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![Page 1: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005
website
webpage1
webpage2
![Page 2: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Conservation Biology?An overview
![Page 3: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
“Crisis Discipline”Response to:
• Biodiversity loss
![Page 4: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Declining Biodiversity Examples• Steller’s Sea Cow• Lived in Bering Strait
(Alaska)• Grew to 35 feet long,
3.5 tons• Slow-moving, docile• Hunted to extinction by
1768, less than 30 years after it was discovered.
![Page 5: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Declining Biodiversity Examples• Bachman’s Warbler
• Neotropical migrant
• Bred in southeastern US
• Wintered in Cuban tropical forests
• Deforestation in Cuba for cane fields caused major decline in numbers
• Last seen 1989.
Print by Audubon
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Declining Biodiversity Examples• Franklin tree• Altamaha River, Georgia• Last seen in wild: 1803• Maintained in
gardens/arboreta.
Print by Audubon
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Declining Biodiversity Examples• Only parrot native to
Eastern US• Lived in large flocks in the
SE US• Foraged on grains/fruits• Declared a pest: killed in the
thousands by hunters and farmers
• Affected by deforestation as well
• Extinct by 1920.
Carolina Parakeet
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Declining Biodiversity Examples• Abundant bird in eastern
US (Canada to Gulf)• Flocks of billions of birds
described (darkened sky)• Hunted heavily in 1800s• Forests destroyed• Extinct by 1914.
Passenger Pigeon
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Declining Biodiversity Examples
• Xerces Blue Butterfly
• Inhabited sand dunes near San Francisco, CA• First North American butterfly to become extinct due to
human disturbance• Habitat destruction as city developed was main probable
cause.
![Page 10: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
“Crisis Discipline”Response to:
• Biodiversity loss
• Disruption of ecosystem functions
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Ecosystem Disruption: The Gulf of Mexico “Dead Zone”
• Runoff from agricultural fields fertilizers (and other sources) in Mississippi drainage contains nutrients
• Excessive nutrients delivered by Mississippi River to Gulf cause algal bloom
• Dead algae die, sink, decompose.
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The Gulf of Mexico “Dead Zone”
• Oxygen levels drop (hypoxia: low oxygen)
• Aerobic sea life (fish, shrimp, crabs, etc.) dies
• Bottom area affected is size of New Jersey (7,700 sq miles).
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“Crisis Discipline”Response to:
• Biodiversity loss
• Disruption of ecosystem functions
• Climate change
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Example: Bobolink• Breeds in
summer in Northern US and Canada
• Migrates to Argentina in winter.
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Climate Change and Species Distributions
ClimateEnvelope: Areaof suitable climaticconditions for a species
Will shift as global climate changes.
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Special Risk: “Island” species
• Ex, Alpine “Islands”
Lower climate limit
Orange is range ofhigh-elevation species
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Special Risk: “Island” species
• Ex, Alpine “Islands”
Lower climate limit
New lower limit afterclimate changeExtinct population
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“Crisis Discipline”Response to:
• Biodiversity loss
• Disruption of ecosystem functions
• Climate change
• Invasive species
![Page 19: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Example: Brown Tree Snake• Accidentally introduced to
Guam (between 1945 and 1952)
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Example: Brown Tree Snake• Accidentally introduced to
Guam (between 1945 and 1952)
• Snake population exploded• Extirpated by predation most
native forest vertebrates• Shorted power grids• Human hazard of snake bite
(mildly venomous: danger to small children).
![Page 21: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Example: Purple LoosestrifeWetland species
Introduced from Eurasia in early 1800s to northern US
Since 1930s, has aggressively expanded range westward and crowded out other wetland species.
![Page 22: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Example: Purple Loosestrife
• Change from 1968 to 1978. Loosestrife crowds out other wetland plants (central NY).
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“Crisis Discipline”Response to:
• Biodiversity loss
• Disruption of ecosystem functions
• Climate change
• Invasive species
• Overharvest of commercial species
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Overharvest of Atlantic Cod• Grand Banks Fishery off
Newfoundland in North Atlantic
• Overfishing and environmental fluctuation caused major population crash
• Harvest declined from 800,000 tons in 1968 to 140,000 tons in 1978
• Area closed to fishing in 1992
• May never re-open.
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“Crisis Discipline”Response to:
• Biodiversity loss
• Disruption of ecosystem functions
• Climate change
• Invasive species
• Overharvest of commercial species
• Pollution impacts on species/ecosystems
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Pollution• May not be visible
• Biomagnification may occur: concentration of pollutant increases up food chain
• Ex, DDT.
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Pollution• Ex, DDT
biomagnification
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Pollution• Ex, DDT
• Caused eggshells to break, nest success dropped
• Exs, bald eagle, peregrine falcon.
Peregrine falcon
Bald Eagle
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Pollution• Ex, DDT
• Bald eagle became federally threatened, peregrine falcon endangered
• DDT use banned in U.S.
• Recovery efforts have resulted in de-listing of peregrine falcon, proposed de-listing of eagle.
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Pollution• Lesson, don’t trust advertising…. (Time Magazine,
1947).
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“Crisis Discipline”Response to:
• Biodiversity loss
• Disruption of ecosystem functions
• Climate change
• Invasive species
• Overharvest of commercial species
• Pollution impacts on species/ecosystems
• And, #1………..Human population growth!
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Human Population Growth
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movie
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3 Goals of Conservation Biology
• Document biological diversity on Earth
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3 Goals of Conservation Biology
• Document biological diversity on Earth
• Investigate human impacts on species, communities, and ecosystems
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3 Goals of Conservation Biology
• Document biological diversity on Earth
• Investigate human impacts on species, communities, and ecosystems
• Develop ways to prevent extinction, maintain genetic diversity, and protect or restore communities and ecosystems.
![Page 36: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The New Field of Conservation Biology
• Resource Mgt.
• Agriculture• Fisheries• Forestry • Wildlife Mgt.• Park mgt.
• Conservation Biol.
• Ecology• Genetics• Evolutionary
biology• Taxonomy• Environmental
Studies• Anthropology
Field Experience
New Ideas &Approaches
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ConBio’s 5 Ethical Principles
• Preserve diversity of species/communities
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ConBio’s 5 Ethical Principles
• Preserve diversity of species/communities
• Prevent extinction of populations/species
![Page 39: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ConBio’s 5 Ethical Principles
• Preserve diversity of species/communities
• Prevent extinction of populations/species
• Maintain ecological complexity
![Page 40: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ConBio’s 5 Ethical Principles
• Preserve diversity of species/communities
• Prevent extinction of populations/species
• Maintain ecological complexity
• Allow evolution to continue
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ConBio’s 5 Ethical Principles
• Preserve diversity of species/communities
• Prevent extinction of populations/species
• Maintain ecological complexity
• Allow evolution to continue
• Recognize the intrinsic value of biological diversity.
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ConBio’s 5 Ethical Principles• Recognize the intrinsic value
of biological diversity…... Biophilia (E.O. Wilson): genetic predisposition of humans to prefer and promote biological diversity.
![Page 43: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Some ConBio History• European view was anthropocentric
• Nature created by God for humans to use
• Resulted in massive exploitation for immediate profit/use
![Page 44: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Some ConBio History• European view was anthropocentric
• Nature created by God for humans to use
• Resulted in massive exploitation for immediate profit/use
• However, there were some surprisingly early conservation efforts!.
![Page 45: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Some ConBio History• Poland 1564 • Reserve established to
protect the last population of the aurochs
• Ancestor of domestic cattle.
![Page 46: Welcome to Conservation Biology (Con Bio) 2005 website webpage1 webpage2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649db65503460f94aa8b57/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Some ConBio History• Poland 1564 • Went extinct anyway!• Breed re-created by
German scientist from European domestic cattle.
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Some ConBio History
• Poland 1564 • But reserve did save
wisent (European bison) from extinction!.
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American ConBio History• John Muir • Founder of Sierra Club• (US conservation
organization)• Preservationist ethic: set
aside areas from human impact and development
• Emphasized value of wilderness for spiritual and artistic uses.
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American ConBio History• Gifford Pinchot • First head of US Forest Service
in early 1900s• Resource conservation ethic: use
resources wisely for all society.
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American ConBio History• Gifford Pinchot • First head of US Forest Service
in early 1900s• Resource conservation ethic: use
resources wisely for all society• Quote: “greatest good of the
greatest number in the long run”• Legacy is “multiple use”
philosophy for government lands.
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American ConBio History• Aldo Leopold • Evolutionary-ecological land
ethic: • Management should maintain
ecological processes and ecosystem health
• Humans part of ecosystems rather than apart from them
• Proper management can enhance diversity even beyond that of natural communities.
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American ConBio History• Aldo Leopold • Evolutionary-ecological land
ethic: • Recent “spin” on this is
“reconciliation ecology” (Rosenzweig 2001)
• Seeks how to modify human-dominated habitats to allow humans to share our range with other species.
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ConBio Today• Well-established in science and government
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ConBio Today• Well-established in science and government• Needs more attention by public
• 2001-2002 was International Biodiversity Observation Year
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ConBio Today• Well-established in science and government• Needs more attention by public
• 2001-2002 was International Biodiversity Observation Year
• Needs more young and enthusiastic minds…yours??