Welcome to Dr. Rathman’s

Biology 156 Class !!!

2

1st March: Part IIntro. Lecture

• Introductions• Course Syllabus• Rules and Procedures• Lab Safety Notes• Break

2

Introductions• Myself • The Class: Biology 156 Human Biology

for Allied Health• Name Plates

Be Creative !!!

Dr. Rathman

All About Me !!!

Robin J. Rathman, Ph.D.

Born in Reading, Pennsylvania

Education

University of Delaware

University of Arizona

Washington State University

Peace Corps Volunteer

Western Samoa

1981 to 1983

Research ScientistEntomologist

University of Hawaii

University of Arizona

2008...present

Biology Teacher at Cienega HS

Adjunct Biology Instructor

Pima Community College

East Campus

IntroductionsMyself • The Class: Biology 156• Index Card Name Plates

Be Creative !!!

Course Syllabus

Read through SyllabusOn Receipt of Syllabus Page:

Add: Your NameYour MajorList Previous Biology ClassesDo You Work Full Time ?

14

Bio156IN – Human Biology for Allied Health

Section code: CRN# 21289

Saturday, Sunday 8 am – 4.30 pm

Dr Robin Rathman

Email: rrathman@pima.edu

Class website:http://ecc.pima.edu/~rrathman

15

Textbook, Lab worksheets, Lecture notes and Homework questions

Textbook: Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th ed. Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn

Lab manual:• Purchase at Bookstore• YOU MUST BRING THE RELEVANT BLANK LAB WORKSHEET TO CLASS

Lecture notes:• I will post pdf files of lecture slides to the webpage

IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO COME TO CLASS PREPARED…

16

Grading

Grading Summary: Your total percentage will be assigned a grade as follows:

• Exams (3: 25 pts each) 75 pts• Quizzes (3: 15 pts each 45 pts• Lab activities (13: 5 pts each) 65 pts • Written Assignments (13: 5 pts each) 65 pts• Participation (10 pts per week) 50 pts===============================• Total 300 pts

17

Communication

1. Class web page:http://ecc.pima.edu/~rrathman

2. Email: rrathman@pima.edu

3. Office Hours – You need to approach me during class to make arrangements for us to meet before or after class. I can meet after class for up to 30 mins as needed. I can also meet before class.

Class Rules

• P1: Be prompt• P2: Be prepared• P3: Be polite

20

Safety

You should:1. Wear goggles in the lab2. Wear closed toe shoes in the lab

Lab Safety Rules

• Video on Lab Safety• Notes

Summarize

23

24

March 1st: Part 2

• Icebreaker• Science Knowledge Survey• Notes: What Science Is/Is Not• Notes: Hierarchy of Life• Lab 1: Checks Lab• Break

24

25

Icebreaker

• With a partner, communicate 5 things about yourself without speaking or writing (drawing pictures is ok). Switch roles.

• Everyone will introduce their partner verbally. Partner can make corrections and fill-in missing details

26

Science Knowledge Survey

27

What do you think scientists are like?

What is science?

28

Scientist Stereotypes

29

Scientists at U. of Arizona

30

Pseudo-science• is a body of knowledge that claims to be “scientific”

(i.e. provide insight into the physical world) but fails to comply with the scientific method

• may deliberately deceive the public for political or financial gain.

• often makes statements that cannot be tested.• often makes claims without supporting experimental

evidence.• often ignores contradicting experimental results.

What science is not.

31

Examples of pseudo-science

• Extrasensory perception • Astrology• UFO’s & Alien abductions• Creationism

What science is not.

32

What is science?

Science is…• A way of knowing about the natural world & a method for

solving problems• A process designed to reduce the chance of being misled

so as to find the most probable answer– Science does not “prove” something to be true…

Different fields ask questions about different types of natural processes.

33

What is biology?

Biology is…

34

What is biology?

Biology is…•The scientific study of life.

•Biology is defined by life level’s of organization, which extend from tiny molecules to the entire living planet.

The Study of Life

36

Biosphere:all of the environments on Earth that support life.

Ecosystem:all organisms living in a particular area (i.e. rainforest ecosystem)And…all nonliving physical components of the environment that affect the organisms (soil, water, air, etc.)

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

37

Community:all the organisms in an area

Population:An interacting group of individuals of the same species*

*Species – where’s the dictionary?

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

38

Organism:An individual living thing

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

39

Question…1. A saguaro cactus is an organism?2. Those goldfish are a population?3. We are a population?4. Together, the goldfish and we are a

population?

False True ?

40

Question…False True ?

1. A saguaro cactus is an organism? TRUE

2. Those goldfish are a population? TRUE

3. We are a population? TRUE

4. Together, the goldfish and we are a population? FALSE, a community.

41

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

42

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

43

Organ System:A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

Name an organ system in the human body.

44

Organ System:A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

Human organ systems:•Nervous•Cardiovascular•Urinary•Skeletal•Muscular•Integumentary

• Endocrine• Lymphatic and Immune• Respiratory• Digestive• Reproductive

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

45

Organ:A structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions.

Tissue:A cooperative unit of many similar cells that perform a specific function within a multicellular organism

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

46

Cell:A basic unit of living matter separated from its environment by a plasma membrane; the fundamental structural unit of life.

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

47

Molecule:A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

48

Atom:The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

Atom

Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom

49

50

The Checks Lab

• Directions: each team will be given an envelope with 16 checks inside. Do not look at the checks until I say so

• Remove 4 of the checks and place them on the lab table…Don’t show the checks to the other groups

• Read the information on the 4 checks and try to formulate a tentative hypothesis to explain the storyline

• This is your original hypothesis. Record on the worksheet

51

The Checks Lab• Remove 4 more checks and formulate a 2nd

hypothesis…to explain the storyline. Record this on the worksheet

• Remove 2 final checks and formulate a 3rd hypothesis… to explain the storyline. Record this on the worksheet.

• Don’t remove any more checks

52

The Checks Lab

• Meet with other groups to compare data…

• Formulate a final hypothesis based upon all available data. This hypothesis should explain all the events in the life of the person who wrote the checks

• Share final hypothesis with the class

53

Writing Assignment• Answer questions on the worksheet

and turn in with group member names

54

55

What Have we done ?How Have we done it ?

• Experienced the true nature of science

• Evidence can be confusing, conflicting, seemingly random…

• Scientific explanations are only tentative. New discoveries may cause us to change our hypotheses

56

57

March 1st: Part III Process of Science

• Scientific Method Notes• Strange Case of BeriBeri• Scientific Method Lab• Break

58

The process of science

• Involves:– critical thinking

– evaluation and assimilation of ideas and information

– observation

• Results in:– solutions to problems

– explanation of events that occur in nature

59

Discovery Science

e.g. sequencing the human genome

• Descriptive• Observation and measurement• Inductive reasoning

• the process of thinking in which a conclusion is made based on observation

60

Hypothesis-Driven Science

• The observations of discovery science stimulate inquiring minds to ask questions and seek explanations

• A formal process of inquiry based on the scientific method

• Deductive reasoning

61

The Scientific Method

62

What is a hypothesis?

• A hypothesis is:– Based on previous knowledge– Not fact– Meant to be tested and challenged– Meant to be refined– We all use them in everyday life

63

The Scientific Method

64

The Scientific Method

65

To evaluate a hypothesis you need:

1. Accurate data2. Method to analyze the data

66

What makes a good hypothesis

1. Testable2. Unbiased3. Verifiable4. Account for all available data

67

Null and Alternate Hypotheses

• Null hypothesis: assumes that there are no differences in the outcomes

• Alternate hypothesis: makes a prediction about the direction of difference in the outcomes

68

Controlled Experiments

• Variables are factors that influence the outcome of an experiment

• In a controlled experiment there should be only one experimental variable

• All other variables should be held constant

69

Theory• A theory is a logical explanation or model

based on observation, facts, hypotheses, experimentation, and reasoning that attempts to explain a range of natural phenomena. Theories are constantly subject to testing, modification, and refutation as new evidence and ideas emerge. Theories also have predictive capabilities that guide further investigation.

70

Scientific Method

• It is essential to understand what is and is not possible to learn through the process of science

• Science cannot answer questions about morality, faith or values

• Science can address questions about the natural world

• We are going to incorporate the scientific process into our labs throughout the semester

71

Scientific Method In Action:

The Strange Case of BeriBeri

How Penicillin Was Discovered

72

Scientific Method In Action:

• The Strange Case of BeriBeri– Problem – Hypothesis– How was the Hypothesis Tested ?– Support or Reject ?– New Hypothesis

73

Scientific Method In Action:

• Alexander Fleming and Penicillium– Problem – Hypothesis– How was the Hypothesis Tested ?– Support or Reject ?– New Hypothesis

74

Sir Alexander Fleming

75

Penicillin InhibitsStaphylococcus aureus

Penicillium mold secrets the antibiotic penicillin which inhibits the growth of the bacteria

76

Scientific Method Lab Objectives

• Learn the steps of the scientific method and how they relate to problem solving

• Practice applying the scientific method to a problem

• Define: observation, hypothesis, experimental design, analysis, conclusion, bias

77

Exercise 1: Using the Scientific Method

• Observation

• Hypothesis

• Experiment

• Results

• Analysis

• Conclusion

78

Exercise 2: Designing Your Own Experiment

• Observation

• Hypothesis

• Experiment

• Results

• Analysis

• Conclusion

79

Review Question

• In your own words describe the scientific method

• Which of the 3 statements cannot be tested with the scientific method ?

• What are the limitations of the scientific method ?

80

Scientific Method & Blood Flow Introduction

In this lab you will form a hypothesis, conduct experiments and collect and analyze data

Who was William Harvey ???

William Harvey

He discovered that blood flowed or circulated through the human body

Video: Blood Flow Theory Summarize in your notebook:

What was the prevailing theory about blood flow in the 17th century

Explain the new theory proposed by William Harvey ?

What implications did this have for medicine ?

What is your “pulse rate” ? A measure of how frequently your

heart is pumping blood through your body

What affects pulse rate ???

Blood Flow Lab Measure resting heart rate Form a hypothesis and test one of

the following: Heart rate standing Heart rate holding breath

Blood Flow Lab Prediction: How does standing up

or holding your breath affect heart rate?

Observations Explanation !

Materials and Procedure

Groups of 4 students (Assigned groups) All members of lab group need to complete

2 data tables and answers all lab questions (in notebooks).

Lab Group Assignments Materials- get lab sheets, timer, calculator

Research Director- Timer Clean-up- puts materials away

Questions Question 1 (your hypothesis) Conclusions (Q 1-3) Rubric-

2 completed data tables Answers to all questions (complete

sentences)

Class Data Resting Heart Rate Heart Rate Standing Heart Rate Holding Breath

91

92

The Mystery Box

• Goal: each team is to make a prediction about what you will see when you open the box.

• You will have to make hypotheses, run tests, record results, draw conclusions and report your predictions to the class before opening the box…

93

Experiments

• Design experiments that will give you clues as to the content of the box

• Is shaking the box an experiment ???

94

Test of a HypothesisExample

• Hypothesis: the object is round

• Test Performed: Tilt box, listen as object moves

• Observations: There is a smooth noise ending in “tock“ as the object hits the side of the box.

• Conclusion: The object is round

95

Writing Assignment• Write down your box number

• Work for 5-10 minutes and try to come to an agreement as to what you will see inside the box

• Describe your “experiment” using the “hypothesis”, “test”, “result”, “conclusion” terminology

96

After 5 minutes…

• Trade boxes with another team that was far away and could not hear your discussion

• Repeat the experimental process and again describe your “experiment” using the “hypothesis”, “test”, “result”, “conclusion” terminology.

97

98

What Have we done ?How Have we done it ?

• What are common causes of error ?

• Is luck involved ?

• Did all team members agree on every conclusion ?

• How is this activity a model for every properly done scientific study ?

99

1st June: Part 3

• Lecture Notes for Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation

• Reading Assignment/Homework/Lab for Wednesday

• Scientific Method in Action• The Check’s Lab

99

100

Notes: Chapter 1

• The Human Body: An OrientationI. Overview of Anatomy and PhysiologyII. Levels of Structural OrganizationIII. Maintaining LifeIV. Homeostasis

101

HOMEWORK

• Purchase Textbook $$$ (Edition 8)

• Bring Lab Manual to Class

• Complete “Scientific Method in Action”

• Assigned Reading for Wednesday:

– Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation (pages 1-11)

– Lab 1: Scientific Method

102

Scientific Method In Action:

The Strange Case of BeriBeri

How Penicillin Was Discovered