppor tuni t i e s and day use

developments compat ible with the resource base .

Low-density outdoor ac t i v i t i e s could be

accommodated on a con t ro l l ed bas i s by using a

na tura l environment zoning c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .



16 -

4 .2 .1 .3 Nubble, White , The Spectac les and The Hospi ta l

I s l ands

The small s i ze and ecolog ica l s e n s i t i v i t y of these

i s l ands prec ludes sugges t ing any s i t e spec i f i c

developments . The Hospi ta ls and Spectac les are

seabi rd nes t ing areas while White Is land suppor t s

an ac t i ve bald eagle nes t .

Specia l prese rva t ion des igna t ion i s suggested for

the t e r r e s t r i a l por t ion of t h i s i s land grouping . A

na tu r a l environment c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in the marine

environment could f a c i l i t a t e underwater explora t ion

and cont ro l l ed w i ld l i f e viewing.

4 .2 .1 .4 Bean and Hardwood I s l ands

A park cen t r e could be developed on Bean or

Hardwood I s l ands because t h e i r environments appear

su i t ab l e . Although both are i s l ands , access from

Deer Is land would pose r e l a t i ve ly few problems.

Bean I s l a n5 i s perhaps the more s u i t a b l e , being the

l a rge r of the two approximate ly 53 hec t a r e s ) . The

i s land i s s u i t ab ly t r ee covered, has exce l l en t

views of the ou t - i s l ands , and sugges t s r e l a t i v e l y

few s i t e cons t r a in t s . Size i s perhaps the most

l imi t ing fac tor in the case of Hardwood I s land

approximately 16 hec t a r e s ) .

There are many na tura l and c u l t u r a l fea tures on and

adjacen t to Bean Is land t ha t could be v i s i t ed and

i n t e rp re t ed . There i s enough space for v i s i t o r

cent re development . A park cent re could cons i s t

o f a r ecep t ion and in format ion bui ld ing , div ing

cen t r e , wharf f a c i l i t i e s and shore l ine t r a i l s and

an i n t e rp re t ive cen t r e . I t could involve bu i ld ings



17 -

of su i t ab l e a rch i t ec t u ra l mot i f of adequate s i z e to

con ta in recept ion f a c i l i t i e s ( informat ion s t a f f ,

pub l i ca t ion d i s t r i b u t i o n ) , i n t e rp re t i ve f a c i l i t i e s

(amphi theat re , s t a t i c d i s p l a ys , aUdiovi sua l a ids ,

aquar iums, e t c . ) , and a d iver r eg i s t r a t ion un i t .

The d iver r eg i s t r a t ion uni t would be necessary to

ensure con t ro l o f d ive rs in the park as well as

pub l ic sa fe t y .

The s tudy team fee l s t ha t the overa l l success of a

na t iona l marine park in the West I s l e s depends on

t h i s oceanographic uni t . I t i s t h i s core area

which possesses many of the na tura l and cu l t u ra l

va lues key to the concept .

4.2 .2 Head Harbour Passage Unit

Poss ib le Unit Goals

To pro t ec t , manage and mainta in the marine and

shorezone environments in such a way.as to ensuret h e i r ecologica l i n t eg r i ty and cont inued high

produc t iv i t y .

To preserve s i gn i f i can t h i s t o r i c a l resources while

providing i n t e rp re t i ve and rec rea t iona l oppor tun i t i e s

compat ible wi th the resource base of the un i t .

This un i t encompasses severa l marine areas which are

c r i t i c a l to important l i f e s t ages and en t i r e l i f e

h i s to r i e s of many marine species which make up the

marine f lo ra l and faunal components of the study

a rea . The uni t i s important to the park concept for

severa l reasons . F i r s t , the prese rva t ion of the

marine system in the uni t is v i t a l to the maintenance

of environmental i n t eg r i ty throughout the study a rea .



18 -

Second, the uni t suppor ts the grea t e s t d i ve r s i t y of

marine b i rd and mammal themes in the West I s l e s .

Third , Indian Is land has the h ighes t concen t ra t ion of

h i s t o r i c and cu l t u ra l resources in the West I s l e s .

The objec t ive , the re fore , in a l l cases i s

conservat ion and prese rva t ion where poss ib le in both

a na tu ra l and cu l t u ra l sense . The inc lus ion of

Indian Is land could ensure to some degree t ha t an

area of cu l t u ra l va lue forms par t of the park

concept .

The uni t could be one of the major des t ina t ion areas

fo r the park v i s i t o r . There are many na tu ra l

fea tu res t ha t can be exper ienced and i n t e rp re ted both

on and below the su r face . The complex oceanography

and abundant marine l i f e which are found throughout

the passage presen t an a r ray of ecologica l

p e c u l i a r i t i e s of na t iona l i n t e r e s t . The h i s t o r i c

se t t l emen t of Indian Is land presen t s i n t e rp re t i ve andr e c r e a t iona l oppor tun i t i e s found nowhere e lse in the

West I s l e s .

4.2 .3 Le t i t e Passage Unit

Poss ib le Unit Goals

To pro t e c t and mainta in the na tu ra lnes s of the marine

and shoreland environments by minimizing human

impacts .

To f ac i l i t a t e the unders tanding of na tu ra l processes

through i n t e rp re t a t i on .

To encourage and provide oppor tun i t i e s for marine and

shore land rec rea t ion .



19 -

This un i t l i ke the Head Harbour Passage un i t

encompasses marine areas which are c r i t i c a l to both

marine mammals and b i rds as wel l as numerous f i sh

species and impoLtant l i f e s t a ge s and en t i r e l i f e

h i s to r i e s of many inve r tebra te s and plant spec ies .

The un i t funct ions as an important feeding and

s tag ing area for many shorebirds and the harbour

porpoise . Is land areas provide s u i t a b l e hab i t a t for

nest ing rap tors p a r t i c u l a r l y the osprey . The marine

system is i n t r i c a t e ly re la ted to the ove ra l l ecology

of the West I s l e s and Passamaquoddy Bay. The marinearea funct ions to buffe r the Centra l Is land Unit from

pol lu tan t s eminat ing from the Letang Estuary and

areas to the north .

The un i t i s viewed as being c r i t i c a l to the concept

for i t s ro le as a bio logica l ly product ive zone and t

i s important as a buffe r area which can accommodate

poss ib le bio logica l s h i f t s . At the same t ime the

varied t e r r a i n and diverse shore l ine and i n t e r t i d a l

hab i t a t s of fe r somewhat d i f f e ren t r e c r e a t iona l and

i n t e rp re t i ve oppor tuni t i e s than those ava i lab le in

the Centra l I s land and Head Harbour un i t s .

The marine environment mainland shorezone and

i s l ands o f the uni t of fe r oppor tun i t i e s to develop a

wide range of i n t e rp re t i ve and rec rea t iona l

ac t i v i t i e s many of which are complementary to those

o f the Centra l I s l a nds . Unfor tunate ly the

communication and t r anspor ta t ion cor r ido rs which

c ross on and ad jacen t to McMaster and Pendleton

Is lands reduce the ove ra l l v i sua l a t t r ac t i veness of

the un i t . Never theless t h i s uni t is qui te scenic

and of fe r s a number of i n t e re s t i ng viewpoints

throughout . Onshore ac t i v i t i e s r e l a t i ng to the



20 -

i n t e rp re t i ve apprec ia t ion of the i n t e r t i d a l and

marine environment presen t exc i t ing oppor tun i t i e s .

4.2 .4 Deer Is land Uni t

Poss ib le Unit Goal

To ensure t ha t the shore l ine and marine environment

are re ta ined in as na tu ra l a s t a t e as poss ib le , and

managed to the degree compat ible wi th park ob jec t ives

while provid ing fo r a va r i e ty of i n t e rp r e t i ve and

r e c r e a t iona l oppor tun i t i e s which r e f l e c t the cu l t u ra l

themes of the un i t and the West I s l e s .

In t h i s uni t , harbour f a c i l i t i e s and community

developments occupy much of the shorezone, coves and

harbours with the r e su l t t ha t i n t e r t i d a l and sub t ida l

hab i t a t s have been d i s tu rbed . The un i t i s viewed as

being of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to the park concept

because t i s in t h i s un i t where the cu l t u ra l

e lements of the West I s l e s can be exper ienced.

The l oca l communit ies , a l though they would not be

loca ted ins ide a na t iona l marine park , could play an

important ro le in provid ing the v i s i t o r with a

c u l t u r a l exper ience which exempli f ies man s

i n t e r re l a t i onsh i ps with the sea . The coves and

harbours of the uni t are scenica l ly a t t r a c t i v e and

o f f e r oppor tun i t i e s for the v i s i t o r to exper ience thel i f e s ty l e s of the l oca l f i sh ing communit ies . The

dr ive from But le r Point to Leonardvi l le presen t s

numerous scenic viewpoint s of the West I s l e s which

the v i s i t o r can exper ience before h i s a r r i va l a t a

park c e n t r e . Oppor tuni t ies are ava i l ab le along the

rou te fo r p i cn ics and genera l explora t ion of harbour

wharves and t h e i r assoc ia ted a c t i v i t i e s .



21 -

4.3

4 3 1

4 .3 .2

V is i to r Circu la t ion in Concept Development

Park Centre

Due to the very nature of the West I s l e s a rea , t i s

f e l t tha t p r e s e r ~ t i o n protec t ion , conserva t ion ,

educa t ion , i n t e rp re t a t i on , and r e c r e a t iona l demands

could bes t be met by cent ra l f a c i l i t i e s . A main

v i s i t o r or i en t a t i on and i n t e rp re t i ve cen t re could

d i r ec t most park v i s i t o r s through a spec ia l

exper ience and or i en t a t i on . Due to the marine nature

of the park i t s e l f t is envis ioned tha t such a

cen t re could be more complex than the t r a d i t i o n a l

v i s i t o r se rv ice cen t re or i n t e rp re t i ve cen t re found

in many t e r r e s t r i a l parks . I t i s the cen t re t ha t

could serve as the hub of a c t i v i t y and which could

provide ~ h e v i s i t o r with a l l informat ion necessary to

organize h i s v i s i t . The cent re could organize and

d i r e c t people to areas of most i n t e r e s t and

f a c i l i t a t e the d i s t r ibu t ion of v i s i t o r s throughout

the park . Every a c t i v i t y and i n t e r e s t of the v i s i t o rcould be enr iched by having been exposed to the

var ious a t t r i b u t e s of the park . The cent re could

become the beginning and ending place of a day ' s use

of the park . Consequent ly most park a c t i v i t i e s

could be fu l l y exper ienced and enjoyed in , say , one

day or l e s s . Trave l l ing could be pa r t of the park

exper ience with the f a r thes t marine excurs ion t ak ing

place no more than 10 ki lometres from the cent re .

V i s i t o r Circu la t ion Modes

Vi s i t o r c i r cu l a t i on in the park area could be defined

as veh icu la r , water and pedes t r ian . o doubt most

v i s i t o r s would v i s i t the park by pr iva te veh ic les o r

tour buses . Access to the park cent re could be



22 -

provided by using exis t ing t ranspor ta t ion networks

onto Deer I s land . Al te rna te ly there could be publ ic

t ranspor ta t ion from the fe r ry te rminals to the park

cen t re . This could reduce t r a f f i c volumes on i s land

networks and space needed for parking I t is

important to the en t i r e v i s i t o r use concept tha t the

v i s i t o r i s inf luenced in one way or another to

proceed to the park cent re when a r r iv ing in the

a rea .

Water t rave l could be the major mode for ge t t ing

v i s i t o r s from one area of the park to another quickly

and sa fe t y . Cruise boats with reasonably l a rge

capac i ty and designed to accommodate a var ie ty of

weather cond i t ions could form the major

t r a ns por t a t i on on the water Act i v i t i e s such as

whale watching could be conducted using these

vesse l s . The vesse l s would need to be s t rong ly

i den t i f i ed with the park

Boat tours possib ly on a concession bas i s by

r e s i den t s might be used for s ightsee ing and nature

i n t e rp re t a t ion . Tours could or ig ina te a t the park

cen t re or a t some o ther loca le in or outs ide the

park . The important considera t ion here would be to

ensure t ha t v i s i t o r s have an oppor tuni ty to v i s i t the

park cent re . A separa te boat f ac i l i t y may berequired for handl ing the v i s i t o r diver in order tha t

t ou rs to the var ious dive s i t e s would s t a r t and

f i n i sh a t the SCUB dive cent re .



igure5 ONE POSSIBLE P RK CONCEPT S N EX MPLE FOR DISCUSSION

ISLAND

.

. ~c · · 2 ~,,'.

EE

E STPORT

S

P A S S A M A ~ U O D D Y

l . Xri\: ~

- ~ '. / ? w . ~ @

S Y

O

F UN Y



LEGEND

MAIN PARK CENTRE

ALTERNATE PARK CENTRE SITESBOAT TOUR CENTRE

SCUBA DIVING CENTRE

INTERPRETIVE CENTRE

SECONDARY INTERPRETIVE ACTIVITY AREAS

DAY USE ACT IVITY AREA

BEACH AREA (LIMITED SWIMMINGTERRESTRIAL HIKING TRAILS (SCENIC AND INTERPRETIVE)UNDERWATER TRAILS (SCENIC AND INTERPRETIVE)"

· ACCESS BRIDGE TO PARK CENTRE (OPTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

FERRY SHUTTLE TO PARK CENTRE

SCENiC LOOKOUTS

HISTORiC FISHING VILLAGE (POSSIBLE LOCATIONS)e INDIAN ISLAND HISTORIC SETTLEMENT• SCEN IC ROADVJAY (SEPARATE BUT ST ILL PART OF PARK

SECONDARY ACTIVITY CENTRE WAY-USE ONLY

ACCESS POINTSINTERPRETIVE WEIR

SHIPWRECKS

PRIMITIVE CAMPINGPARKINGWHARFS

CD INTERTIDAL E X P L O R T I O N ~ L M DIGGING2 INTERPRETATION OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

3 DIVE TOURS TO VIEW HIGH CURRENT HABITATS4 SURFACE BOAT TOURS TO VIEW OCEANOGRAPHIC

5 DIVE TOURS TO OBSERVE SHALLOW WATER MUD

6 SURFACE BOAT TOURS TO VIEW SHALLOW WATER7 WILDLIFE VIEWING AND INTERPRETATION13 SCENiC LIGHTHOUSE (MASCABIN LIGHT)

9 WILDLIFE VIEWING AND INTERPRETATION

EXPER IENCE)

AND GRINDSTONESPHENOMENA-PORPOISES AND SEABIRDS

SAND COMMUNITIESHABITATS

1 DIVE TOURS TO UNDERWATER LEDGES AND NORTH ROCK

UNDERWATER TRAIL12 WILDLIFE RESEARCH

13 LIMITED ACCESS SURFACE BOAT TOURS TO VIEW SEABIRDS14 WILDLIFE INTERPRETATION15 UNDERWATER TRAIL TO VIEW CLIFFS, LEDGES AND ASSOCIATED COMMUNITIES16 WILDLIFE VIEWING AND INTERPRETATION

17 DIVE TOURS TO VIEW

18 WHALE OBSERVATION19 SURFACE BOAT TOURS20 DIVE TOURS TO VIEW

21 SURFACE BOAT TOURS22 SURFACE BOAT TOURS

23 WHALE OBSERVATION4 UNDERWATER TRAIL -



7 SURFACE BOAT TOURS




31 BOAT TOURS TO VIEW

GRINDSTONE WRECK AND ROCKY SUBTIDAL HABITATS

POST

TO HARBOUR AND LOBSTER POUNDS

UNDERWATER HABITATS AND WRECK OF THE BRITANNIATO VIEW OCEANOGRAPHIC THEMES MARINE FOOD CHAINTO VIEW WHALES, PORPOISES AND SEABIRDS

POSTLOBSTERS, WOLFFISH AND ROCKY SHORE HABITATS AND CAVES

ROCKY SHORE COMMUNITIESUNDERWATER WRECK

TO SEAL HAULOUT AREA: INTERPRETATIONUNDERWATER ARTIFACTS (OLD WHARF

WRECK AND SANOY BOTTOM COMMUNITIESANCHOR OR WRECK

SEABIRDS AND PORPOISES32 DEER ISLAND POINT CAMPGROUND33 INDIAN ISLAND HISTORIC SETTLEMENT



24 -

V is i to r c i rcu l a t i on f a l l s in to two c a t e gor i e s namely

t e r r e s t r i a l and underwater . Associated with the

former are hiking t r a i l s which are pr imar i ly of a

scenic nature and rec rea t iona l value o r i n t e rp r e t i ve

t r a i l s which are in tegra ted with i n t e rp re t i ve

f a c i l i t i e s and programs. In t e rp r e t i ve t r a i l s are

sugges ted in the Centra l Is land Unit whi le a

combinat ion of t r a i l types could be accommodated on

McMaster Is land and on the Mascarene Pen insu la .

Underwater t r a i l s are an impor tant element of the

marine park concept and could be accommodated in most

areas throughout the park . The key here i s to

provide oppor tun i t i e s for the d iver to exper ience the

many face t s of the underwater world which he might

otherwise miss i f diving on his own.

4.4 F a c i l i t i e s Base in Concept Development

All parks must have some kind of se rv ices andf a c i l i t i e s for v i s i t o r s and s t a f f . I f there were to be

a na t iona l marine park in the West I s l e s area t would

l i ke ly requ i re mainland and of f shore f a c i l i t i e s . The

ones sugges ted in t h i s concept include admin i s t ra t ive

and maintenance wharf d iv ing camping and day use .

V is i to r s to the area could have a choice of

r e c r e a t iona l f a c i l i t i e s in the park o r those ava i l ab le

in the communit ies . The Development Assoc ia t ion

Campground and o ther rec rea t iona l f a c i l i t i e s presen t ly

on Campobello Is land and the mainland are community

based examples . Commercial se rv ices and f a c i l i t i e s

such as v i s i t o r accommodation would bes t se rve the park

and region i f they were located ou t s ide of the ac tua l

pa rk boundary. n idea l locat ion would be in the

communit ies on Deer I s l and .



- 25

4.5 Educat ion and In t e rp re t a t ion in Concept Development

The purpose of any park i n t e rp re t a t ion program i s to

enhance v i s i t o r enjoyment of the pa r t i cu l a r park by

s t imula t ing an apprec i a t ion of the park environment .

The s tudy team fee ls tha t the i n t e rp re t a t ion program

should dwell upon man's in te rac t ions with the sea and

the natura l and cu l tu ra l seascape crea ted from t h i s

in te rac t ion .

4 .5 .1 In t e rp re t ive Object ivesIn broad terms, some poss ible objec t ives for an

i n t e rp re t i ve program could be:

1 . To insure publ ic unders tanding and apprec i a t ion

o f the natura l and cu l tu r a l forces t ha t have

shaped the marine environments of the West I s l e s

and crea ted the hab i t a t s su i t ed to diverse and

abundant marine community assemblages .

2 . To ensure , through the development of an

in te rp re t ive program designed to reach a l l

v i s i t o r s , t ha t each v i s i t o r wil l exper ience and

pa r t i c ipa t e in a high qua l i ty marine exper ience

cons is ten t with the purpose of the park.

3 . To ensure v i s i t o r unders tanding and enjoyment of

the West I s l e s as an area of high product iv i ty

o r "eco log ica l pump in the Bay of Fundy.

4 . To ensure v i s i t o r awareness and apprec i a t ion of

the West I s l e s as an important feeding and

s taging area for a var ie ty of marine bi rds and

mammals.

5. To ensure v i s i t o r unders tanding of the West I s les

as a mosaic of marine bio log ica l components

wherein ecologica l re la t ionsh ips are complex and

var ied .



26 -

6. To ensure publ ic apprec i a t ion and unders tanding

ofthe

natureof the

marineenvironment

andthe

cha rac t e r i s t i c s assoc ia t ed with i t s ecology.

7. To develop v i s i t o r awareness and apprec i a t ion of

the West I s l e s as a seascape in which man has

long exer ted a dominant environmenta l in f luence .

These objec t ives could be achieved by provid ing

su i t ab le in t e rp re t ive f a c i l i t i e s a t the park cent re

and a t i s land a c t i v i t y areas .

4.5 .2 Park Centre

A cent re could funct ion as an area of extens ive

educat ion for the park v i s i t o r , increas ing his

knowledge and re spec t for the natura l and cu l tu r a l

themes of the park . The second exper ience in a

cent re could be a more in -depth por t raya l of the park

themes which would d i r e c t v i s i t o r s to the var ious

on-s i t e in t e rp re t ive and a c t i v i t y areas .

4.5 .3 On-Site In t e rp re t ive and Act iv i ty Areas

On-s i te i n t e rp re t ive and a c t i v i t y areas provide the

mechanism to impart to the v i s i t o r an environmental

awareness by providing bas ic eco log ica l concepts

about the sea and examining man's r e l a t ionsh ips and

impacts . These are places where the v i s i t o r could

take p a r t in an i n t e rp re t ive event where a l l senses -

s igh t , sound, smel l , touch, t a s t e become e f fec t ive

means to evoke v i s i t o r apprec i a t ion and response .

The s tudy team f ee l s tha t the emphasis should be on

provid ing su i t ab le oppor tun i t i es for educat iona l and

l e i su re a c t i v i t i e s in the marine environment. I t i s



27 -

t h i s aspec t which m ~ s the marine park concept

d i f f e r e n t from t ha t of the t e r r e s t r i a l concept . The

scope of oppor tuni t i e s ava i l ab le w i l l depend on the

types of f ac i l i t y development poss ib le and the

l i m i t a t i ons imposed by the marine environment and

economics .

Nat ional park po l i c i e s s t ipu la t e tha t in te rpre t ive

and rec rea t iona l oppor tun i t i e s should form an

i n t r i c a t e par t of any nat ional park concept . I t i s

ev iden t from the assessment of the oceanographic

uni t s tha t such oppor tun i t i e s are possib le in the

s tudy area and should be developed where t i s

cons idered feas ib le to do so. The rec rea t iona l

po t en t i a l concept sugges ted is cons i s ten t with the

na t iona l park po l i c i e s r e l a t i ng to v i s i t o r se rv ices ,

f a c i l i t i e s and accommodation and could help to

i n t eg ra t e the se rv ices provided in the l oca l

communit ies with those of the park .

4.6 Ju r i sd i c t i ona l Considera t ions

Many agencies of the Government of Canada and the

Province of New Brunswick admin is te r programs and

enforce regu la t ions t ha t , in one way or ano ther ,

inf luence the use o f the coas ta l and marine zone in the

West I s l e s a rea . Sole ownership of a l l marine

resources by Parks Canada may not be a pre requ i s i t e for

the es tabl ishment o f a na t iona l marine park in the

s tudy a rea . n a l t e rna t i ve approach involving the

j o in t management of these resources by Parks Canada and

o the r fede ra l agencies w i l l need to be s tud ied . I f

th i s approach were adapted j u r i sd i c t iona l con t ro l over

the var ious marine resources , such as f i she r i e s , in the



28 -

marine environment of the park could be re ta ined by the

ind iv idual federa l agenc ies . Management of theresources by these agencies pa r t i cu l a r ly in the park

a rea could be under taken on Parks Canada s beha l f by

formal agreement r e f l ec t i ng Parks Canada s objec t ives

as they r e l a t e spec i f i ca l ly to prese rva t ion educa t ion

and r e c r e a t ion .

The s tudy t ~ be l i eves tha t the achievement of Parks

Canada s goals r e l a t i ng to species or habi t a t

protec t ion in the marine environment may be achieved

more e f fec t i ve l y by the in te ragency management

approach.

4.7 Resource Use Considera t ions in Concept Development

In the course of developing a marine park concept for

the West I s l e s the s tudy team at tempted to de te rmine

which resource ac t i v i t i e s appeared to be compat ible

with the marine park concept and to assess to what

degree they could be accommodated. Key to t h i s

assessment is the na t iona l parks pol icy t ha t the

na tura l and cu l t u ra l resources with in a na t iona l park

wil l be given the highest degree of pro tec t ion so tha t

they wil l be l e f t unimpaired for fu ture genera t ions .

S imi la r ly al though commercial ext rac t ion of na tu ra l

resources is not permi t ted in a nat ional park ce r t a i n

t r ad i t i ona l resource uses by loca l r e s idents may be

allowed to cont inue by agreement a t the t ime of formal

es tabl ishment of a new nat ional park. Such a c t i v i t i e s

however, must not dest roy o r se r ious ly impair the

na tu ra l values for which the park was e s t a b l i s he d .

(This mat te r of commercial resource ext rac t ion in



29 -

na t iona l marine parks is under pol icy review and wil l

be discussed with the pUblic before f ina l i za t ion .

4.7 .1 Fishery Resources

The loca l f i she ry i s the most s i gn i f i can t indust ry in

the West I s l e s area and i s of cons iderable importance

in the prov inc ia l economy. The major t r ad i t i ona l

f i she r i e s in the s tudy area inc lude her r ing , l obs t e r

and ground f i sh and the seasona l harves t ing of

sca l lops and clams. In March 1977, the re were 136fishermen reg is te red in S t a t i s t i c a l D i s t r i c t 51 which

encompasses the West I s l e s and Char lo t t e County. In

1978, the t o t a l landings for ground f i s h for t h i s

d i s t r i c t was in excess of 601 metr ic tons wi th an

es t imated va lue of 270,761.00. The her r ing f i she ry

in the area for the same year exceeded 6,625 metr ic

tons a t a value of over 813,003.00 and employs

between 2,000 to 2,500. The l obs t e r f i she ry

genera tes in excess o f 100 thousand annual ly .

Because of the oceanographic (h igh t ide cond i t ions

and proximi ty to u.s. marke ts , the West I s l e s area i s

one of Canada's major areas for the long term s torage

of l i ve l obs t e r s . Lobsters caught e lsewhere in the

A t la n t i c Provinces are held in l a rge t i d a l pounds for

marketing in summer and winter . Seven pounds located

on Deer Is land s tock , a t anyone t ime, an average of

1.1 thousand metr ic tons of l i ve l obs t e r . Five of

these pounds are located in the s tudy a rea . The

t o t a l value of the f i she ry in d i r e c t terms of f i sh

landed for 1978 was approximately 2.2 mil l ion and

the value to the economy of the area and New



30

Brunswick is severa l t imes tha t in terms of d i r e c t

and ind i rec t commercial a c t i v i t y . Fish process inga lso plays a major role in the economy of the study

a rea . Herring processing alone provides for

approximately 180 jobs on Deer I s land and Campobello

MacKay 1979). Ground f ish process ing and l obs t e r

pounds also provide subs tan t i a l employment.

New f i she r i e s int roduced in the West I s les in recen t

years include acquacul ture specimen or s c i e n t i f i c

f i she r i e s and exper imenta l f i she r i e s t ha t involve

marine resources not curren t ly harvested in the area

such as sea urchins whelks, sea weeds and dogfish .

Pol ic ie s regarding the management of f i she r i e s with in

the t ida l waters of nat ional marine parks wil l be

formulated by the Federal government with publ ic

input . Consequent ly, the s tudy team was not in a

pos i t i on to c l a r i fy how the f i she r i e s in the West

I s l e s area might be managed i f the area were

es tab l i shed in the fu ture as a nat ional marine park .

4.7 .2 Recreat ional Spor t Fishery

Sport f i sh ing is a recognized r e c r e a t iona l a c t i v i t y

in exis t ing na t iona l parks and i s viewed as being

compat ible with a marine park concept . However,

because the impact of spea r f i sh ing and aquarium f i shco l l ec t i on by SCUB dive rs on the popula t ion dynamics

and behavior pa t te rns of t a rge t specimens is

de t r imenta l t may be necessary to prohib i t these

types of rec rea t iona l f i sh ing a c t iv i t i e s .



31 -

4.7 .3 Hunting

Hunting for deer and waterfowl are prac t i ced by l oca l

r e s ide n t s and sportsmen from o ther pa r t s of ew

Brunswick Waterfowl hunt ing i s geared to the tak ing

o f migra tory ducks and geese al though some

i nd i sc r imina te hunt ing of cormorants and gu l l s does

occur on occas ion . I t w i l l be necessary to eva lua te

these ac t i v i t i e s in l i g h t of e x i s t i ng nat ional park

pol icy which proh ib i t s such a c t i v i t y . Where such

ac t i v i t i e s would endanger park v i s i t o r s and the

na tu r a l values o f the park they should be te rminated .

On the othe r hand heav i ly hunted areas could be

excluded from the park . A case in poin t i s the

presen t use of the shore zone of the Mascarene

Peninsula for waterfowl hunt ing by loca l r e s i den t s .

4.8 V is i to r Use Considera t ions in Concept Development

The development of a success fu l i n t e rp re t i ve and

r e c r e a t iona l use concept noted prev ious ly w i l l depend

on the success fu l management of the v i s i t o r and the use

demands which are made on the resource base .

Guidel ines , in add i t ion to those out l ined in sec t ion

3 0 and 4 0 o f the na t iona l parks po l i cy , have been

suggested which would serve to pro t e c t l i v ing and

cu l t u ra l values in the s tudy area as wel l as the park

v i s i t o r .

4 .8 .1 Scuba Diving

Guidel ines for scuba diving in a na t iona l park must

have severa l objec t ives p ro t e c t ion of park

resources , d ive r sa fe ty and minimizing d i ve r /

f i shermen c o n f l i c t s . As scuba diving rep resen t s a

major a c t i v i t y in the park concept and could be a



32 -

prime reason fo r v i s i t i n g the a rea fo r a s i g n i f i c a n t

por t ion of the v i s i t o r s , it i s e s s e n t i a l t ha t

comprehensive but sens ib le con t ro l be exe rc i sed over

t h i s a c t i v i t y .

Resource p r o t ec t i o n gu ide l ines could include such

th ings as zoning the park fo r d i v e r acces s ( inc lud ing

t ime zones ) , d iv e r r e g i s t r a t i o n , adequate p a t r o l l i n g

to ensure ru l e s are respec ted and d iv e r educa t ion .

Diver sa fe t y could be enhanced by d iv e r r e g i s t r a t i o n

and keeping t r a c k of where d iver s are down adequate

b r i e f i n g o f d iv e r s before d ives , v e r i f i c a t i o n o f

c e r t i f i c a t i o n a t r e g i s t r a t i o n and prov i s ion o f

appropr i a t e medica l f a c i l i t i e s on and remote from the

s i t e .

Minimizing dive r / f i she rmen c o n f l i c t s could be

accompl ished by c a re fu l educa t ion o f both groups ,

r e s t r i c t i n g d iv e r s so as to minimize c o n f l i c t s with

fishermen and adequate p a t r o l l i n g .

4 .8 .2 Boat Access

V i s i t a t i o n by boat to the park a rea could t ake two

forms by cha r t e red vesse l s r e g u l a r l y ope ra t ing in

t he park a r ea , and by p r i v a t e plea sure c r a f t .

Use o f cha r t e red vesse l s (cha r t e red dive boa ts , tou r

b o a t s , b o a t r e n t a l s ) could be regu la t ed by stri t

l i c en s in g and enforcement o f r eg u l a t i o n s by park

s t a f f . Opera to rs o f cha r t e red vesse l s would be

requ i red to make the v i s i t o r cen t re aware o f t h e i r



33 -

whereabouts when operat ing in the park area and thus

avoid conges t ion in anyone area as well as a l low for

v i s i t o r sa fe t y .

Pr iva te p leasure c ra f t should be required t o repor t

t h e i r presence to park au t hor i t i e s upon enter ing park

wate rs . This can be e i t h e r by rad io o r by advis ing

park s t a f f in the area who in tu rn , would advise the

v i s i t o r cent re . This would al low for education of

v i s i t i n g boaters and be t t e r cont ro l of t he i r

a c t i v i t i e s .

4 .8 .3 Law Enforcement and Publ ic Safe ty

Respons ib i l i ty fo r law enforcement and publ ic sa fe ty

would l i e with the two agencies t r a d i t i o n a l l y

involved in t e r r e s t r i a l na t iona l parks the Park

Warden Serv ice and the RCMP.

The Park Warden Serv ice would pr imar i ly be involved.

with resource pro tec t ion and v i s i t o r sa fe ty through

enforcement of var ious aspec t s of the Nat ional Parks

Act and Regula t ions . They a re , however empowered to

enforce var ious othe r federa l and prov inc ia l s t a tu t e s

as required pursuant to the i r des igna t ion as pol ice

constables under the Nat ional Parks Act.

The RCMP on the o ther hand would be r espons ib le forenforcement o f such ac ts as the Highway Traf f ic Act

and the Criminal Code in keeping with t h e i r

t r a d i t i o n a l ro l e .



-

ne necessary aspect of a fu l l f e a s ib i l i t y s tudy

would be a comprehensive assessment of the park and

i s l and pol ic ing requirements .

4 .9 Maintenance of Environmental Qual i ty in ConceptDevelopment

In t roduct ion

Considerable e f fo r t and in tergovernmental coopera t ion

a t both federa l and prov inc ia l l eve l s would be required

to ensure tha t water qua l i t y can be maintained

throughout the s tudy a rea . Simi la r ly , the achievement

of Parks Canada s goals re la ted to species and hab i t a t

protec t ion wi l l depend on in teragency cooperat ion and

management throughout the ad jacen t coas ta l zone and in

the park i t s e l f . The s tudy area does not su f fe r

g rea t l y from pol lu t ion , and water qua l i t y i s cons idered

to be good (Baxter and Ju l i en 1977). However, the rea l

t h rea t to the area comes from ex te rna l sources ,

pa r t i cu l a r ly on the mainland. The two major sources of

po l lu t i on ad jacen t to the s tudy area are the St . Croix

River and the Letang Estuary . At present , ne i the r

impacts the s tudy area d i r ec t ly (MacKay 1976) .

Pol lu t ion sources within the s tudy area are small and

l oca l i zed being l a rge ly re la ted to domest ic and f i s h

process ing p l an t s .

4.9 .1 Sewage and Waste Disposal

The sewage d i sposa l system of the communit ies on Deer

Is land c ons i s t pr imar i ly of s e p t i c tank systems, of

which a cons iderable number are d i r e c t l y connected to

o u t f a l l s to the sea . Since the presen t volume of

sewage e f f l uen t is very smal l , pol lu t ion is

l oc a l i z e d . Areas a f fec ted include the i n t e r t i d a l

zone where sewage o u t f a l l s are concentra ted , the s o f t



35 -

bottom hab i t a t o f Lord ' s Cove and embayments such as

Leonardvi l le Harbour where water exchange are verylow.

The provis ion of adequate sewage co l l ec t i on ,

t rea tment and disposal systems for the communit ies

adjacent to any na t iona l marine park i s c r i t i c a l to

the protec t ion o f na tu ra l fea tu res of the West

I s l e s .

At the presen t t ime there i s minimum d i r e c t dumping

o f so l id wastes in to the waters o f and adjacent to

the West I s l e s a rea .

4 .9 .2 Shorel ine Developments

Shorel ine developments in the s tudy area and along

the mainland coas t are re la ted pr imar i ly to f i sh ing

a c t i v i t i e s . For the most pa r t , they present no grea t

t h rea t a t present to the marine environment .

However, the dumping of f i s h of fa l does present a

se r ious problem and the amount o f sp i l l age of

petroleum produc ts is increas ing . Oil and gas

sp i l l age i s pa r t i cu l a r ly evident a t the main

wharves.

4 .9 .3 Shipping and Fishing Boat Act iv i ty

Much of the shipping t ha t takes place in the s tudya rea involves f i sh ing boa t s . Ocean shipping does

occur offshore in the bay en route i n to Sain t John.

This does present some danger to the marine

environment s ince there i s always the p o s s i b i l i t y of

a d i r ec t o i l s p i l l from a tanker acc iden t , and the

de l i be ra t e discharge of po l lu t a n t s when ships pump



- 36 -

t he i r bi lges or clean t he i r t anks . Provided e x i s t i ng

regu la t ions concerning marine t r anspor t are s t r i c t l y

enforced and cont ingency plans for handl ing o i l

s p i l l s are adequate t h i s a c t i v i t y should pose littl

t h rea t to the cont inued maintenance of the marine

environment in the s tudy a rea . Ocean shipping in

Head Harbour Passage in the form of super tankers

would presen t an unacceptable degree of r i sk to a

na t iona l marine park should it be e s t a b l i s he d .

4.10 Service Fac i l i t y In f r a s t ruc tu r e in ConceptDevelopment

Sect ion 4.3 o f the nat ional parks po l i cy guided the

de l ibe r a t i ons of the s tudy team in t he i r assessment

of serv ice f ac i l i t y i n f ra s t ruc t u re in r e l a t i on to

concept development . In keeping with the po l i cy

communit ies on Deer I s l and al though present ly

loca ted in the stUdy a rea would be located ou t s ide

parkboundar ies .

Dueto

t he i r proximi tyto

themarine environment it would be expected t ha t uses

ca r r ied on in the communit ies and associa ted harbour

f a c i l i t i e s wil l be compatible with the t o t a l park

environment.

The communit ies would receive more economic be ne f i t

i f they provide the va r i e ty of se rv ices needed by the

v i s i t o r .

4.10.1 Service Indus t ry

The serv ice indust ry on Deer I s l and in terms of i t s

ab i l i t y to provide for a subs tan t i a l and cont inuing

t o u r i s t t r a f f i c can be descr ibed a t presen t as

rudimentary or non-ex i s t en t . Considerable



37 -

improvements in t h i s area would be necessary i f a

na t iona l marine park were to be es tab l i shed in thea rea .

4.10.2 Medical Services

Medical se rv ices on Deer Is land c ons i s t of a medical

c l i n i c which funct ions as a depar tment of Charlo t te

County Hospi ta l . I f a park i s c rea ted the exis t ing

se rv ices might not be adequate pa r t i cu l a r ly dur ing

the summer season . n in f lux of t ou r i s t / d ivers to

Deer Is land may make t economical ly and

profess iona l ly feas ib le to have a doctor on the

i s land fu l l t ime or a t l e a s t for the summer months.

Any concurrent improvements in the t r anspor ta t ion

system would a l so improve emergency ambulance

access .

4 .10 .3 Transpor ta t ion Systems

Severa l t r anspor ta t ion cor r idors ex i s t in the s tudy

a rea . New t r a ns por t a t i on ac t i v i t i e s t ha t endanger

o r pose a po t en t i a l t h rea t to the na tu ra l values for

which a park would be es tab l i shed should not be

al lowed now o r in the fu ture . Super tanker access

through Head Harbour Passage as proposed in the

Pi t t son r e f ine ry proposa l would be unacceptable .

In exis t ing cor r i do r s every e f fo r t would have to bemade to minimize impacts .

The whole ques t ion of access to Deer Is land is an

i ssue of cons iderable importance should a park

become a r ea l i t y .



8 -

A publ ic s tudy i n to the f e a s i b i l i t y of es t ab l i s h in g

a na t iona l marine park in the West I s l e s area would

examine these concerns fUl ly



P RT I I

RESOURCE TL S



39 -

5 . Natura l Resources

5.1 Physiography

The West I s l e s area i s composed of some 40 i s l ands o f

varying s ize as well as numerous small i s l e t s and

s hoa l s . The i s l ands form the sou theas te rn boundary of

Passamaquoddy Bay and l i e l e s s than a mile from the ew

Brunswick mainland.

The small i s l ands ly ing to the eas t o f Deer Is land vary

in cha r ac t e r . Many exh ib i t the rugged cha rac t e r of

Deer I s l and . However, with the except ion of McMasters

and Pendle ton I s l ands , where c l i f f height reach

90 metres , most of the i s l ands have e l e va t i ons not

higher than 15-45 met res . These oute r i s l ands exh ib i t

t i d a l f l a t s , sand and sh ing le beaches , bedrock b lu f f s ,

and a rugged i n t e r t i da l shore l ine . The rugged c l i f f s ,

she l t e red coves and s he l t e r i ng smal l i s lands provide a

var ied land and seascape which i s a e s t h e t i c a l l y

pleas ing .

5.2 Climate

The arch ipe lago l i e s under the in f luence o f a nor th

t empera ture marine cl imate which i s cha rac t e r i zed by

warm winter tempera tures , cool summer tempera tures ,

extended per iods of summer fog and moderate to s t rong

f a l l and win te r winds .

5.3 Oceanography

Tremendous volumes of oceanic water pass through the

arch ipe lago twice da i ly , forming some of the highes t

t i de s in the world (7 .5 m +). Indeed these t i de s can

be so v io l en t a t ce r t a in l o c a l i t i e s t ha t whir lpools

such as the Old Sow loca ted of f the southern t i p of



- 40

Deer Is land are created in conjunct ion with swi f t

cur ren ts and rough water .

Water temperatures are t yp i ca l l y cold and range from

-1.7°C in winter to a high of 15°C in summer.

S a l in i t i e s vary from one area to another and r a re l y

exceed 33%. Water qual i ty is now a t an acceptable

l eve l .

There is a wide var ia t ion in water c l a r i t y from oneloca t ion to another as well as seasonal ly . Water

c l a r i t y i s var iable during the summer due to periodic

plankton blooms but is usual ly qui te high in sp r ing ,

f a l l and winter . Among the i s l ands , underwater

v i s i b i l i t y is usual ly 3 to 4.5 metres . Offshore

v i s i b i l i t y averages 4.5 to 6 metres and may reach

9 metres or more a t ce r t a i n t imes of the year .

Oceanographic themes are out l ined in f igure 6 .

5.4 Natural Themes

Within the area are representa t ive and exce l len t

examples of :

• i nver t eb ra te animals cha rac t e r i s t i c of At lan t i c

Canada l obs t e r s , c rabs , s t a r f i sh , urchins , sponges

and sea she l l s ) ;

• i s land systems which viv id ly d i sp lay the geomor

phological his tory of the Bay of Fundy region

inc luding both pas t g l ac i a l h i s to r i c events and

presen t marine e ros iona l fo rces ;

• one of the highest marine produc t iv i ty areas in the

Bay of Fundy and on the eas t coast of Canada.

Studies i nd ica te t ha t Head Harbour and Let i t e

Passages are two important cen t res of produc t iv i ty



Figure OCE NOGR PHY

B Y

,

P SS M QUODDY

B

I S L A

EE R

~\

ii t mt f

-©ST

\

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\



- 42

in the Bay of Fundy. Almost a l l o f the spec ies known

to occur in the bay, from the smal l es t planktonic

l i f e forms to the l a rges t whales, can be found in the

seaward por t ion of the a rea , e s pe c i a l l y dur ing the

highly produc t ive months of summer and f a l l . Spec ies

counts ind ica te t ha t in the West I s l e s area the re are

known occurrences o f some 836 inve r tebra te s spec ies ,

96 f i s h spec ies , 70 b i rd spec ies , 20 spec ies of

mammals and 223 spec ies o f t e r r e s t r i a l and aqua t ic

p la n t s ;

• c r i t i c a l feeding, breeding and s taging areas of

r eg iona l and na t iona l s ign i f i cance for a wide

assemblage of shoreb i rds , seab i rds and waterfowl

such as Bonapa r t e s gu l l s , nor thern phalaropes ,

common and a rc t i c t e rns , and e ide r ducks;

• c r i t i c a l feeding and s tag ing areas of regional and

na t iona l s ign i f i cance for l a rge whales such as the

f inback, minke and occas iona l ly the r igh t and

humpback whale;a res iden t group of harbour porpoise reputed to be

one o f the l a rges t remaining groups of the spec ies

in the world . The area i s known to be the l a s t

remaining s t ronghold for t h i s species in the

weste rn A t la n t i c , south of Newfoundland;

• d iver se and representa t ive marine i n t e r t i d a l and

s ub t ida l ha b i t a t s such as rocky shores , mUddy

shores , mixed shores , t ide pools , brack i sh ponds,

s a l t ponds, man-made ha b i t a t s and open sea

hab i t a t s ;

• open sea ha b i t a t s which are the product ion grounds

fo r one of the wor ld s l a rges t herr ing

popu la t ions ;



- 43

• t ide , t ide processes and oceanographic phenomena

which are outs tanding in At lan t i c Canada;

• l a rge numbers of sur face swarms of euphausid shrimp

and associa ted marine l i f e . Only in a few areas in

the bay is t poss ib le to view th i s phenomena;

• one of the few areas in the bay where one can

observe l a rge numbers of feeding gUl ls , phalaropes

and o the r seab i rds during spring and f a l l

migrat ions (upwards to 70,000 b i rds can be seen on

a n y o n e day in spr ing and f a l l dur ing migrat ion

per iods ) ;

• s i gn i f i can t popula t ions of l obs t e r s , in the Bay of

Fundy;

• diverse ocean in f luenced i s l and ecosystems which

inc lude plan t s , songbirds , and mammals; and,

• es t ab l i shed popula t ions of bald eagles , ospreys and

othe r r ap t o r s .

The degree of representa t ion of the var ious na tura l

themes i s out l ined in Appendix 2. Some of the key

na tura l theme elements are out l ined in f igu res 7 , 8,

and 9 .

6 . Cu l tu ra l Resources

The West I s l e s area has a var i e t y of cu l t u ra l and

h i s to r i c a l s i t e s of in te re s t , severa l of which are

recognized as having r eg iona l s ign i f icance in Atlan t ic

Canada. Si te s of cu l t u ra l and h i s to r i c i n t e r e s t are

depic ted in f igure 10.



Figu re 7 DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INTERTIDAL SUBTIDAL MARINE COMMUNIT

RATING: AS DEVELOPED BY r1ACKAY 1978 i

±fill]0-10

• 0-20

20-30:•• 30+

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Figure M RINE AND SHOREBIRD NESTING AND FEEDING AREAS

• CORMORANT COLONIESH HERRING GULL COLONIES® GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL COLONIES

BLACK GUILLEMOT COLONIESc BALD EAGLE NESTING SITES 1979)

• POSSIBLE GANNET NESTING SITE ONE PAIR)• OSPREY NESTING SITES 1979)

SIGNIFICANT MARINE AREAS FOR FEEDINGBIRDS PHALAROPES, GULLS ETC.)

P SS M QUODDY

S Y

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CAMPOBELLO

ISL HO

:



Figure 9 MARINE MAMMALS - DISTRIBUTIONS, OCCURRENCES & CRITICAL AREAS

\I

APPROXIMATE BOUNDARY OF OCCURRENCE IOF FINBACK AND RIGHT WHALES

MINKE WHALESAREA OFC' to;c'CHUMPBACK WHALE

POSSIBLE RIGHT WHALE

•

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FINBACK CONCENTRATIONS

SIGHTINGS (1978,1979) ,SIGHTING (1979)PORPOISE

EXCESS OF 6/HR)

k - ~"

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47 -

6.1 Native Set t lement

The West I s l e s area was frequented before European

se t t l emen t by the Passamaquoddy t r i be of the Abnaki

na t ion . These nat ive peoples hunted and f i shed in the

archipelago but were, for the most pa r t , t r ans i en t and

seasonal v i s i t o r s to the area . L i t t l e is known about

the h i s to ry and background of nat ive peoples in the

archipelago .

6.2 European Explora t ion

The West I s l e s were most ce r t a i n l y discovered by Samuel

de Champlain, who pi lo ted the i l l - f a t ed Sieur de Monts

expedi t ion of 1604 which passed through the Let i t e

Passage en route to St . Croix. Several i s l ands

mentioned in Champlain s records correspond to some in

the s tudy a rea , e .g . White Horse and McMaster I s lands .

6.3 Ear ly Fur Trade

Ear l i e s t occupat ion of the i s lands occurred in 1704when a t r a de r of French or ig in occupied Indian I s land .

I t was not un t i l 1763 t ha t a t rad ing pos t was

es t ab l i shed on the i s land by James Boyd. However, t h i s

was phased out by 1800.

6.4 European Set t lement

The f i r s t major and cont inuing habi ta t ion of the West

I s l e s was es t ab l i shed by James Chaffey on Indian

I s land . From 1765 to the 1820s t h i s small community

ca r r ied on an extens ive t r ad ing , f i sh ing and shipping

bus iness . Several s t ruc t u res st ll remain which a t t e s t

to t h i s r i ch e ra of coas ta l t r ade .



48 -

6.5 Resource Use

In the mid l860s a gr i c u l tu r e was a dominant a c t i v i t y on

Deer I s land . Ship bui ld ing was ca r r i ed on a t

Richardson and Cummings Cove from 1822 to 1850. During

t h i s per iod these two cen t res e s t ab l i shed a repu ta t ion

fo r the product ion of f ine ve s s e l s .

Mining, al though an i n t r i c a t e pa r t of the h i s to ry of

the West I s l e s , has never r ea l ly been a s ign i f i can t

f a c to r in the soc ia l f abr ic or economy o f the a rea . In

1869 a sha f t was sunk on Adams Is land to ex t rac t

chalcopyri te and born i t e . Evident on the i s land i s the

headstock of one of the sha f t s sunk in the ea r l y

1 9 2 0 s . Addi t iona l mining occurred on Simpson Is land

in 1863 but littl has occurred s ince .

The commercial f i she ry has been a dominant a c t i v i t y on

Deer Is land s ince the e igh teen th cen tu ry . Hi s t o r i ca l l y

the f i sh ing indust ry has been the mainstay of the West

I s l e s economy as it is today.

6.6 In te rna t iona l Trade H is to r i c a l Perspect ive

One i n t r igu ing aspect of the h i s to ry of the West I s l es

r e l a t e s to i t s ro le in shipping and commercial

ac t i v i t i e s with r a the r d i s t an t pa r t s of the world.

This appl ied more spec i f i ca l ly to Indian Is land but can

genera l ly be appl ied to Deer Is land as wel l .

The Chaffey es tabl ishment on Indian I s land had s t rong

o m m ~ r i l t i e s with London, Sain t John, Boston and the

Caribbean. The Chaffey company generated s i gn i f i can t

sea t r a f f i c between a l l these poin ts and cons iderable

h i s t o r i c evidence o f t h i s is still to be found on the



Figure11 SHORE ZONE AND MARINE USES

S Y • II I >', , , ~ \

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WHARVES

MINERAL OCCURRENCES

RESIDENTIAL SEWAGE

POLLUTION SOURCES

PACKING PLANTS

LOBSTER POUNDS &TANK HOUSESFERRY ROUTES

UNDERWATER CABLE

HYDRO POWER LINEFENCD STUDY CAUSEWAY ALIGNMENTS

LIGHTHOUSE ~ -t:: -PROPOSED SUPERTANKER ROUTE. ~ i : / ' b p

P SS M QUODDY G(JJ'. -, -..I,r 1\t

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51 -

i s l and in the form of ships l ogs , a r t i f a c t s , bui ld ing

foundat ions , e x i s t i ng bui ld ings · and othe r commercial

shipping documents. That an i s l and t h i s smal l should

genera te such t r a f f i c i s qui te remarkable. In fac t , t

i s bel ieved t ha t during the he igh t of the Chaffey

empire Indian Is land r iva led many of the major por t s on

the eas t coast of North America.

During t h i s per iod of ac t ive t r ad ing and shipping ,

severa l ships of s a i l met t he i r demise in the

t reacherous cur ren t s of Head Harbour Passage. Today

the remains of the vesse l Bri tannia l i e on a ledge of f

Sandy I s l and . Art i f ac t s from t ~ s and o ther vesse l s

can st ll be found throughout the West I s l e s . Many of

the a r t i f a c t s from the Bri tannia are displayed in the

New Brunswick Prov inc ia l Museum.

A h i s to r i c se t t l ement , shipwrecks abandoned mines and

a h i s to r i c f i she ry combine with a marine seascape to

make the West I s l e s an area of cons iderable h i s t o r i c a l

i n t e r e s t .

7. Land and Marine Resource Uses

Res iden t i a l se t t l ements , the f i sh ing indust ry , harbour

f a c i l i t i e s and t r a ns por t a t i on cor r ido rs account for much

o f the land and water use in the West I s l e s . Most of

the land i s pr i va t e l y owned while severa l small u t ~ i s l ands are owned by the province . Some seasona l

r es idences are located in many of the small coas ta l

communities and on severa l ou t - i s l ands . Several

resource uses are indicated in f igure 11.



52 -

7.1 FisheryThe loca l f i she ry is the most s ign i f i can t indust ry in

the West I s l e s area and is of cons iderable importance

in the prov inc ia l economy. The th ree major f i she r i e s

are her r ing l obs t e r and groundf ish . Scal lops and

clams are harvested on a smal l sca le on a seasonal

bas i s . ew or po t en t i a l f i she r i e s involve aquacul ture

specimen or s c i e n t i f i c f i she r i e s sea urchins whelks,

seaweeds and dogf i sh . The to ta l value of the f i she ry

in 1978 was over $2.2 mil l ion .

There are 56 a c t ive herr ing weirs (1979) located in the

West I s l e s . This rep resen t s the highest densi ty in

Canada. At l e a s t 2,000 people are employed in the

reg iona l herr ing indust ry . This inc ludes f i sh ing

process ing shipping and adminis t ra t ion . The

groundf ish f i she ry includes cod, haddock, r ed f i sh

pol lock and f lounder . Landings average 601 metr ic tons

valued a t $270,761 in 1978.

The l obs t e r f i she ry cons t i tu tes a most valuable

f i she ry with an annual value in excess of $100,000.

The season i s open from November 15th un t i l June 24th.

The West I s l e s area is one of Canada's major s i t e s for

the long term s torage of l ive l obs t e r s . Seven pounds

loca ted on Deer Is land can s tock up to 1.1 thousandmetr ic tons of l i ve l obs t e r . Five of these pounds are

located in the s tudy area . Addi t ional f i she r i e s

inc lude mackerel , sca l lops and clams. There are

severa l f i she r i e s in the s tudy area which are e i the r

new and have not exis ted t r ad i t i ona l ly or are

cons idered to have economic po ten t i a l . These

include var ious aquacul ture en t e rp r i se s (salmon),



- 53

harves t ing of sea urch ins , algae and molluscs , shrimp

and crab f i sh ing and spor t f i sh ing .

7.2 Transpor ta t ion

There are two fe r ry se rv ices of fe r ing access from the

mainland to Deer I s l and . The pr imary serv ice i s

provided by the New Brunswick Department of Transpor t

from Let i t e to Deer I s l and . A pr iva te fe r ry opera tes

between Eastpor t , Maine, and Deer Is land Poin t during

the peak summer months only . Severa l proposals have

been developed out l in ing possib le ways for connect ing

Deer Is land to the mainland FENCO, 1972). None have

as yet been implemented (see f igure 11 .

Transpor ta t ion cor r idors on the i s lands are r e s t r i c t e d

to Deer I s l and . The smal l s ize and genera l ruggedness

o f the ou t - i s l a nds prec ludes road development.

7.3 Community Prof i l eIn 1976 the popula t ion of Deer Is land was 895. The

majori ty of re s idents l i ve in e ight small communities.

There are no permanent re s idents on the ou t - i s l ands .

More than 50 of the experienced work force earns i t s

l i v ing in the f i sh ing products indust ry .

There are a number of organiza t ions on Deer Is land

which are the bas ic fab r i c of the community. These

organ iza t ions may be charac ter ized as profess iona l ,

re l ig ious and publ ic s e rv i c e s . The major organiza t ions

are the Deer Is land Chamber of Commerce, Deer Is land

Development Associa t ion , Weir Fishermen's Associa t ion ,

Inshore Fishermen's Associa t ion , churches, the Women's

I n s t i t u t e , Recreat ional Counci l , Senior Cit izens Group,

and var ious serv ice committees .



-

7.4 Tourism and Recreat ional F a c i l i t i e sThe Fundy I s l e s reg ion funct ions as the southwestern

gateway to the province of ew Brunswick. Tourism in

the West I s l e s i s concentrated in Ju ly and August,

however, f a c i l i t i e s ca te r ing to t o u r i s t s are minimal.

F a c i l i t i e s on Deer Is land c ons i s t of one motel 12

un i t s ) , one gues t home t h ree un i t s ) and one campground

70 + s i t e s ) . Commercial food se rv ices are l imi ted and

seasonal .

There are no developed rec rea t iona l a t t r ac t ions in the

s tudy a rea . Recreat ional oppor tun i t i e s include boat

tours , div ing , hik ing and bird and whale watching. The

West I s l e s possess some of the most scenic wharves and

harbours in the Bay of Fundy.



INTRODUCTION

Hardie , D. 1977.

I .U.C.N. 1975.

Parks Canada. 1978.

United Sta tesDepartment of theIn te r io r . NationalParks Service . 1962.

McBurney, D. 1978.

Parks Canada. 1978.

Ray, G.C. 1975.

Rooney, W.S. e t ale1978.

Sa lva t , B. 1975.

55 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Canadian World Heri tage NaturalArea Candida tes . A r e a -Iden t i f i ca t i on Sect ion . ParksSystem Planning Divis ion , NationalParks Branch, Ottawa.

n In te rna t iona l Conference onMarine Parks and Reserves . Papersand Proceedings . Tokyo.

Parks Canada Pol icy . Department ofEnvironment, Ottawa

Fi r s t World Conference on NationalParks . Washington, D.C.

The Management of Fisher i es WithinMarine Waters of National Parks .

Discussion Paper . NaturalResources Divis ion . National ParksBranch, Ottawa.

Parks Canada Pol icy

Cr i t i ca l Marine Habi ta ts :

Def in i t ion , Descr ip t ion , Cr i t e r i aand Guide l ines for Iden t i f i ca t i on

and Management. In Papers andProceedings of an In te rna t iona l

Conference on Marine Parks andReserves . Tokyo, pp. 15-59.The Development o f Pol icy for

Marine Reserves in Aust ra l ia .

Centre for Environmental Studies ,

Macquarie Univers i ty , Aust ra l ia .

Guidel ines for Planning andManagement o f Marine Parks and

Reserves. In Papers andProceedings of n In te rna t iona l

Conference on Marine Parks andReserves . Tokyo, pp. 167-179.



56 -

Geology

Archibald , C.W. 1975. Adams Is land Report . WoodvilleMines Ltd . N.B. Department ofNatura l Resources . MineralResources Branch, Assessment Fi l e s .

Cummings, L.M. 1967. Geology of the Passamaquoddy BayRegion, Charlo t te County, N.B.

Geol . Survey of Canada.Paper 65-29.

Physiography

Forgeron, F.D. 1959. Temperature and Sa l in i ty in theQuoddy Region. In te rna t iona l

Passamaquoddy Fisher ies BoardReport to In te rna t iona l Jo in t

Commission. pp. 23.

Surface Features

Gaskin, D.E. and Observat ions on Marine Mammals,

G.J.D. Smith. 1979. Birds and Environmental Condit ionsin the Head Harbour Region of theBay of Fundy. Fisher ies and Marine

Service . Tech. Report . No. 901.St . Andrews, N.B.

In t e r t i d a l and Subt ida l Habi ta t s

MacKay, A. 1976. A Comparative Resource Analysis ofthe Deer Is land and Grand Manan

Archipelagos, Bay of Fundy, MarineResearch Associa tes . Lord's Cove,Deer I s land N.B.

1979. Bay of Fundy Resource Inventory.Vol. 3. Deer Island-CampobelloI s l and . Final Report to ew

Brunswick Department of Fisher ies .

Marine Research Associa tes . Lord'sCove, Deer Is land N.B.

Periwinkles

Cook, R. 1976. Periwinkle Survey. Grand Manan

I s l and . Report to ew BrunswickDepartment of Fisher ies

St . Andrews, N.B.



- 57

Educat ion and In t e rp re t a t i on in Concept Development

Robinson, N.A. 1975. " In t e rp re t a t i on of Marine Park

Values for Science , Educat ion, Conservat ion o f Genetic Resources ,Marine Product ion , Recreat ion andTourism." Proceedings from theIn te rna t iona l Marine ParkConference 1975. Tokyo,pp. 243-261.

Ju r i sd i c t iona l Considera t ions in Concept Development

Ray, G.C. 1975. Survey of Cr i t i ca l Marine Habi ta ts

and Requirements for t h e i r

Conserva t ion. p . 116.

Ray, G.C. and Managing Marine Environments. K. Norris , 1972. Transact ions of the 37th North

American Wildl i fe and Natura l Resources Conference. Wildl i fe

Management I n s t i t u t e , Washington,D.C. pp. 190-200.

Cronin, L.E. 1974. Sc ien t i f i c Group Summary. Marineand Estuar ine Sanc tua r i es .

M.P. Lynch, B.L. Laird ,

TO.F. Smalen, eds . Specia l Report No. 70, VIMS: 165-185.

Pross , P. and "The Coastal Zone ManagementN. Dale, 1975. Process: Exis t ing Adminis t ra t ive

Bodies in the Atlant ic Region" in Coasta l Zone: Framework for Management in Atlant ic Canada.In s t i t u t e o f P ub lic Affa i r s ,

Dalhousie Univers i ty , Hali fax ,1975. pp. 55-88.

Recrea t iona l Potent i a l in Concept Development

Wall i s , O.L. 1971. Establ i sh ing Underwater ParksWorldwide, Office o f Natural Science Studies , U.S. National Parks Service .



- 58

Resource Use Considera t ions in Concept Development

Groom, B. 1979. Personal Communications Rela t ing toDevelopment of New Fisher i es in theDeer Is land Area. New BrunswickDepartment of Fishe r ie s .

St . Stephen, N.B.

The Ground Fishery

Kohler , A.C. ~ 7 9 Annual Groundfish Landings ' andValues ' Data for Charlo t te Countyand Bay of Fundy Por ts for 1968-78.In Fisher i es and Marine Service

Technical Report No. 901.Department of Fisher i es and Oceans.Biologica l Sta t ion , St . Andrews,N.B.

Fishe r ie s in Perspect ive

McBurney, D. 1978. The Management of Fisher i es within

Marine Waters of Nat ional Parks .

Nat iona l Parks Branch, Ottawa.

Maintenance of Environmental Qual i ty in ConceptDevelopment

Baxter , M.D. and A Sani tary and Bacte r io log ica l

G. Ju l i en , 1977. Survey. Campobello I s l and , N.B.She l l f i sh Area N.B. 18.Environmental Pro tec t ion Service .

Ha l i fax . EPS-AR-77-7

MacKay, A.A. 1973. Ecology of the Bay of Fundy.Marine Research Associa tes , Lord s

Cove, Manuscr ipt Ser ie s .

Service F a c i l i t y In f ra s t ruc t u re in Concept Development

FEN O 1972. The Deer I s land Causeway.Department of Highways, New

Brunswick.

Finke l s t e in , Max Marine Parks - Facts Fan tas i es .

1977. National Parks Branch, ParksCanada, Ottawa.



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- 66

APPENDIX 2

Summary o f th e

Coastal and Marine Natural Theme Representa t ion in th e West I s l e s

Study Area

DEGREE OF REPRESENTATION

NATURAL THEMES GOOD SOME INADEQUATE NO

A. COASTAL LANDFORM THEMES

1 . Estuar ies X

2. Deltas X(small) 3 . Shallow i n l e t s , arms, and bays X

4. Narrows and passages X

5. S t r a i t s and channels X 6. Shoals and ree f s X

7 . Bars and banks X

8 . Is lands X 9. Headlands and c l i f f s X

10. Coastal marshes X

11. C oasta l lagoons X

12. Beaches, s p i t s , hooks, and bars X

13. Deep bays X 14. Abrasion pla t forms X

15. Marine t e r races X 16. Columns, s tacks , and

arches X 17. Submerged canyons, c l i f f s , X(outs tanding in

and caves the Bay of Fundy)18. Exposed coast X 19. Protected coast X

20. Semi-exposed coas t X

B. MARINE ECOSYSTEM THEMES

In t e r t i d a l and Subt idal Communites

1 . Rocky shore communit ies X(outs tanding) 2. Muddy shore communit ies X II

3 . Sandy shore communities X II

II4. Mixed shore communities X5. Open ocean (pelagic)

communities X II



- 67


NATURAL THEMES GOOD SOME INADEQUATE NO

Specia l Habi ta t Types

1 . Sal t ponds x2. Estuar ies

3. Tide pools 4 . Sa l t marshes5. Man-made habi t a t s (wei rs ,

XXX

wharves e tc . )

6 . Cr i t i ca l l i f e cycle hab i t a t s

Spec ia l Fea tu res

1 . Marine bird rooker ies , s taging and feeding areas

2. Marine mammal rooker ies ,

staging and feedingareas

C. OCEANOGRAPHIC THEMES

1 . Tide and t ide processes

2. Currents (surface and subsurface)

3 . Upwelling areas

4. Downwelling areas

5. W hirlpools6 . P la nk to nic p ro du ctio n

X(some species onlyoccur because of suchhabi t a t s )

X(Head Harbour Passage)

X(signi f icant )

X(s igni f icant )

X(tide r i p s , extremelyhigh t ides - some of thehighest in Atlant ic

Canada)X(thorough ve r t i ca l mixing) .

X(extensive) X extens ive) X

zones-pelagic X7. Ocean f ronts X(on occasion) 8. Windrows X(frequent occurrences) 9. Deeps X(some)

10. Splash and sur f zones X11. Water temperatures (low temperatures) 12. Sa l i n i t y (var iab le)

13. Clar i ty (seasonal -genera l ly)

good

14. Water qua l i ty (good)



68 -


N TUR L THEMES GOOD SOME IN DEQU TE NO

15 Fresh water inf luences ins ign i f ican t )16 Shear formation X

17 Slick formation



69 -

APPENDIX 3 GLOSS RY OF TERMS

aquacu l tu re the farming of aqua t ic p lan t s and animalsarch ipe lago a group of i s l ands

b u f fe r area a l imi ted use area separa t ing a developed area

from a protec ted area

ecology s tudy of the r e l a t i ons o f plants and animals to

t h e i r surroundings

eco log ica l i n t e rg r i t y preserv ing an ecosystem in i t s

e n t i r i t y not s pe c i f i c elements

ecosystem any complex o f l i v ing animals and p la n t st oge the r with a l l the o ther l i v ing and

non- l iv ing fac tors which a f f e c t them

es tua ry a water passage where the t i de meets a r i v e r

cu r ren t , e . g . an arm of the sea a t the lower end

o f a r i ve r

euphausid shrimp a kind of small shrimp ea ten mainly by

whales

fauna the animal popula t ion presen t in a ce r t a i n place

f l o ra the plant popula t ion presen t in a ce r t a i n place

geomorphology a sc ience t ha t dea l s with the land and

underwater fea tu res of the e a r th ' s su r face

ground f i sh f i sh t ha t l i ve on or near the bottom ( i . e .

cod f l a t f i s h )

hab i t a t pro tec t ion protec t ion of areas c r i t i c a l for

the maintenance of animal popula t ions

i n t e rp re t a t i on presen t ing something in unders tandable

terms

i n t e r t i d a l between high and low t i de l e ve l s

inve r tebra te animals without backbones . In marine systems

inc ludes c rus taceans , she l l f i sh and worms

West Isles Marine Park Pilot Study

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