Welcome to Cells and Heredity

Weekly Lab – scientific tools and scientific

exploration

If you have a certain volume of water will it have a corresponding mass?

Is the relationship between water volume and mass linear?Does the mass of water change depending on

the volume?

Tools:BeakersTriple Beam BalancesWaterGraph paper

Cells and heredity…The genetics of life!

What makes something living?

BioticAbility to develop and growAbility to respond to the environmentAbility to reproduceTHEN…

Made of CELLS

CHARACTERISTICS of living organisms

What are the internal structures of a cell?

Organelles and their functions in the cell…

MitochondriaChloroplastsCell wall Lysosomes

Cell membraneCytoplasm

Central vacuoleRibosomesNucleus

Any of a number of organized or specialized

structures within a living cell.

Examples include:

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

PlantsCentral vacuoleChloroplastCell wall

Animalslysosome

Using technology in the science classroom

-Check out ipad

-open the app “explain everything” to develop a video explaining the function and purpose of organelles in a cell

-include information on the difference between plant and animal cells.

Cell Theory states that…

Every living thing is made of one or more cells

Cells carry out the functions needed to support life

Cells come from other living cells

1

2

3

Unicellular Multicellular

Unicellular organisms

Multicellular organisms

Can survive on their own

Small…bacteria…algae…amoebae

One cell

Larger…many cells…specialized…

different types of cells

Metric REVIEW

LITERSGRAMSMETERSCELCIUS

LIQUIDWEIGHTAREAPERIMETER

Diffusion and Osmosis?

Weekly Lab – Osmosis

Why is it important that materials be able to move in and out of a cell??

How do materials move into and out of cells?

Tools:EggsVinegarPlastic cupData sheetTriple bean balance

STEPS:Weigh cupWeigh cup and eggDetermine starting weight of eggPlace egg in vinegarRecord weight of egg in data sheet

The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Atoms and small molecules can move across a cell membrane by diffusion

Diffusion

Not just as a liquid…

Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of the movement of water from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a cell membrane or other semi-permeable membrane until an equilibrium is reached.

Active Transport

Passive Transport

The movement of materials in and out of a cell, without

using any of the cells energy.

EXAMPLE - Diffusion

The movement of materials in and out of a cell, using the

cells energy.

EXAMPLE – Sweating (removal of salts)

ENDOCYTOSIS & EXCOCYTOSIS

Welcome to a-sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent

only

Cells are broken down into two groups

Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells

-Genetic material in nucleus

-Organelles

-Predominantly multicellular

Genetic material in cytoplasmNo organelles

Mostly unicellular organisms

A-Sexual ReproductionThe identical creation of a

new cell/structure

can live separately yet genetically identical to the parent.

In unicellular organisms Cell Division = Reproduction

Mitosis

Budding Single cells - yeast

Multi-cellular - Hydra

Binary FissionIn simple terms, splitting in two…

Prokaryotes – split in two EX: bacteriaEukaryotic organisms – separate and independent EX: algae / paramecium

Regeneration in Northern Sea Star

Cell division - A sexual

Mitosis – a-sexual cell division

InterphaseMitosisCytokinesis

Mitosis…

The second part of the cell cycle, as the chromosomes divide and split

With multi-cellular

organisms, new cells are unable to live alone, they become part of the original

structure.

GROWTH&

REPAIR

Part of the cell cycle

Cellular ReproductionMitosis

Meiosis

= a-sexual

= sexual cell division

HUMANS – (organism)

Multicellular

Has nucleus in cells

Eukaryotic

Bacteria – (organism)

Unicellular

No nucleusDNA in Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic

MitosisOr skin….

MeiosisProducing a genetically different offspring

New organism from two parents

Cloned organism from one parent

REVIEW

CELL DIVISION

New Organism

Sexual

Meiosis

Daughter Cell (clone)

A-sexual

Mitosis

The Cell Cycle has three main parts…

Mitosis

Growth and Repair

Mitosis causes growth and repair by providing more identical cells to replace old, damaged or missing cells for repair or to produce more tissue for growth.

WHY Mitosis

Cell division has the ability to create new cells and is a simplistic way of cell reproduction. The cell copies themselves reproducing and creating a identical daughter cell.

The ability to do this gives the cells the ability to repair things such as…?

What is Growth and Repair?

Growth, repair or both?

Growth, repair or both?

Growth, repair or both?

Growth, repair or both?

Growth, repair or both?

Growth, repair or both?

Welcome to meiosis

What is mitosis again?

Meiosis =

sexual cell division with the purpose of developing a new individual offspring

TERMINOLOGYSperm

EggGamete

fertilization

ONLY in reproductive tissues?

REPRODUCTION

Web Quest – In teams of two

-Find a working definition for meiosis and convert to your words

-Build graphic organizer to show definitions for at least five terms

-Develop definition to compare meiosis to mitosis

What is meiosis?

• Sexual reproduction of diploid cells which creates four haploid daughter cells. These daughter cells become either sperm or eggs (gametes).

What is fertilization?

• The combining of egg and sperm (gametes) to create a zygote (new being)

Genetics

Dominant Traits-Brown EyesDark hairUnattached earlobesDimplesFrecklesCan roll tongueLeft over right thumbWidows Peak

Recessive Traits-Blue EyesBlond/red hairAttached earlobesNo DimplesNo FrecklesCan’t roll tongueRight over left thumbNo Widows Peak

The Punnett Square … Determining Heredity

Gregor Mendel

1822-1884

Looking at traits

Why is there a brown chicken?

BLOOD

Blood is a combination of plasma (watery liquid) and cells that float in it. It is a specialized bodily fluid that supplies essentials substances and nutrients, such as sugar, oxygen, and hormones to our cells, and carries waste away from those cells, this waste is eventually flushed out of the body in urine, feces, sweat, and lungs (carbon dioxide). Blood also contains clotting agents.

Blood type is determined by proteins called antigens:

Three types of blood cells:

RED – most abundant, responsible for carrying O2 to the cells in the body

WHITE – part of immune system that keeps us healthy in killing destructive agents to the body

PLATLETS – The clotting parts that seal wounds

Four Possible Blood Types

The ABO blood type classification system uses the presence distinct molecules called

agglutinogensor absence of these molecules to categorize blood into four types:

Type O blood is the recessive allele

BLOOD TYPE IS GENETIC

The A and B antigen molecules on the surface of red blood cells are produced by two different enzymes. These two enzymes are encoded by different versions, or alleles, of the same gene: A and B.The A and B alleles code for enzymes that produce the type A and B antigens respectively.

A third version of this gene, the O allele, codes for a protein that is not functional and does not produce surface molecules. (recessive)

Two copies of the gene are inherited, one from each parent. The possible combinations of alleles produce blood types in the following way:

How white blood cells are formed

Blood cells – white blood cells

Terminology

Plasma - 55% of total blood volume– holds blood in suspension and 92% by volume water

Antibodies - a blood protein produced by white blood cells to combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

Antigen – the foreign substance being attacked by antibodies

DNA intro and review

DNA =

The information molecule

Replication produces two identical molecules of DNA

DNA

The hereditary material in humans and almost all other

organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same

DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell’s nucleus

(where it is called nuclear DNA)

Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same

in all people.

Parts of the double helix

DNA base pairs –Cytosine & GuanineAdenine & Thymine

Phosphates and sugar

The pairs are always together, their order on the DNA molecule is

what changes

GENES- Chromosomes - DNA

DNA CRITERIA

• Explain before you begin:– What are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine– How are they paired?

• Open DNA Damage• Write ALL information that is given to you

Mutations A change in DNA, the heredity material of life. An organism’s DNA affects how it looks, behaves and

its physiology.

mutations - change

UNIT EXAM