Welcome to the IOBC Global Symposium: Biological control: Benefit Sharing and the balance between...
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Welcome to the IOBC Global Symposium:
Biological control: Benefit Sharing and the balance between benefits and risks
Organizers: Jacques Brodeur & Peter Mason (Canada), Barbara Barratt (NZ), George Heimpel (USA), Helen Roy (UK)
IOBC is the only worldwide organization representing biological control in global, regional and national organizations for more than 50 years
We offer you our knowledge atwww.IOBC-Global.org
We ask you to become member and share your experience with us: we need you !!
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WILL ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING PROCEDURES IMPEDE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL? THE PROBLEM
Barbara Barratt – AgResearch, NZJacques Brodeur – University of Montreal, Canada
XXIV International Congress of Entomology, Daegu, South Korea, Aug 2012 Section 14
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OUTLINE
Objectives and purpose of the CBD
Main player, parties, stakeholders
Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol on ABS
Expectations created
Consequences for biocontrol
The IOBC response
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OUTLINE
Objectives and purpose of the CBD
Main player, parties, stakeholders
Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol on ABS
Expectations created
Consequences for biocontrol
The IOBC response
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OBJECTIVES OF THE CBDThe objectives of the CBD are:• the conservation of biological diversity• the sustainable use of its components (genetic resources)• the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
Article 15: Access to Genetic Resources (GR)Recognizing the sovereign rights of States over their natural resources, the authority to determine access to GR rests with the national governments and is subject to national legislation
Access to GR shall be on mutually agreed terms (MAT) and subject to prior informed consent (PIC) of the Contracting Party providing the resources
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GENETIC RESOURCES “material containing functional units of heredity that is of actual or potential value”
• value = commercial, scientific or academic
May be (or be derived from) plants, animals or micro-organisms
Used for a variety of purposes from basic research to the development of commercial products
Various sectors are involved: cosmetics, biotechnology, agriculture, pharmaceuticals
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THE VISION
“The vision was for countries and biodiversity, a win–win
situation. Over time it would spur scientific knowledge,
catalyze commercial production, protect species and enable
developing countries to undertake bioprospecting
themselves. It is akin to the teach a man to fish philosophy”
Boyd, R. 2010 Scientific American
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EXAMPLES OF EXPLOITATION
“Brazilian pit viper venom was used to develop a blockbuster hypertension drug, but Brazil didn’t profit. A new treaty gives countries a stake in the use of their resources.”Science: 330: November 2010
The pharmaceutical company that patented neem argued that traditional Indian knowledge of its properties had never been published so was not previously existing knowledge. The patent was eventually overturned.
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OUTLINE
Objectives and purpose of the CBD
Main player, parties, stakeholders
Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol on ABS
Expectations created
Consequences for biocontrol
The IOBC response
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THE MAIN PLAYERSecretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
• An entity of the United Nations• Created at Rio de Janiero in 1992
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THE PARTIES TO CBD191 countries• excludes USA, Andorra, Iraq, Somalia…
Conference of the Parties (COP):
• National delegates meet every 2nd
year to make decisions• COP 10 Nagoya, Japan 2010
• COP 11 Hyderabad, India 2012
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THE STAKEHOLDERSIndigenous people and NGOs
Conventions and Bodies - e.g. FAO, WTO, WIPO, TRIPS
Business organizations• International Chamber of Commerce
Scientific organizations• CBOL, GTI, IOBC
TRIPS
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OUTLINE
Objectives and purpose of the CBD
Main player, parties, stakeholders
Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol on ABS
Expectations created
Consequences for biocontrol
The IOBC response
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GUIDELINES
The Bonn guidelines (2002) have been adopted to facilitate the implemention of the principle of ABS:
• Each country must designate a competent national authority
• Access to GR is subject to prior informed consent (PIC)
• Access is granted subject to mutually agreed terms (MAT)
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THE NAGOYA PROTOCOL AND ABS
It provides:• a legal framework for the effective implementation of fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of GR
• creates greater legal certainty and transparency for providers and users of GR by establishing more predictable conditions for access to GR
• covers traditional knowledge associated with GR and the benefits arising from its utilization
The Nagoya Protocol is a supplementary treaty to CBD. It is the instrument for the implementation of the ABS provisions of the CBD
Adopted at COP10 on the last day of negotiations in Nagoya, Japan at about 2am!
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“Delegates cheer after the Nagoya Protocol was agreed on at the 10th Conference of the Parties to the CBD (COP10) Nagoya, Japan, October 30, 2010.”
“...talks in Nagoya were deadlocked until the early hours of Saturday after two weeks of talks.”
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OUTLINE
Objectives and purpose of the CBD
Main player, parties, stakeholders
Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol on ABS
Expectations created
Consequences for biocontrol
The IOBC response
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EXPECTATIONS OF EMERGING NATIONS
Many countries have seen ABS as “panacea against rampant biopiracy”
The assertion is:• GR are the raw material for the biotechnology, seed and
pharmaceutical industriesThe expectation:• GR are the key to economic
development and success in the future
The dream:• GR will become the
GREEN GOLD
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CONSEQUENCES OF MISGUIDED IMPLEMENTATIONIn 2002, India adopted a ‘Biological Diversity Act’
• was seen to seriously curtail the freedom of scientists by putting draconian regulations on the free exchange of specimens for taxonomic use
• this situationhas now beenclarified in India
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NON-COMMERCIAL USE OF GR
Article 8 Nagoya Protocol requires each Party to treat certain situations of ABS with special regard e.g. :
• Non-commercial research • Emergency cases in connection to human,
animal or plant health• GR for food and agriculture
It is implied that the regulatory requirements should create a ‘special regime’ for such situations
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OUTLINE
Objectives and purpose of the CBD
Main player, parties, stakeholders
Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol on ABS
Expectations created
Consequences for biocontrol
The IOBC response
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THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BC
The commercial BC sector were first to express concern:
• risk that ABS legislation will add another level of regulation• e.g. in addition to biosafety regulation
• could slow and even stop BC programmes
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If ABS measures are implemented, it could mean that for every biological control initiative we would have to negotiate:
• prior informed consent, • mutually agreed terms• financial benefit-sharing
mechanisms
THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BC
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Some countries are now making exploration for BCAs very difficult:
• Sri Lanka refused to allow export of BCA for mango fruit fly to Africa
• Peru blocked access to BCA for pea leaf miner in Europe
• Australia unable to send potential BCAs for Acacia from India to British Museum for taxonomic ID
THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BC
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OUTLINE
Objectives and purpose of the CBD
Main player, parties, stakeholders
Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol on ABS
Expectations created
Consequences for biocontrol
The IOBC response
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IOBC COMMISSION
IOBC established a Commission on BC and ABS (Nov 2008)
Funded by ‘FAO Commission on GR for Food and Agriculture’
Strong support from CABI
Purpose – to provide scientific advice to oversee the design of an ABS regime that ensures practical and effective management for the collection and use of BC agents, which is acceptable to all parties
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IOBC COMMISSION
Meeting of IOBC Commission Mar 2009 ZurichFranz Bigler, Matthew Cock, Fernando Consoli, Jacques Brodeur, Barbara Barratt, Fabian Hass, Kim Tempelman (FAO), Joop van Lenteren, Alvaro Toledo (FAO), Peter Mason
Inset: José Roberto Parra, Karel Bolckmans
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REPORT PRESENTED TO FAO (JUN 2009)
FAO promoted our report to the working group responsible for formulation of the international ABS regime
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THE IOBC MESSAGEBCAs are different from other GR, such as seeds, pharmaceuticals and other commercial products
The ABS regime should therefore be based on a sectorial approach
Cock MJW, van Lenteren JC, Brodeur J, Barratt BIP, Bigler F, Bolckmans K, Cônsoli FL, Haas F, Mason PG, Parra JRP 2010. Do new access and benefit sharing procedures under the Convention on Biological Diversity threaten the future of biological control? Biocontrol 55: 199-218.
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THE IOBC MESSAGEBC has depended upon reciprocal relationships and benefits
Many countries are both providers and users of BCAs
BCAs are exchanged between countries with little or no money changing hands
Example: • California was invaded by Icerya purchasi
• Rodalia beetle introduced from Australia for US$ 2000
• result – it saved the citrus industry
• now been introduced into 57 countries
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THE IOBC MESSAGEAll countries can benefit – most do
BC creates and sustains public good so benefits mainly to the public, society, not the implementer
BCAs spread naturally, hard to contain
Financial gain to BC companies much smaller than the gain to society and the environment
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THE IOBC MESSAGE
Huge opportunities for benefit-sharing:• shared research opportunities from survey
and exploration to BC research• provision of training• technology transfer• exchange of BCAs• royalties on commercial BCAs
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ABS regulations should recognise the specific features of BC:
1. Countries providing BC agents are themselves also users of this technology
2. Many BC agents are exchanged, but have little recoverable monetary value
3. Organisms are not patented, so can be used by anyone at any time
4. Classical BC information and to a degree augmentative BC information are publicly shared
IOBC RECOMMENDATIONS
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5. There are social benefits for all, such as environmental and public health benefits, and reduction in pesticide use
6. BC is widely used in both developing and developed countries, often using the same BC agents
7. Most use of BC relates to food and agriculture
IOBC RECOMMENDATIONS
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In view of these features we recommended that ABS regulations should encourage:
• Existing practice of exchange of natural enemies for BC
• Establishment of a single point of contact in each country to facilitate all BC-related activities
• Transparency in the exchange of BC agents and access to information globally
• Provision for fast track access to BCAs in the case of a humanitarian or food security emergency
IOBC RECOMMENDATIONS
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WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?
....make sure you are here for Jacques Brodeur’s presentation later in the session!
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our colleagues on the IOBC Commission:
Matthew Cock – CABI SwitzerlandJoop van Lenteren – Wageningen University
Franz Bigler – Agroscope, ZurichKarel Bolkmans – KoppertFabian Haas – Icipe, Kenya
Peter Mason – Agriculture and Agri-Food, CanadaJose Roberto Parra – Brazil
Fernando Consoli – ESAL/USP, Brazil
Funding:FAO
IOBC Global
http://www.iobc-global.org/