Welcome to GEO 101 Introduction to...
Transcript of Welcome to GEO 101 Introduction to...
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Welcome to GEO 101
Introduction to Geology
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… so what is Geology?
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… not just rocks!
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Geology is ...study of Earth and planetary bodies
processes responsible for formationprocesses that modify
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all areas of geology have either economic or environmental importance:
earth resourcestopography (study of landforms and processes responsible for their formation) natural hazards (floods, volcanism, earthquakes) waste disposal and pollution cleanupclimate change
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mineralogy - petrology - geochemistry - volcanologystratigraphy - sedimentology - paleontologygeomorphology - surficial geology - hydrogeologystructural geology - tectonics - geochronologysolid-earth geophysics - rock mechanics
Geology is a physical science with many sub-areas of study or sub-disciplines:
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environmental and groundwater use (environmental geology)oil and gas exploration and exploitation (petroleum geology)metal and non-metal mineral exploration and exploitation (economic geology)
Geology is also an applied science that interfaces with engineering and deals with:
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... so what is the modern context in which we will
be examining Earth?
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a system of various subsystems or related parts (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and solid earth) interacting in organized fashion
The Dynamic Earth
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LayersCrustMantle
upperlower
Outer coreInner core
du
ctileb
rittle
asthenosphere
lithosphere
initially homogeneous, but with cooling separated into distinct concentric layers:
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Layer Thickness NatureInner core 1216 km solid iron-nickel alloyOuter core 2270 km liquid iron-nickel alloyMantle ~2885 km solid (Mg-rich silicates)
upper (shallow) - intermediate densitylower (deep) - high density
Crust ≤65 km solid (low to intermediate density silicates)
Oceanic Crust (5-10 km) - high density (Fe-Mg rich)Continental Crust (30-65 km) - low density (Fe-Mg poor)
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igneous - formed by cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma)sedimentary - formed by precipitation from solution, compaction of plant and animal remains, or cementation of particles from pre-existing rocksmetamorphic - formed below surface under high temperatures and pressures from pre-existing rocks
solid Earth composed of rocks divided into three groups based on mode of formation:
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different rock types related to each other by: rock cycle
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Geologists interrelate Earth processes, rock
types and physical features through global
pattern of change described by what has
become known asPlate Tectonic Theory
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Earth's brittle outer shell or lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) broken into
coherent pieces or plates that move slowly over the ductile asthenosphere
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three major plate boundary types marked by earthquakes, volcanism, or both
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plates move
apart from each
other with gap filled by molten
rock creating
new crust
divergent plate boundary
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separation marked by long mountain ranges on ocean floors and deep linear
valleys (rift zones) on continents
Mid-AtlanticRidge
East PacificRise
IndianRidge
IndianRidge
Rio GrandeRift
East AfricaRift
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convergent plate boundary plates move toward
one another and where crusts of adjacent plates have different
densities, denser plate is forced
down or subducted beneath other
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plate convergence with oceanic crust subducted beneath lower density continental crust
plate convergence
with oceanic crust subducted beneath oceanic crust
plate convergence of continental crust against continental crust
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marked by mountain belt or subduction zone with deep oceanic trench, volcanism
and inclined earthquake (Benioff) zone
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plates slide past one another
transform plate boundary
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crust neither created nor destroyed(earthquakes but no or extremely limited
volcanism)
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Plate boundary CharacteristicsBoundary Topography Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Earthquakes
divergent-types
ocean MOR basalt hydrothermal deep ocean shallow
continent cont. rift basalt & rhyolite
low-T/low P coarse clastics
shallow
convergent-types
continent-continent
mountains granites high-T/low P regional
clastics shallow intermediate
deep
continent-ocean
volcanic arc & trench
andesite high-P/low T regional
clastics shallow intermediate
deep
ocean-ocean
volcanic arc & trench
andesite high-P/low T regional
clastics shallow intermediate
deep
transform-types
ocean very little none/limited basalt
none none shallow
continent very little none/limited basalt
none none shallow intermediate