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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 First Steps in a New Land

Section 2 The Spanish Explore Texas

Section 3 La Salle Awakens Interest

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

Section 1: First Steps in a New Land

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Chapter Objectives

• Explain why the Spanish conquistadors and friars explored Texas.

• Determine whether the expeditions to Texas succeeded or failed.

Section 2: The Spanish Explore Texas


Chapter Objectives (cont.)

• Discuss early Spanish expeditions to Texas.

• Explain what the Spanish explorers hoped to find in Texas.

Section 3: La Salle Awakens Interest


Chapter Objectives (cont.)

• Summarize how France challenged Spain’s claim to Texas.

• Characterize La Salle’s expeditions to Texas.

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The Spanish explorers found neither precious metals nor large numbers of Native Americans in Texas. Losing interest, Spain turned instead to present-day Mexico. It was not until the French appeared in Texas that the Spanish looked again at its northern possession.

Why It Matters

The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore Texas. Their writings about the great distances and natural beauty of Texas were printed in Europe. What they said about Texas influences the way many people think about the state today.

The Impact Today

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

Spain desired to establish an empire in the Americas in the 1500s. Explorers began to map out the region.

Key Terms• conquistador


• friar

• mission

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy

Organizing Information As you read this section, complete a chart like the one shown on page 102 of your textbook, noting the areas of exploration of each explorer.

Read to Learn• why the Spanish conquistadors and friars

explored Texas.

• whether the expeditions succeeded or failed.



Section Theme

Global Connections The Spanish came to Texas to seek wealth and adventure, to expand Spain’s empire, and to build missions.



Armadillo

Did You Know?• The ancient city of Teotihuacán in the

Mexican Highland was the sixth largest city in the world in around A.D. 400, with a population of about 125,000 inhabitants. Then it suddenly collapsed. The city’s original name, the language of its people, and the ethnic groups who built it remain a mystery.


Columbus Sights a New World

(pages 102–103)

• In October, 1492, Christopher Columbus and the crews of his ships sighted several Caribbean islands after crossing the Atlantic Ocean.

• Columbus was an Italian, sailing under the Spanish flag to find a route to the East.

• The Spanish established an empire consisting of most of South America, many Caribbean islands, Mexico, Central America, and part of the present-day United States.

Columbus Sights a New World (cont.)

Where did Columbus think he had arrived when he first spotted land?

He thought he had arrived in the East.

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(pages 102–103)


New Spain

(page 103)

• Spanish soldiers, called conquistadores, sought wealth and glory for Spain.

• With superior weapons, they made their way through the Americas, defeating Native Americans as they went.

• Friars, or members of Catholic religious orders, helped Spain control the Americas by converting many Native Americans to Catholicism, the religion of Spain.

• Friars settled the land and created religious settlements called missions.



New Spain (cont.)

How did the Spanish control Native Americans?

Spanish controlled Native Americans by killing many of them and converting survivors to Catholicism, the religion of Spain.

(page 103)


Cortés Lands in Mexico

(pages 103–104)

• Sailing from Cuba in 1519, Hernán Cortés landed his army of 600 soldiers on the eastern coast of Mexico, near present-day Vera Cruz.

• When Cortés arrived at Tenochtitlán, he was impressed by the wealth and advanced civilization of the Aztecs.

• To control the city, Cortés took the emperor Moctezuma hostage. The Aztecs rebelled and killed Moctezuma. The city was burned and its treasures plundered.

(pages 103–104)

• Cortés rebuilt and renamed the city, Mexico City, and it became the capital of New Spain.

Cortés Lands in Mexico (cont.)



Why did Cortés destroy Aztec culture even though he admired it?

Cortés wanted riches and glory for Spain.

Cortés Lands in Mexico (cont.)

(pages 103–104)


Pineda Explores the Texas Coast

(pages 104–105)

• Alonso Álvarez de Pineda became the first European to explore the Texas coast in the same year Cortés landed in Mexico.

• He sailed along the coastline from Florida to Mexico and mapped the land.



Pineda Explores the Texas Coast (cont.)

In what year did Álvarez de Pineda explore the Texas coast?

Álvarez de Pineda explored the Texas coast in 1519, the same year that Cortés landed in Mexico.

(pages 104–105)


Shipwrecked in Texas

(page 105)

• Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was a member of an expedition sent in 1527 to conquer the area from Florida to Mexico.

• He and a few others became stranded after a shipwreck in Galveston Bay.

• The Karankawas helped the shipwrecked explorers survive.

• Cabeza de Vaca and his companions spent nearly six years among the people of South Texas and then journeyed west toward Mexico.



Shipwrecked in Texas (cont.)

Why was Cabeza de Vaca in Texas?

As he was conquering land from Florida to Mexico, he became stranded on Galveston Bay after a shipwreck.

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Checking for Understanding

__ 1. a religious settlement

__ 2. one of the Spanish soldiers who sought riches and power for themselves, and wealth and glory for Spain, in the conquest of the Americas

__ 3. a member of the Catholic religious order

A. conquistador

B. friar

C. mission

Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

C

A

B

Checking for Understanding (cont.)

Reviewing Facts How did the aims of Spanish explorers in Mexico and Texas differ?



Explorers went to Mexico for wealth and power and to spread Catholicism, while chance and misfortune brought explorers to Texas.

Reviewing Themes

Global Connections Why was Cortés interested in conquering the Aztecs?

He wanted to conquer the Aztecs because he could add their vast wealth, large cities, and power to the Spanish empire.



Critical Thinking

Analyzing What did the treatment of Cabeza de Vaca and his companions reveal about the Karankawas?



The Karankawa were accepting of Europeans, helpful, generous, and knowledgeable.

TAKS Practice

Identifying Points of View Although Cortés compared Tenochtitlán to Spain in some ways, he also described it as a “barbarous nation.” In Cortés’s opinion, why was Tenochtitlán barbaric?



Tenochtitlán was barbaric because it was cut off from the Christian faith and communication with European countries.

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

Tales of gold, gems, minerals, and fabulous cities lured the Spanish into further exploration of Texas.

Key Terms• viceroy


• pueblo


Reading Strategy

Organizing Information As you read the section, complete a chart like the one shown on page 107 of your textbook.

Read to Learn• about early Spanish expeditions.

• what the explorers hoped to find.



Section Theme

Geography and History Spain was willing to fund the costly exploration of Texas in the hope of finding the vast wealth that was rumored to be there.



Spanish soldier, circa 1530–1540

Did You Know?• The Spanish expedition led by Coronado

failed to find the seven cities of gold in its travels through Texas and New Mexico. Ever since the mid-1500s, however, the belief that treasure really does exist somewhere in Texas has remained alive in numerous legends.


The Quest for Texas Gold

(pages 107–108)

• Cabeza de Vaca described seeing buffalo and the fertile land of Texas.

• Although he saw no gold, he reported stories of riches that inspired the Spaniards to send a treasure-seeking expedition into Texas.

The Quest for Texas Gold (cont.)

Where did Cabeza de Vaca probably get his ideas about riches in Texas?

He probably got his ideas from Native Americans with whom he had come in contact.



(pages 107–108)


Fray Marcos Leads a New Expedition

(pages 108–109)

• In 1539 Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza sent a priest, Fray Marcos de Niza, to head an advance party to check on stories of treasure in the new land.

• Estevanico, who rode ahead, sent back reports of Cíbola, a land with seven cities of gold and other riches.

(pages 108–109)

• Cíbola actually was a pueblo near the present-day boundary of Arizona and New Mexico. Fray Marcos probably saw the pueblo at sunset, which made it look golden.

Fray Marcos Leads a New Expedition (cont.)



Why did Fray Marcos conclude that there was a Cíbola with seven cities of gold?

He saw a pueblo at sunset, which made it look golden, and he imagined that there were other such cities.

(pages 108–109)

Fray Marcos Leads a New Expedition (cont.)


Coronado Is Disappointed

(pages 109–110)

• Francisco Vásquez de Coronado led an expedition of more than 300 soldiers, accompanied by Fray Marcos, to find Cíbola.

• Coronado’s group went east to present-day Santa Fe, New Mexico, where they met a Pawnee Native American they called the Turk.

• The Turk told of fabulous riches located farther east, and he led Coronado onward, bringing him to the plains of Texas.

(pages 109–110)

• Disappointed at not finding treasure, Coronado put the Turk to death and claimed the entire Wichita country for the King of Spain.

Coronado Is Disappointed (cont.)

How would you feel if you were Coronado?

(pages 109–110)

Coronado Is Disappointed (cont.)


Moscoso Explores East Texas

(pages 110–111)

• Hernán de Soto landed in Florida in 1539, marking the first time a European expedition reached the Mississippi.

• After de Soto died in 1542, Luis de Moscoso took command and led the expedition into East Texas.

• Exploring perhaps as far as the Brazos River, the party met Native Americans, found no riches, and returned to the Mississippi River.



Moscoso Explores East Texas (cont.)

How did de Soto and Moscoso reach Texas?

He reached Texas by land, probably on horseback.

(pages 110–111)


New Mexico Is Founded

(page 111)

• In 1609 Spaniards set up a permanent colony on the upper Rio Grande and named it New Mexico. Finding no gold, they made few attempts to settle the region.

• They explored as far as present-day San Angelo.



New Mexico Is Founded (cont.)

Why did the Spanish make few attempts to settle the region now known as Texas?

They sought gold but found none, so they thought the region was not worth settling.

(page 111)




1. A _________ is a governor who rules as a representative of a king or sovereign.

2. A _________ is a Native American village with joined, flat-roofed buildings.

viceroy

Using Key Terms Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.

pueblo


Reviewing Facts Why did Spanish explorers search for Cíbola and Quivira, and what did they find?



These cities were rumored to have gold and great wealth. They found disappointment.

Reviewing Themes

Geography and History Select one explorer and estimate his travels in terms of miles.

Possible answers: Cabeza de Vaca traveled about 1,400 miles; Coronado traveled about 1,750 miles.



Critical Thinking

Analyzing What motivated the Spanish explorers to leave home for these daring expeditions to the Americas?



Spanish explorers left to find gold, expand the empire of Spain, and spread the Catholic faith.

TAKS Practice

Distinguishing Fact From Fiction In their search for cities of gold and wealth throughout Texas, what other resources did Spanish explorers fail to recognize and appreciate?



They failed to recognize and appreciate the level, fertile land and the mild climate.

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

When the French established a presence in Texas, it forced Spain to renew its interest in the area.

Key Terms• stockade


• sandbar


Reading Strategy

Organizing Information As you read this section, complete a chart like the one shown on page 112 of your textbook.

Read to Learn• how France challenged Spain’s claim to Texas.

• about La Salle’s expeditions.



Section Theme

Geography and History La Salle claimed vast territories for France, but his plans for colonization failed.



Monument of La Salle near present-day Fort St. Louis

Did You Know?• In 1995 Texas archaeologists discovered

one of French explorer La Salle’s ships on the bottom of Matagorda Bay and excavated its wooden frame, preserved after it sank 300 years ago. About 1 million artifacts were recovered, some of which are at Austin’s Texas State Museum.


France Challenges Spanish Claims

(pages 112–113)

• France challenged Spain’s claim to Texas.

• In 1682 La Salle led the first expedition that navigated the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the inland region surrounding the Mississippi for France and calling the area Louisiana.

• La Salle returned to France and proposed a French colony be founded at the mouth of the Mississippi.

(pages 112–113)

• In July 1684 four ships with 300 more colonists set sail for Louisiana in search of the Mississippi but landed instead at Matagorda Bay.

France Challenges Spanish Claims (cont.)

Why did La Salle claim Texas?

He claimed Texas to challenge Spain’s claim.



(pages 112–113)

France Challenges Spanish Claims (cont.)


The French Flag Flies Over Texas

(pages 114–115)

• La Salle and the colonists built the outpost Fort St. Louis and flew the French flag.

• La Salle left the colonists to find other settlements and returned to Fort St. Louis to find that one ship had sailed back to France and the other had been wrecked on a sandbar.

• Most of the stranded colonists died because of crop failure, disease, and fighting with Karankawas.

(pages 114–115)

• Although La Salle was murdered on March 19, 1687, he had managed to shift the focus of Spanish interest from western Texas to eastern Texas.

The French Flag Flies Over Texas (cont.)



Why did La Salle leave his colonists at Fort St. Louis?

He went to look for other settlements.

(pages 114–115)

The French Flag Flies Over Texas (cont.)




1. A _________ is a ridge of sand built up by currents in a river or coastal waters.

2. A _________ is an enclosure of posts made to form a defense.

sandbar

Using Key Terms Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.

stockade


Reviewing Facts When the French colonists established Fort St. Louis in 1685, the expected to make it a permanent settlement. Why did Fort St. Louis fail?



It failed because La Salle was difficult, the Spanish captured one of the ships, the colonists experienced a shipwreck, supplies were lost, crops failed, disease struck, some colonists returned to France, and La Salle was murdered.

Reviewing Themes

Geography and History Although Fort St. Louis failed as a permanent settlement, the French efforts in Texas had a number of important results. Describe some.

Possible answers: France established trade with Native Americans, it kept the claim to Texas alive in the French imagination, and it shifted the focus of Spanish interest from western Texas to eastern Texas.



Critical Thinking

Analyzing What are some of the reasons why King Louis XIV was willing to approve and finance La Salle’s expedition to the Americas? Make a poster or visual aid that summarizes some possible motives for exploration and colonization.



La Salle’s previous expeditions had been successful, he was the first European to navigate the Mississippi River, he claimed vast territories for Louis XIV, and there was the promise of rich silver mines.

TAKS Practice

Finding and Summarizing the Main Idea La Salle established a French settlement in Texas. Why did Spain view a French Texas as a threat?

Reviewing Key Terms



__ 1. a governor who rules as a representative of a king or sovereign

__ 2. a religious settlement

__ 3. one of the Spanish soldiers who sought riches and power for themselves, and wealth and glory for Spain, in the conquest of the Americas

__ 4. a member of the Catholic religious order

A. conquistador

B. sandbar

C. viceroy

D. pueblo

E. mission

F. stockade

G. friar


C

E

A

G

Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)



__ 5. an enclosure of posts made to form a defense

__ 6. a Native American village with joined, flat-roofed buildings

__ 7. a ridge of sand built up by currents in a river or coastal waters


F

D

B

A. conquistador

B. sandbar

C. viceroy

D. pueblo

E. mission

F. stockade

G. friar

Reviewing Key Facts



Why did Spain fund the expensive expeditions to the New World?

Spain wanted to extend its empire and gain wealth.

Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)



What were the settlements of the friars called, and how did they differ from other settlements?

The settlements begun by friars were missions and were used to convert Native Americans.




Name two of the fabled cities of gold and tell why the explorers were so willing to believe the rumors about them?

Cíbola and Quivira were the cities of gold. Anything seemed possible in this new land.




Where did Moscoso lead his expedition?

He led his expedition into East Texas and then back to the Mississippi River.




Who led the French into Texas, and what settlement did he try to establish?

La Salle led the French into Texas, where he tried to establish Fort St. Louis.

Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions La Salle was a difficult man to get along with, yet without his leadership the French colony struggled. Why do you think this happened?

Critical Thinking (cont.)

Making Inferences Why were European countries attempting to establish colonies in the New World at similar times?

Use the passage and your knowledge of Texas history and culture to answer the question on the next slide.

“Their horns are small . . . [and] the hair is very long . . . Of the small hides the Indians make blankets to cover themselves with, and of the taller ones they make shoes and targets. These cows . . . are found all over the land for over four hundred leagues.”

–Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

1. Cabeza de Vaca was one of the first Spaniards to see Texas. In this passage he describes–

F cattle farmers

G herds of buffalo

H how native people made shoes

J the mouth of the Rio Grande

Test-Taking Tip: Sometimes passages use figurative language, language that does not mean literally what it says. Always check each answer choice within its context to make sure it is consistent with the passage.



1. Cabeza de Vaca was one of the first Spaniards to see Texas. In this passage he describes–

F cattle farmers

G herds of buffalo

H how native people made shoes

J the mouth of the Rio Grande

Answer Explanation: The “cows” were found all over, and so were non-domesticated animals of cattle farmers. Making shoes and the mouth of the Rio Grande are unrelated to the topic of the source.



What qualities did European explorers in Texas share?

Possible answers: All the explorers were looking for new opportunities in Texas and all were courageous.

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Texas & Texans Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://texans.glencoe.com.

Analytical questions help you find accurate information about your research topic. The two main purposes for asking questions are to make the topic more specific and to make it easier to find specific information.

Analyzing a Topic

This feature is found on page 106 of your textbook.Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

This feature is found on page 106 of your textbook.Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Why Learn This Skill?

There are three steps involved in writing useful questions:

This feature is found on page 106 of your textbook.Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.



Learning the Skill

• Brainstorm several questions about the topic. • Decide if each question is related to the topic.

• Rewrite them as simpler questions.

Analyzing a Topic

Suppose you want to learn more about Cabeza de Vaca’s experiences in Texas in the 1500s. Questions to make the topic more specific are:





Learning the Skill (cont.)

• What were his experiences with the Karankawas?

• What happened after leaving the Karankawas?

Analyzing a Topic

Using the first question as your research topic, decide which questions below would help you find the right information.






A. What food and shelter did the Karankawa’s have?

B. How many ships landed in Texas? C. Where did Cabeza de Vaca grow up?

D. Why did Cabeza de Vaca come to the Americas?

Analyzing a Topic

Question A is directly related to the chosen topic. Questions B, C, and D will not give you information about the chosen topic.


Analyzing a Topic

This feature is found on page 106 of your textbook.This feature is found on page 106 of your textbook.

Read the information on the following slide and decide which questions would be useful in researching this topic.

Practicing the Skill

This feature is found on page 106 of your textbook.This feature is found on page 106 of your textbook.

Analyzing a Topic

Practicing the Skill (cont.)

This feature is found on page 106 of your textbook.Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.


1. How far did soldiers travel in an average day?

Directly related to the chosen topic and would be most helpful in locating information.

2. Who put up the money for the expedition?

Relates to the expedition prior to the journey in Texas or to Coronado, not a foot soldier.

Analyzing a Topic

Topic: The life of a foot soldier exploring the Southwest with Coronado.




Analyzing a Topic

3. What were the greatest dangers of the trip?


4. Who chose Coronado to lead the expedition?

Relates to the expedition prior to the journey in Texas or to Coronado, not a foot soldier.




Space Bar to display the answer.


Space Bar to display the answer.

Analyzing a Topic

5. What type of food did the soldiers eat?



Evidence points to an African presence in America before Columbus landed. In his Journal of the Third Voyage, Columbus wrote that he wanted to find the black people the Indians had told him about. Other evidence includes the giant, 40-ton African-faced stone heads found in La Venta, San Lorenzo, and Zapotes, Mexico.

Today Matagorda Island is a gathering place for migrating birds. It also harbors several threatened or endangered animal species including brown pelicans, sea turtles, and alligators.

Cabeza de Vaca

Coronado

Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Cabeza de Vaca recorded many Karankawa customs that he observed while staying with the people. He was especially impressed by their love of children. For instance, when a child died, the whole village mourned. For a whole year, the villagers performed ritual weeping three times a day–at dawn, at noon, and at sunset. In the evening they washed off the charcoal paint they wore as a sign of their mourning.

Coronado and his followers lived with the Wichita for about a month in 1541. When Coronado left, a Franciscan priest named Juan de Padilla and several other Spaniards stayed behind to act as missionaries to the Wichita. Padilla worked among the people for three years and then was killed by members of a neighboring group when he tried to convert them.

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