Welcome to Astronomy 101 - Texas A&M...
Transcript of Welcome to Astronomy 101 - Texas A&M...
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Welcome to Astronomy 101
Course Instructor: Prof. Darren L. DePoyCourse TA: B SalmonCourse TA: B. SalmonSuggested Textbook:
B tt D h S h id & V itBennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit: The Essential Cosmic Perspective 7th ed.
Web Site:http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/depoy/astr101.html
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TextbookTextbookThe Essential Cosmic Perspective 7th
by Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & VoitReadings will be from Chapters 1 through 18g p g
• Will be skipping some extraneous or overly detailed sections.
• Readings are assigned by topic rather than by lecture
• Lecture sequence may not follow book
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In-Class Exams
3 in-class exams:• On the material since the last examOn the material since the last exam• closed-book, closed-notes• Comprise 60% of course grade• Comprise 60% of course grade• graded on a curve
Febr ar 12 March 12 & April 16• February 12, March 12, & April 16• Makeup exams will be different
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Final Exam
• Comprehensive & Cumulative• Closed-book, Closed-notes• Worth 30% of final course grade.• Tuesday, May 12, 1-3pm MPHYS 204y, y , p
No Makeup Finals
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Homework & In-classHomework & In class assignments
• Problems and exercises that extend material covered in class
• Cooperative and collaborative work encouraged
• Worth 10% of final course grade• Any assignments turned in late will given
significantly reduced score• Will be assigned and due throughout the
semester
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Course Websitehttp://people.physics.tamu.edu/depoy/astro101.html
ContentsContents• All course handouts
O li L t N t• Online Lecture Notes• Quiz results
• Not individual, but ensemble performance and curve
• Links for Further Exploration• Should be up and active by Wednesday
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OOnline Lecture Notes
Outlines of the electronic overheads shown in class.
Posted to the website each week in advanceadvance.
Includes lecture graphics & computer animationsanimations.
They’re free...
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OOffice Hours, etc.Office Hours: TTh 8-10:30amOffice: MIST 420E-mail is much better!
[email protected] prompt answers to all questions big or small!
Teaching Assistant is Brett SalmonTeaching Assistant is Brett [email protected] 313WF 11-12pm
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Lecture 1:Lecture 1:IntroductionIntroduction
Astronomy 101
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What is astronomy?“ t ” t“astron” = star“nomos” = law
Astronomy is the science of stars and clusters of stars, galaxies and clusters of
l i l t “d f l t ” d th igalaxies, planets, “dwarf planets” and their satellites, asteroids and comets, interstellar gas and dust and everything else in thegas and dust, and everything else in the Universe
A lot to cover in one semesterA lot to cover in one semester…
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“The most incomprehensible thing about the Universe is that it is comprehensible ”comprehensible.
Albert Einstein
Lecture 1: Introduction
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“It will seem difficult at firstIt will seem difficult at first, but everything is difficult at first.”y g ff f
Miyamoto MusashiTh B k f Fi RiThe Book of Five Rings
Lecture 1: Introduction
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QThree Questions:
1) What is it?– Describe it: how bright, far, energetic, etc.Describe it: how bright, far, energetic, etc.
2) How does it work?)– Underlying Physics (testable theories)
3) How does it evolve?– How does it form, develop & end its
Lecture 1: Introduction
o does o , de e op & e d sexistence?
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Main Topics: • The Night Sky
History of Astronomy & Science• History of Astronomy & Science• Light and Matter• The Solar System• Structure and Evolution of Stars• Structure and Evolution of Galaxies• Structure and Evolution of the Universe• Frontiers of Modern Astronomy
Lecture 1: Introduction
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The Night Sky
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The Night Sky
• Observed motions of the sky• Definitions of day year etcDefinitions of day, year, etc.• Seasons
N i ti• Navigation• Long term changes
Lecture 1: Introduction
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History of Astronomy
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The History of Astronomy
• Ancient Observatories and Measurements• Tycho, Kepler, Copernicusy p p• Galileo• Newton• Development of the Scientific Method
Lecture 1: Introduction
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Light and Matter
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Light & Matter
• Light– PhotonsPhotons– Wavelengths and energies
• Matter• Matter– Fundamental particles
F• Forces– Four fundamental forces
Lecture 1: Introduction
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Solar Systemy
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The Solar System
• Terrestrial planets• Jovian planetsJovian planets• Other stuff
A t id– Asteroids– Comets
D f l t– Dwarf planets• Formation of the Solar System
Lecture 1: Introduction
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The Structure andEvolution ofEvolution of
StarsS a s
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The Structure & Evolution of Stars
• Observed properties of stars– distances, motions, brightness, temperature, etc.g p
• Physics of stars– internal structure– sources of energy
• Stellar EvolutionStellar Evolution– formation, development, and final states
Lecture 1: Introduction
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The Structure and Evolution of GalaxiesGalaxies
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The Structure & Evolution ofThe Structure & Evolution of Galaxies
• Observed properties of Galaxies– distances, sizes, shapes– constituents (stars, gas, and dark matter)
• Physics of Galaxiesy– structure and dynamics
• Evolution of GalaxiesEvolution of Galaxies– star formation histories– interactions with other galaxies
Lecture 1: Introduction
g
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The Structure and Evolution of h U ithe Universe
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The Structure & Evolution of theThe Structure & Evolution of the Universe
• Observed Characteristics– size, age, constituentssize, age, constituents
• Physics of the Universespace time and gravitation– space, time, and gravitation
• Evolution of the Universeorigin of the Universe– origin of the Universe
– development (Big Bang theory)– fate of the Universe
Lecture 1: Introduction
fate of the Universe
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Frontiers of ModernFrontiers of Modern Astronomyy
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Frontiers of Modern Astronomy
• What is Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
• Are there other planets in the Galaxy?
• Are There Giant Black Holes in Galactic
Nuclei?Nuclei?
Lecture 1: Introduction
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Lecture 1: Introduction
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The Challenges of Astronomy• We can’t “touch”, we can only observe.• Vast, unbridgeable distancesg
– hard to measure distances accurately– sometimes hard to measure distances at
all!all!• Long times (millions & billions of years)
properties of “populations” of objects– properties of “populations” of objects– cosmic “lookback”: distance=time
Lecture 1: Introduction
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Planet: The Earth
13 000 kil t13,000 kilometers across
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Satellite: The Moon
380,000 kilometers away3,500 kilometers across
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Star: The Sun
150 million kilometers away1.4 million kilometers across
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Cluster of Stars: The Pleiades
430 light-years away430 light years away15 light-years across
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Gas & Dust: The Lagoon Nebula
5000 light-years away50 light-years across
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Galaxy: The Andromeda Galaxy
2,200,200 light-years away80 000 li ht80,000 light-years across
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Cluster of Galaxies: Coma
320 million light-years away10 million light-years across
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A Sense of Scale
proton 10-15 mhydrogen atom 10-10 mthi k f h h i 18 t 180 i (10 6 )thickness of human hair 18 to 180 microns (10-6 m)human 2 mmedium sized town 10 km (104 m)
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Earth diameter ~104 km = 107 mdistance from Earth to Sun 1.5 X 1011 mdistance from Earth to Sun 1.5 X 10 mdistances to nearest stars 1017 msize of Milky Way galaxy ~1021 mLocal Group of galaxies 5 X 1023 mLocal Group of galaxies 5 X 1023 mradius of observable universe 1.4 X 1026 m
Sometimes we like to use different units:1 mile = 1.609347 kilometersmean Earth Sun distance = 1 Astronomical Unitmean Earth-Sun distance = 1 Astronomical Unit1 light-year = distance that light travels in one year (roughly6 trillion miles)
Will define a new unit called a “parsec” that will be usefulRoughly 3 light-years
Will discuss objects that are very close to as far awayAs possible to get: 13 Billion light years!