Welcome to the anthropocene: geology of humanity (adapted for web 6 Dec 2012)
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Transcript of Welcome to the anthropocene: geology of humanity (adapted for web 6 Dec 2012)
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
WELCOME TO THE ANTHROPOCENE !e geology of humanity ICT for Life Sciences Forum MELBOURNE, 6 DECEMBER 2012 OWEN GAFFNEY
Director of Communications International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
Image: Globaia
Adapted for the web 7 December 2012
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
• Earth is moving out of its current geological epoch, the Holocene
• Humanity is largely responsible for this exit • Humanity has become a global geological
force – since the 1950s • Adapt our worldviews accordingly
The Anthropocene: conceptual and historical perspectives. Phil Trans A Steffen et al 2011
ANTHROPOCENE
Image: NASA, released 5 Dec 2012
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Insert data visualization from Anthropocene.info Welcome to the Anthropocene http://vimeo.com/39048998
Credit: Globaia/IGBP
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
www.anthropocene.info The world’s first website dedicated to the concept of the Anthropocene
Credit: Globaia/IGBP/CSIRO/Stockholm Resilience Centre
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
www.anthropocene.info
Credit: Globaia/IGBP/CSIRO/Stockholm Resilience Centre
2012 © Owen Gaffney
The Great Acceleration
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Population
US Bureau of the Census (2000) Interna5onal database IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Total real GDP
Nordhaus (1997) The economics of new goods. University of Chicago Press IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Foreign direct investment
World Bank (2002) data and sta5s5cs IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Damming of rivers
World Commission on Dams (2000) IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Water use
Shiklomanov (1990) Global Water Resources IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Fertiliser consumption
Interna5onal Fer5lizer Industry Associa5on (2002) IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Urban population
The State of the World’s Ci5es (2001) IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Paper consumption
Pulp and paper interna5onal (1993) IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Motor vehicles
Global environmental outlook (2000) IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Telephones
Canning (2001) A database of world infrastructure stocks, 1950-‐95 World Bank IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
International tourism
World Tourism Organiza5on (2001) Tourism industry trends IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Fisheries exploitation
Percentage of global fisheries either fully exploited, overfished or collapsed. Source: FAOSTAT (2002) Statistical databases
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Shrimp farm production
IAnnual shrimp production as a proxy for coastal zone alteration. Sources: WRI (2003) A guide to world resources, 2002-2004
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Domesticated land
Amount of land converted to pasture and cropland. Source: Klein Goldewijk and Battjes (1997) National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Bilthoven, Netherlands
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Planetary response
Image: NASA, released 5 Dec 2012
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Atmospheric CO2 concentration
Etheridge et al. Geophys Res 101: 4115-‐4128 IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Atmospheric N2O concentration
Machida et al Geophys Res Le\ 22:2921-‐2925 IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Atmospheric CH4 concentration
Blunier et al J Geophy Res 20: 2219-‐2222 IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Northern hemisphere average surface temperature
Mann et al Geophys Res Le\ 26(6): 759-‐762 IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Ozone depletion
percentage total column ozone loss over Antarctica, using the average annual total column ozone, 330, as a base. Image: J.D. Shanklin, British Antarctic Survey
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Tropical rainforest and woodland loss
Loss of tropical rainforest and woodland, as estimated for tropical Africa, Latin America and South and Southeast Asia. Sources: Richards (1990) In: The Earth as transformed by human action, Cambridge
University Press IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Natural climatic disasters
Decadal frequency of great floods (one-in-100-year events) after 1860 for basins larger than 200 000 km2 with observations that span at least 30 years. Source: Milly et al. (2002) Nature 415:514-517 IGBP synthesis:
Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Coastal zone nitrogen flux
Model-calculated partitioning of the human-induced nitrogen perturbation fluxes in the global coastal margin for the period since 1850. Source: Mackenzie et al. (2002) Chem. Geology 190:13-32
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Biodiversity loss
Mathematically calculated rate of extinction. Source: Wilson (1992) The diversity of life, the Penguin Press. IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Great acceleration
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Great Acceleration
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
“Our foot is stuck on the ACCELERATOR and we are heading towards an ABYSS.”
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-‐Moon, 2009
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: Adam Nieman
Water Atmosphere
This is our life support system
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: Tomas Oneborg / SvD / SCANPIX
Does Earth have a pulse?
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Adapted by IGBP from: Loulergue, L.,et al Orbittal and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years, Nature, 2008. Lüthi, D. et al High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present Nature, 2008.
Modern humans appear in Africa
Carbon dioxide
Temperature
Methane
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Adapted by IGBP from: Loulergue, L.,et al Orbittal and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years, Nature, 2008. Lüthi, D. et al High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present Nature, 2008.
Beyond natural boundaries
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
World Bank Report, November 2012
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
2011-2012 Fossil and Cement Emissions • Projection for, 58% over 1990
• Uncertainty is ±5% for one standard deviation (IPCC “likely” range)
• Source: Peters et al. 2012a; Le Quéré et al. 2012; CDIAC Data; Global Carbon Project 2012
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
2012 Global Carbon Budget
Peters GP, Global Carbon Project 2012, Nature Climate Change
Foss
il-fu
el, c
emen
t pro
duct
ion,
and
gas
!ar
ing
emiss
ions
(PgC
/yr)
1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 21000
5
10
15
20
25
30Historical
RCP8.5RCP6Historical uncertaintyEarlier scenarios
RCP4.5RCP3-PD
2012 Estimate
RCP3-PD: 1.3!1.9°C
RCP4.52.0!3.0°C
RCP62.6!3.7°C
RCP8.54.0!6.1°C
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Dams built 1800-2009
James Syvitski, CSDMS
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: NASA LandSat
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: NASA LandSat
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: NASA LandSat
24 OF 33 MAJOR DELTAS ARE SINKING
500 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE ON DELTAS
85% HIT BY SEVERE FLOODING RECENTLY Parts of Jakarta have sunk 4 metres since 1974
Pearl River Delta, China
Syvitski 2009, Nature Geoscience
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: NASA LandSat
Dubai
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: NASA LandSat
Dubai
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: NASA LandSat
Las Vegas
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: NASA LandSat
Las Vegas
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
“WE WILL BUILD MORE
URBAN AREAS IN THE 1ST 3 DECADES OF THE 21ST CENTURY THAN ALL OF HISTORY
COMBINED.” PROFESSOR KAREN SETO, YALE
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit: NASA/USGS
Deforestation in the Bolivian rainforest
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Ellis 2010
We use an area the size of South America to grow our crops And an area the size of Africa for our livestock.
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Science, 7 Oct 2011
90% of total mammalian biomass
is made up of humans and domesNcated
animals.
… up from 0.1% 10,000 years ago…
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Paul J. CrutzenF or the past three centuries, the effects
of humans on the global environment
have escalated. Because of these anthro-
pogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, global
climate may depart significantly from
natural behaviour for many millennia to
come. It seems appropriate to assign the
term ‘Anthropocene’ to the present, in many
ways human-dominated, geological epoch,
supplementing the Holocene — the warm
period of the past 10–12 millennia. The
Anthropocene could be said to have started
in the latter part of the eighteenth century,
when analyses of air trapped in polar ice
showed the beginning of growing global
concentrations of carbon dioxide and
methane. This date also happens to coincide
with James Watt’s design of the steam engine
in 1784.Mankind’s growing influence on the
environment was recognized as long ago as
1873, when the Italian geologist Antonio
Stoppani spoke about a “new telluric force
which in power and universality may be
compared to the greater forces of earth,”
referring to the “anthropozoic era”. And
in 1926, V. I. Vernadsky acknowledged
the increasing impact of mankind: “The
direction in which the processes of evolution
must proceed, namely towards increasing
consciousness and thought, and forms
having greater and greater influence on their
surroundings.” Teilhard de Chardin and
Vernadsky used the term ‘noösphere’ — the
‘world of thought’ — to mark the growing
role of human brain-power in shaping its
own future and environment.
The rapid expansion of mankind in
numbers and per capita exploitation of
Earth’s resources has continued apace.
During the past three centuries, the human
population has increased tenfold to more
than 6 billion and is expected to reach 10 bil-
lion in this century. The methane-produc-
ing cattle population has risen to 1.4 billion.
About 30–50% of the planet’s land surface
is exploited by humans. Tropical rainforests
disappear at a fast pace, releasing carbon
dioxide and strongly increasing species
extinction. Dam building and river diver-
sion have become commonplace. More than
half of all accessible fresh water is used by
mankind. Fisheries remove more than 25%
of the primary production in upwelling
ocean regions and 35% in the temperate
continental shelf. Energy use has grown
16-fold during the twentieth century,
causing 160 million tonnes of atmospheric
sulphur dioxide emissions per year, more
than twice the sum of its natural emissions.
More nitrogen fertilizer is applied in
agriculture than is fixed naturally in all
terrestrial ecosystems; nitric oxide prod-
uction by the burning of fossil fuel and
biomass also overrides natural emissions.
Fossil-fuel burning and agriculture have
caused substantial increases in the concen-
trations of ‘greenhouse’ gases — carbon
dioxide by 30% and methane by more than
100% — reaching their highest levels over
the past 400 millennia, with more to follow.
So far, these effects have largely been
caused by only 25% of the world popula-
tion. The consequences are, among others,
acid precipitation, photochemical ‘smog’
and climate warming. Hence, according to
the latest estimates by the Intergovernmen-
tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the
Earth will warm by 1.4–5.8 °C during this
century.Many toxic substances are released into
the environment, even some that are not
toxic at all but nevertheless have severely
damaging effects, for example the chloro-
fluorocarbons that caused the Antarctic
‘ozone hole’ (and which are now regulated).
Things could have become much worse: the
ozone-destroying properties of the halo-
gens have been studied since the mid-1970s.
If it had turned out that chlorine behaved
chemically like bromine, the ozone hole
would by then have been a global, year-
round phenomenon, not just an event
of the Antarctic spring. More by luck than
by wisdom, this catastrophic situation did
not develop.Unless there is a global catastrophe — a
meteorite impact, a world war or a pan-
demic — mankind will remain a major
environmental force for many millennia. A
daunting task lies ahead for scientists and
engineers to guide society towards environ-
mentally sustainable management during
the era of the Anthropocene. This will
require appropriate human behaviour at all
scales, and may well involve internationally
accepted, large-scale geo-engineering pro-
jects, for instance to ‘optimize’ climate. At
this stage, however, we are still largely
treading on terra incognita.
■
Paul J. Crutzen is at the Max Planck Institute for
Chemistry, PO Box 3060, D-55020 Mainz,
Germany, and the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gillman Drive, La Jolla,
California 92093-7452, USA.FURTHER READING
Marsh, G. P. Man and Nature (1864). (Reprinted as The
Earth as Modified by Human Action (Belknap Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965)).
Crutzen, P. J. & Stoermer, E. F. IGBP Newsletter 41
(Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
Stockholm, 2000).Clark, W. C. & Munn, R. E. (eds) Sustainable
Development of the Biosphere Ch. 1
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986).
Vernadski, V. I. The Biosphere (translated and
annotated version from the original of 1926)
(Springer, New York, 1998).
Turner, B. L. et al. The Earth as Transformed by Human
Action (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990).
McNeill, J. R. Something New Under the Sun: An
Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World
(W. W. Norton, New York, 2000).
Houghton, J. T. et al. (eds) Climate Change 2001:
The Scientific Basis (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, 2001).Berger, A. & Loutre, M.-F. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 323
(IIA), 1–16 (1996).Schellnhuber, H. J. Nature 402, C19–C23 (1999).
Geology of mankindconcepts
NATURE | VOL 415 |3 JANUARY 2002 |www.nature.com
23
The AnthropoceneThe Anthropocene could be said to
have started in the late eighteenth
century, when analyses of air trapped
in polar ice showed the beginning of
growing global concentrations of
carbon dioxide and methane.
© 2002 Macmillan Magazines Ltd
Paul Crutzen Nobel laureate Former IGBP Vice Chair
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
“Stop using the word Holocene. We’re not in the Holocene any more. We’re in the…the…
...ANTHROPOCENE”
2000. IGBP Scientific Committee meeting, Cuernavaca, Mexico
“It was quiet in the room for a while.”
2012 © Owen Gaffney
1992: New York Times journalist Andrew Revkin’s book - Global Change mentions the Anthrocene
“We are entering an age that might someday be referred to as, say, the Anthrocene [sic]. AYer all, it is a geological age of our own making.”
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
1989: U.S writer and activist Bill McKibben publishes the End of Nature
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
1980s: U.S. biologist Eugene Stoermer’s (1934-2012) lectures mention the Anthropocene
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
NASA Earth rise
Sixties space exploration and the 1972 United Nations summit on the environment gave people a new perspective
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Vladimir Verdansky (1963-1945)
• Life is a geological force
• Noösphere – the world of thought driving environmental change
Image; Memorial Office Museum of Academician VI Verdansky Moscow.
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
George Perkins Marsh (1801-1882) Man and Nature (1864)
The Earth as Modified by Human AcNon: Man and Nature. (1874)
George P. Marsh, photographed by Mathew B. Brady between 1855 and 1865. Brady-Handy Collection (Library of Congress). [call number: BH8201-4981; reproduction number: LC-BH8201-4981 DLC (b&w film copy neg.)
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Edward Seuss (1831-1914)
Developed the concept of the biosphere.
Image: Eigenes Foto einer Originallithographie in eigenem Besitz
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Antonio Stoppani (1824-1891)
‘Anthropozoic era’ Image: Paleontologica Lombarda
Humanity is a “new telluric force, which in power and universality may be compared to the greater forces of earth.” Corso di geologia 1873.
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
When did the Anthropocene start? Start of large-scale hunting? Dawn of agriculture? Industrial revolution? 1950?
Fire Agriculture Industrial revolution
Digital age
Hunting
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Who decides?
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney Credit 1996 [email protected]
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
But the rest of the world is not waiting…
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Credit: BBC
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Photo credit: Chris Meyer
“The concept of the ANTHROPOCENE heralds a profound shift in PERCEPTION of our place in the WORLD.” Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom (1933-2012) Planet Under Pressure
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Centuries from now, the defining event of the 20th century may not be the Great Wars, the battle of ideologies, or even the Industrial Revolution per se. It may well be the ascendency of a single species to become the dominant geological force – in a single human lifetime.
Image: NASA, released 5 Dec 2012
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
…Where are we going? The role of ICT in changing the narrative
Image: NASA, released 5 Dec 2012
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
The industrialization of friendship The globalization of small talk
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
2011
Data: ITU Measuring the Information Society (2012) Pic credit: Paul Butler, visualizing friendship
2.3 billion internet users (30% of population) 6 billion mobile phone subscriptions By 2015, 60% of world population will be online
Global connectivity has moved into hyperdrive
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Image: Steve Song. Copyright CC-BY
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Within a decade A LL but the most marginalised in societies will be CO N N ECTED in new
and profound ways .
Pic credit: Paul Butler, visualizing friendship
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
“The regimes thought the youth were divorced from politics. They didn’t notice that young people were connected among themselves.” Syrian activist “Khaled”, Financial Times, Dec 2011.
Arab Spring
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Arab Spring
Defining features • Complex causes but
social media has defining role
• Heightened awareness of equality and fairness
• Social media exposes extent of distrust
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Occupy movement
Defining features • Social media has
defining role • Demanding openness
and transparency • Heightened
awareness of equality and fairness
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Ball P. Nature
21 December 2011
“Discontinuities are… precisely what you would expect if you consider today’s societies from a complex-systems perspective.” “Social media…have the potential to facilitate qualitatively new collective behaviours.”
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Photo credit: Chris Meyer
“Isolated, anonymous individuals overharvest common-pool resources.” BUT… Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom (1933-2012)
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Photo credit: Chris Meyer
“Simply allowing COMMUNICATION, or “CHEAP TALK,” enables participants to reduce overharvesting. ” Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom (1933-2012)
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Photo credit: Chris Meyer
• Reliable knowledge • Individuals like to see how
sustainability benefits whole group
• Trust others to keep promises Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom (1933-2012)
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Social networking is a keystone innovation
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
“There is a direct link from more precise gossip at the watercooler to better decisions.” Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman Thinking, fast and slow, 2011
Photo: Jon Roemer
With social networking we have a global watercooler
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
Sustainable Development Goals: Include ICT access for all
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
• In one lifetime humanity has become a global geological force – the Great Acceleration
• Earth is moving out of its current geological epoch, the Holocene – the Anthropocene
• Action on global sustainability essential • Change in WORLDVIEW required. Could social
media be a keystone innovation?
Conclusions
Image: NASA, released 5 Dec 2012
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
D N A L i k e D N A , t h e w o r d
ANTHROPOCENE is destined to leap from the world of science into the
GLOBAL LEXICON
2012 © Owen Gaffney 2012 © Owen Gaffney
www.anthropocene.info www.anthropocenejournal.com www.igbp.net
2012 © Owen Gaffney
WELCOME TO THE ANTHROPOCENE The geology of humanity MELBOURNE, December 2012
Thank you! @owengaffney #anthropocene WEB www.anthropocene.info www.anthropocenejournal.com www.igbp.net EMAIL [email protected]