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Production Increase

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In 1960 experiments were conductedby McGuire and Sikora with anelectrical resistance grid to simulatethe reservoir production increases byfracturing

Wellbore

Lowered resistance to simulatefracture conductivity

Production increases with length andwidth of fracture

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Fractures are created, then held open

with a proppant, creating a conductive path

Fracturing Proppants

CeramicSand

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Fracture Mechanics

Fracture Initiation

Exceed breakdown pressure Fracture Growth

Circular initial growth, Height = Length Direction based on formation stress

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Frac Height: 50 to

200 feet

Frac Width: inch

Frac Length: 500 to1500 feet

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Fracture Growth

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Shape and Containment

Intersection with natural fractures

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Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Properties

Low pumping friction (low viscosity) Create fracture width (low to high viscosity) Transport proppant (high viscosity) Control leak off

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Fracturing Matrix

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1000 to 0.5 mdSandstone

Fracturing used tostimulate production

0.5 to 0.001 mdBrick, Concrete

Fracturing requiredfor production

0.001 to 0.000001 mdGranite, Shale

Fracturing requiredfor production

Horizontal Drillingrequired forproduction

Conventional Tight Gas Unconventional

Fracturing Categories

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Unconventional (Shale) Fracturing

What is shale?

Mudstone, siltstone, shale stone Source rock for nearby oil and gas bearing formations Very fine grain size, extremely low permeability Tends to be highly fractured

Natural gas resides Within the natural fractures Adsorbed on the surface Within the porosity

How do we fracture shale?

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Shale outcropping

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Shale Fracturing

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No longer about just fracture width and length now webuild a network of new and existing fractures

The goal is Stimulated Reservoir Volume (SRV) Requires horizontal drilling, multistage fracturing and a

fracture network

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Producing Formation

Fracturing Network Currently developing and evaluating different techniques to

alter the near wellbore stress field and promote moresecondary fractures

The average number of stages per well in 2011 was 16+

Clustering method Alternating clusters in adjacent wells

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