“It is still in the lap of the gods whether a society can succeed which is based on ‘civil liberties and human rights’…but of one thing we may be sure: the alternatives that have so far appeared

have been immeasurably worse.” -- Learned Hand

PLEASE JOIN OUR REMIND GROUP!!! TEXT @cav2021ap to 81010 AP MACROGAP BOOTCAMP: TBA (EARN GRADE POINTS AND BUILD A FOUNDATION FOR YEARLONG SUCCESS!!)

W e l c o m e t o A P G o v e r n m e n t & P o l i t i c s ! ! S u m m e r H o m e w o r k A s s i g n m e n t s :

ASSIGNMENT ONE (REQUIRED): EQUIP YOURSELF FOR SUCCESS! Read “The Constitution, Briefly” (or the whole thing, which you can find online, at the

library, or any one of a number of other places ) and “Key Constitutional Clauses” Read the “Important SCOTUS Cases” overview It is STRONGLY, EMPHATICALLY SUGGESTED that you make flashcards (either old-

school paper ones or Quizlet versions) for each of the Constitutional amendments, key clauses, and SCOTUS cases. Consider also including a picture conveying the main idea for each to help you remember it!

I know that feels like a lot of work. It is. (Especially if you wait until the last days of August to undertake it!) However, if you put a high-quality effort into it, this endeavor will enable you to be more successful throughout the year and on the AP exam. Your AP GAP forefathers and foremothers indicate resoundingly that this was an incredibly helpful undertaking.

ASSIGNMENT TWO (REQUIRED): LEARN THE BUILDING BLOCKS! Study and memorize the data on the attached chart, which is the basic foundation

for everything we’ll study in much, MUCH greater detail over the course of the course. You will have a quiz on the first day of school that will require you to know all of the

information on the chart, as well as the Constitutional amendments and basic powers of and checks and balances between the three branches of gov.

A blank chart and blank amendments matching sheet are for your practice/preparation usage Please join the Remind group (text cav1920ap to 81010) for our course! Updates/info will be sent out throughout the year. If you are someone who likes to take your time with more challenging reading, you might consider getting a jump start on

the required court cases and foundational documents for our course. You can see me for an early course reader checkout!

ASSIGNMENT THREE (SUGGESTED): APPLY CONTENT TO THE REAL WORLD! Engage in some of the reading and other activities suggested on reverse.

ASSIGNMENT FOUR (REQUIRED): ENJOY SOME SELF-INDULGENT SUMMERTIME! Your upcoming senior year will be exciting, exhilarating, rewarding, and all-around

awesometastic. It will also be academically demanding and probably exhausting at times. REST UP; build a stockpile of happiness and relaxation that you can draw upon when we hit the ground running on the FIRST DAY OF YOUR SENIOR YEAR!

If you have questions as you work through these tasks over the summer, I can be reached via email at scavalluzzi@pylusd.org (please note that there are 2 “l”s and 2 “z”s in “Cavalluzzi”). If you email me at 11:00 p.m. the night before school starts, however, I will probably not respond in time to be much help to you. Have fun! Happy learning!

MR. LUCAS’S AP ECON SUMMER WORK IS NOT INCLUDED ABOVE. IT’S ON ITS OWN PAGES LATER IN THIS PACKET. PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU COMPLETE HIS WORK, TOO!

S U G G E S T E D S U M M E R A C T I V I T I E S F O R A P G A P :

Reading (any of the below; whatever piques your interest. Yay for newspapers and newsmagazines too!): ABOUT CAMPAIGNS &/OR PEOPLE WHO WORK IN POLITICS: All’s Fair: Love, War, and Running for President by James Carville and Mary Matalin Bad Boy: The Life and Politics of Lee Atwater by John Brady The Candidate: What it Takes to Win - and Hold - the White House by Samuel L. Popkin Collision 2012: Obama vs. Romney and the Future of Elections in America by Dan Balz Double Down: Game Change 2012 by Mark Halperin and John Heilemann The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election by John Sides Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime by John Heilemann and Mark Halperin Love & War: Twenty Years, Three Presidents, Two Daughters and One Louisiana Home by James Carville and Mary Matalin

ABOUT THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH &/OR ITS ACTIONS:: All Too Human: A Political Education by George Stephanopoulos Behind the Scenes in the Lincoln White House: Memoirs of an African-American Seamstress by Elizabeth Keckley Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House by Peter Baker. Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War by Robert M Gates Fair Game: My Life as a Spy, My Betrayal by the White House by Valerie Plame Wilson Five Days in November by Clint Hill The Investigator: Fifty Years of Uncovering the Truth by Terry Lenzner. Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10 by Marcus Luttrell The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves, and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History by Robert M. Edsel The Presidents Club: Inside the World's Most Exclusive Fraternity by Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies by J. B. West What Jefferson Read, Ike Watched, and Obama Tweeted: 200 Years of Popular Culture in the White House by Tevi Troy What I Saw at the Revolution by Peggy Noonan

ABOUT THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH &/OR ITS ACTIONS: Government Bullies: How Everyday Americans are Being Harassed, Abused, and Imprisoned by the Feds by Rand Paul Know Your Power: A Message to America's Daughters by Nancy Pelosi The Politics of Abundance: How Technology Can Fix the Budget, Revive the American Dream, & Establish Obama's Legacy by Reed Hundt & Blair Levin. Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power by Steve Coll. This Town: Two Parties and a Funeral-Plus, Plenty of Valet Parking!-in America's Gilded Capital by Mark Leibovich Tip and the Gipper: When Politics Worked by Chris Matthews Who Stole the American Dream? By Hendrick Smith

ABOUT THE JUDICIAL BRANCH &/OR THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: Courtroom 302: A Year Behind the Scenes in an American Criminal Courthouse Hardcover by Steve Bogira Let's Get Free: A Hip-Hop Theory of Justice by Paul Butler Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison by Piper Kerman

Viewing/Listening: At least twice a week, watch the news. Try a variety of channels and compare their reporting. At least once this summer, check out C-SPAN for a little while. Watch The Daily Show and/or the Closer Look portion of Late Night with Seth Myers Watch This Week with George Stephanopolous (on ABC Sunday mornings) and/or some of the other Sunday morning political talk shows Watch Last Week Tonight with Jon Oliver (warning: It’s HBO. So, you know, earmuffs Ditto Full Frontal w Samantha Bee on TBS) Netflix The West Wing or Parks and Recreation Follow some political people on Twitter and check out some political podcasts

If You are Really, Really Super Motivated and Want to Make an Outstanding First Impression: Attend a criminal court proceeding Attend a City Council meeting Choose some of your own government-related reading

“To read is to fly: it is to soar to a point of vantage

which gives a view over wide terrains of history, human variety, ideas,

shared experience and the fruits of many inquiries” - A.C. Grayling

“Give me a man or woman who has read a thousand books and

you give me an interesting companion.

Give me a man or woman who has read perhaps three and

you give me a dangerous enemy

indeed” – Anne Rice

TTTTHE HE HE HE CCCCONSTITUTIONONSTITUTIONONSTITUTIONONSTITUTION,,,, BBBBRIEFLYRIEFLYRIEFLYRIEFLY!!!! ((((HTTPHTTPHTTPHTTP://://://://USCONSTITUTIONUSCONSTITUTIONUSCONSTITUTIONUSCONSTITUTION....NETNETNETNET////CONSTQUICKCONSTQUICKCONSTQUICKCONSTQUICK....HTMLHTMLHTMLHTML))))

The PPPPREAMBLEREAMBLEREAMBLEREAMBLE to the Constitution has no force in law; instead, it establishes the "Why" of the Constitution. Why is this document in existence? It reflects the desires of the Framers to improve on the government they currently had (to be "more perfect" than the Articles of Confederation), to ensure that that government would be just, and would protect its citizens from internal strife and from attack from the outside. It would be of benefit to the people, rather than to its detriment. And, perhaps as importantly, it intended to do the same for the future generations of Americans.

AAAARTICLE RTICLE RTICLE RTICLE 1111 ESTABLISHES THE FIR ESTABLISHES THE FIR ESTABLISHES THE FIR ESTABLISHES THE FIRST OF THE THREE BRANST OF THE THREE BRANST OF THE THREE BRANST OF THE THREE BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMECHES OF THE GOVERNMECHES OF THE GOVERNMECHES OF THE GOVERNMENTNTNTNT,,,, THE THE THE THE LLLLEGISLATUREEGISLATUREEGISLATUREEGISLATURE.... � Section 1 establishes the name of the Legislature to be The Congress, a bicameral, or two-part, body. � Section 2 defines the House of Representatives, known as the lower house of Congress. It establishes a

few minimum requirements, like a 25-year-old age limit, and establishes that the people themselves will elect the members for two years each. The members of the House are divided among the states proportionally, or according to size, giving more populous states more representatives in the House. The leader of the House is the Speaker of the House, chosen by the members.

� Section 3 defines the upper house of Congress, the Senate. Again, it establishes some minimum requirements, such as a 30-year-old age limit. Senators were originally appointed by the legislatures of the individual states, though this later changed. They serve for six years each. Each state has equal suffrage in the Senate, meaning that each state has the exact same number of Senators, two each, regardless of the population. This Section introduces the Vice-President, who is the leader of the Senate (called the President of the Senate); the Vice-President does not vote unless there is a tie.

� Section 4 says that each state may establish its own methods for electing members of the Congress, and mandates, or requires, that Congress must meet at least once per year.

� Section 5 says that Congress must have a minimum number of members present in order to meet, and that it may set fines for members who do not show up. It says that members may be expelled, that each house must keep a journal to record proceedings and votes, and that neither house can adjourn without the permission of the other.

� Section 6 establishes that members of Congress will be paid, that they cannot be detained while traveling to and from Congress, that they cannot hold any other office in the government while in the Congress.

� Section 7 details how bills become law. First, any bill for raising money (such as by taxes or fees) must start out in the House. All bills must pass both houses of Congress in the exact same form. Bills that pass both houses are sent to the President. He can either sign the bill, in which case it becomes law, or he can veto it. In the case of a veto, the bill is sent back to Congress, and if both houses pass it by a two-thirds majority, the bill becomes law over the President's veto. This is known as overriding a veto.

� There are a couple more options for the President. First, if he neither vetoes a bill nor signs it, it becomes a law without his signature after 10 days. The second option is called a pocket veto. It occurs if Congress sends the bill to the President and they then adjourn. If the President does not sign the bill within 10 days, it does not become law.

� Section 8 lists specific powers of Congress, including the power to establish and maintain an army and navy, to establish post offices, to create courts, to regulate commerce between the states, to declare war, and to raise money. It also includes a clause known as the Elastic Clause which allows it to pass any law necessary for the carrying out of the previously listed powers.

� Section 9 places certain limits on Congress. Certain legal items, such as suspension of habeas corpus, bills of attainder, and ex post facto laws are prohibited. No law can give preference to one state over another; no money can be taken from the treasury except by duly passed law, and no title of nobility, such as Prince or Marquis, will ever be established by the government.

� Section 10, finally, prohibits the states from several things. They cannot make their own money, or declare war, or do most of the other things prohibited Congress in Section 9. They cannot tax goods from other states, nor can they have navies.

ARTICLE 2 ESTABLISHES THE SECOND OF THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT, THE EXECUTIVE. � Section 1 establishes the office of the President and the Vice-President, and sets their terms to be four

years. Presidents are elected by the Electoral College, whereby each state has one vote for each member of Congress. Originally, the President was the person with the most votes and the Vice-President was the person with the second most, though this is later changed. Certain minimum requirements are established again, such as a 35-year minimum age. Presidents must also be a natural-born citizen of the United States. The President is to be paid a salary, which cannot change, up or down, as long as he in is office.

� Section 2 gives the President some important powers. He is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and of the militia (National Guard) of all the states; he has a Cabinet to aid him, and can pardon criminals. He makes treaties with other nations, and picks many of the judges and other members of the government (all with the approval of the Senate).

� Section 3 establishes the duties of the President: to give a state of the union address, to make suggestions to Congress, to act as head of state by receiving ambassadors and other heads of state, and to be sure the laws of the United States are carried out.

� Section 4 briefly discusses the removal of the President, called impeachment.

ARTICLE 3 ESTABLISHES THE LAST OF THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT, THE JUDICIARY. � Section 1 establishes the Supreme Court, the highest court in the United States. It also sets the terms

of judges, of both the Supreme Court and lower courts: that they serve as long as they are on "good behavior," which usually means for life (no Justice and only a few judges have ever been impeached). It also requires that judges shall be paid.

� Section 2 sets the kinds of cases that may be heard by the federal judiciary, which cases the Supreme Court may hear first (called original jurisdiction), and that all other cases heard by the Supreme Court are by appeal. It also guarantees trial by jury in criminal court.

� Section 3 defines, without any question, what the crime of treason is.

ARTICLE 4 CONCERNS THE STATES. � Section 1 mandates that all states will honor the laws of all other states; this ensures, for example,

that a couple married in Florida is also considered married by Arizona, or that someone convicted of a crime in Virginia is considered guilty by Wyoming.

� Section 2 guarantees that citizens of one state be treated equally and fairly like all citizens of another. It also says that if a person accused of a crime in one state flees to another, they will be returned to the state they fled from. This section also has a clause dealing with fugitive slaves that no longer applies.

� Section 3 concerns the admittance of new states and the control of federal lands. � Section 4 ensures a republican form of government (which, in this case, is synonymous with

"representative democracy," and both of which are opposed to a monarchical or aristocratic scheme - the state derives its power from the people, not from a king or gentry) and guarantees that the federal government will protect the states against invasion and insurrection.

ARTICLE 5 DETAILS THE METHOD OF AMENDING, OR CHANGING, THE CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE 6 CONCERNS THE UNITED STATES ITSELF. � First, it guarantees that the United States under the Constitution would assume all debts and

contracts entered into by the United States under the Articles of Confederation. � It sets the Constitution and all laws and treaties of the United States to be the supreme law of the

country. � Finally, it requires all officers of the United States and of the states to swear an oath of allegiance to

the United States and the Constitution when taking office.

ARTICLE 7 DETAILS THE METHOD FOR RATIFICATION, or acceptance, of the Constitution: of the original 13 states in the United States, nine had to accept the Constitution before it would officially go into effect.

TTTTHE HE HE HE AAAAMENMENMENMENDMENTSDMENTSDMENTSDMENTS The first ten amendments to the Constitution were all adopted at the same time and are collectively known as the Bill of Rights. � The 1st Amendment protects the people's right to practice religion, to speak freely, to assemble (meet),

to address (petition) the government, and of the press to publish. � The 2nd Amendment protects the right to own guns. There is debate whether this is a right that

protects the state, or a right that protects individuals. � The 3rd Amendment guarantees that the army cannot force homeowners to give them room and board. � The 4th Amendment protects the people from the government improperly taking property, papers, or

people, without a valid warrant based on probable cause (good reason). � The 5th Amendment requires that people must be properly indicted before being held for committing a

crime, may not be tried twice for the same crime, need not be forced to testify against themselves, and that property not be taken without just compensation. It also contains due process guarantees.

� The 6th Amendment guarantees a speedy trial, an impartial jury, that the accused can confront witnesses against them, and that the accused must be allowed to have a lawyer.

� The 7th Amendment guarantees a jury trial in federal civil court cases. This type of case is normally no longer heard in federal court.

� The 8th Amendment guarantees that punishments will be fair, and not cruel, and that extraordinarily large fines will not be set.

� The 9th Amendment is simply a statement that other rights aside from those listed may exist, and just because they are not listed doesn't mean they can be violated.

� The 10th Amendment is the subject of some debate, but essentially it states that any power not granted to the federal government belongs to the states or to the people.

� The 11th Amendment more clearly defines the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court concerning a suit brought against a state by a citizen of another state.

� The 12th Amendment redefines how the President and Vice-President are chosen by the Electoral College, making the two positions cooperative, rather than first and second highest vote-getters. It also ensures that anyone who becomes Vice-President must be eligible to become President.

� The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the entire United States. � The 14th Amendment ensured that all citizens of all states enjoyed not only rights on the federal level,

but on the state level, too. It removed the three-fifths counting of slaves in the census. It ensured that the United States would not pay the debts of rebellious states. It also had several measures designed to ensure the loyalty of legislators who participated on the Confederate side of the Civil War.

� The 15th Amendment ensures that race cannot be used as a criteria for voting. � The 16th Amendment authorizes the United States to collect income tax without regard to the

population of the states. � The 17th Amendment said Senators would be chosen by the people of the states (not state legislatures). � The 18th Amendment abolished the sale or manufacture of alcohol in the United States. This amendment

was later repealed (erased). � The 19th Amendment ensures that gender cannot be used as a criteria for voting. � The 20th Amendment set new start dates for the terms of the Congress and the President, and

clarifies how the deaths of Presidents before swearing-in would be handled. � The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment. � The 22nd Amendment set a limit on the number of times a President could be elected - two four-year

terms. It has one exception for a Vice-President who assumes the Presidency after the death or removal of the President, establishing the maximum term of any President to 10 years.

� The 23rd Amendment grants the District of Columbia (Washington D.C.) three Presidential electors. � The 24th Amendment ensured that no tax could be charged to vote for any federal office. � The 25th Amendment clarifies even further the line of succession to the Presidency, and establishes

rules for a President who becomes unable to perform his duties while in office. � The 26th Amendment ensures that any person 18 or over may vote. � The 27th Amendment requires that any law that increased the pay of legislators may not take effect

until after an election.

KEY CONSTITUTIONAL CLAUSES

Bill of Attainder Clause Article I, §9, clause 3: No bill of attainder ... shall be passed Translation: Congress cannot pass a law that singles out a person for punishment without trial Commerce Clause Article I, §8, clause 3: The Congress shall have power ... to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes Translation: Congress can regulate trade between nations, between states, and among Indian tribes. Contracts Clause Article I, §10, clause 1: No state shall... pass any... law impairing the obligation of contracts... Translation: No state can interfere with the execution of contracts. For example, a state could not pass a law that declares all debts to be null and void Due Process Clause 5th Amendment: No person shall... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law Translation: The national government must observe fair procedures when it denies a person life, liberty, or property Due Process Clause 14th Amendment: ...nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law Translation: State governments must observe fair procedures when they deny a person life, liberty, or property Elastic Clause Article I, §8, clause 18: The Congress shall have power... to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers... Translation: Congress can exercise powers not specifically stated in the Constitution if those powers are "necessary and proper" for carrying out its expressed powers that are specifically stated. Equal Protection Clause 14th Amendment: ...nor shall any state... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws Translation: States cannot unreasonably discriminate against individuals. The must treat people "equally". Establishment Clause 1st Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. Translation: Congress cannot establish an "official" religion. This, in effect, provides for separation of church and state. Ex Post Facto Clause Article I, §9, clause 3: No... ex post facto law shall be passed. Translation: Congress cannot pass a law that punishes a person retroactively, i.e., after the fact. In other words, a person cannot be punished for something he/she did that was not a crime when committed Extradition Clause Article IV, §2, clause 2: A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. Translation: An accused person who flees to another state must be returned to the state in which he/she allegedly committed the crime.

Free Exercise Clause 1st Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof... Translation: Congress cannot pass laws that ban or unreasonably limit freedom of worship. Full Faith and Credit Clause Article IV, §1: Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Translation: A state must recognize the validity of the public acts, records, and court decisions of other states. For example, a state must recognize as valid the birth certificate issued by another state. Preamble: We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Translation: This introduction to the Constitution identifies its broad purposes. Privileges & Immunities Clause Article IV §2, clause 1: The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. Translation: A state cannot unreasonably discriminate against citizens of other sates. Reserved Power Clause 10th Amendment: The powers not delegated to the Untied States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Translation: Any power that is not granted to the national government, or denied to the states, automatically reverts to the states. Search & Seizure Clause 4th Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Translation: This is a protection against unreasonable search and seizure. The authorities do not have a general power to search and arrest individuals at any time, at any place, and in any manner; rather, they can only do so according to specified procedures that must be "reasonable." Supremacy Clause Article VI, clause 2: This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United Sates, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Translation: Federal law is supreme over state law. Takings Clause 5th Amendment: ...nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Translation: Government can take private property for a public purpose, but it must provide fair compensation to the owners of that property.

GUIDE TO IMPORTANT SCOTUS CASES FROM ERIC STOERMER (EDHS 2013; USNA 2018) (with some Cav addenda)

CASE YEAR ISSUE FACTS RULING

Abington School District v. Schempp

1963 Freedom of Speech, Religion

(Establishment Clause)

PA public schools required reading 10 Bible verses. Students could be excused

by parent note

Devotional religious activity in the classroom is a violation of the Establishment Clause

Baker v. Carr 1962

Civil Rights, Reapportionment

(Equal Protection Clause; 14th Amendment)

1901 law to reapportion seats of state's General Assembly ignored in Tennessee

All state legislative districts must be as near equal in population as possible (“one man, one vote”); a subsequent case, Wesberry v. Sanders, applied the same principle to House districts;

opened the door to equal protection challenges to redistricting plans.

Brown v. Board 1954 Equal Protection Clause

(Fourteenth Amendment)

Challenge that segregated schools violated the Plessy standard because

they were not equal

“Separate is inherently unequal” (states ignored ruling so was followed by Brown II, which ordered desegregation with “all due

and deliberate speed”)

Citizens United v. FEC

2010 Campaign Finance

(Free Speech; First Amendment)

Do corporations have unlimited free speech rights to try and influence political outcomes (spend money on

campaigns)?

Disclosure requirements and direct contribution bans are constitutional but funding of independent political broadcasts by

corporations, associations, and labor unions is protected political speech and cannot be

limited

Engel v. Vitale 1962 First Amendment

(Freedom of Religion; Establishment Clause)

A school-sponsored; teacher-led prayer was held each school day.

School sponsorship of religious activity is an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment

Clause.

Gideon V. Wainwright

1963

Defendants right to counsel in criminal cases if they are unable to afford their own representation

(Sixth Amendment)

Gideon could not afford an attorney and requested that he be appointed

one, declaring it was mandated by the Sixth Amendment

State courts are required to provide counsel in criminal cases if the defendant is unable to

afford their own (9-0 decision)

Gitlow v. New York

1922 Freedom of expression (First Amendment; Free

Speech)

Gitlow, a socialist, was arrested in 1919 for distributing a “Left Wing Manifesto" that called for the establishment of socialism through strikes and class action of any form. Gitlow was

convicted under New York’s Criminal Anarchy Law, which punished

advocating the overthrow of the government by force.

states may forbid both speech and publication if they have a tendency to result in action dangerous to public security BUT may not

outright deny free speech/press – FIRST CASE TO INCORPORATE BOR

* Relevant dissent from Justice Holmes

Griswold v. Connecticut

1965 privacy/Third, Fourth, Fifth,

Ninth Amendments (“penumbra of rights)

a Connecticut law had prohibited the use of contraceptives by married

couples

established that the Constitution protected a right to privacy, including marital privacy, which

this Connecticut law had violated

Heart of Atlanta Motel v.

U.S. 1964

Commerce Clause (Challenge to Civil Rights Act of 1964)

Can federal government regulate discrimination in places of public

accommodation?

Hotel guests are often from out of state and therefore hotels engage in interstate commerce so Congress can regulate.

CASE YEAR ISSUE FACTS RULING

Lemon v. Kurtzman

1971 1st Amendment (Religion; Establishment Clause)

laws in PA and RI laws made state funds available to religious schools

Established Lemon Test to determine if laws violate Establishment Clause – secular purpose,

neutrality, no excessive entanglement

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Separation of Powers Challenge to “midnight judges” Established judicial review

Mapp v. Ohio 1961 Fourth Amendment, Search and Seizure

Dollree Mapp was convicted of possessing obscene materials after an admittedly illegal police search of her

home for a fugitive

States cannot use evidence gained by illegal means against the accused-

EXCLUSIONARY RULE; “fruit of the poison tree”

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)

Maryland tried to tax a branch of the Bank of the United States and

claimed bank was unconstitutional

Implied powers are necessary to conduct government for the benefit of the people;

established supremacy of the Constitution & federal laws over the states

McDonald v. Chicago

2010 Second Amendment Challenge to gun bans in Chicago, IL

and Oak Park, IL following the SCOTUS D.C. v. Heller ruling

Incorporated the Second Amendment (required states to honor right to keep and

bear arms)

Miranda v. Arizona

1966

criminal procedure (pursuant to Fifth and

Sixth Amendment guarantees)

suspects weren’t given warnings of their rights during interrogation

Miranda Rights- the accused has the right to remain silent and the prosecutors cannot use their statements unless the police has advised

them of their rights and the suspect has waived Miranda

Morse v. Frederick

2007 Freedom of Speech

(symbolic); First Amendment

“Bong Hits 4 Jesus” banner Nonsensical speech is not protected

in schools

Oregon v. Smith 1990 Freedom of Religion (Free Exercise Clause); First Amendment

Two Native Americans were fired from their job for ingesting peyote (as a

tribal sacrament) and denied unemployment benefits

State laws AFFECTING religion but not TARGETING religion are not unconstitutional

New York Times Co. v. United

States (AKA “The Pentagon

Papers Case”)

1971 First Amendment

(Freedom of the Press)

The Nixon Administration attempted to prevent the New York Times and Washington Post from publishing materials belonging to a classified

Defense Department study regarding the history of United States activities in Vietnam. The President argued that

prior restraint was necessary to protect national security. (This case was decided together with United States v.

Washington Post Co.)

Bolstered freedom of the press, establishing “heavy presumption against prior restraint.”

even in cases involving national security.

Powell v. Alabama

(aka “Scottsboro Boys”)

1932 Fourteenth Amendment

(Due Process Clause)

Nine black youths (described as ignorant and illiterate) were convicted of rape and eight were sentenced to

death after a one-day trial with attorneys who did no prep work.

Convictions were overturned; This case was an early example of national constitutional protection in the field of criminal justice

   

CASE YEAR ISSUE FACTS RULING

Roe v. Wade 1973 Abortion/Privacy Wanted to abort baby in Texas

Extended right to privacy to protect decision to have an abortion; gave women abortion

rights within first trimester, and allowed state discretion during 2nd and 3rd trimesters (only

reasonable restrictions permitted in 2nd).

Schenck v. U.S. 1919 Free Speech

First Amendment

Schenck was charged with conspiracy to obstruct recruitment in accordance with the Espionage Act during WWI.

Speech that presents a “clear and present danger” is unprotected

Shaw v. Reno 1993 Equal Protection Clause

(Fourteenth Amendment)

Challenge to a North Carolina congressional reapportionment plan creating two black-majority districts, including one unusually shaped district

State legislation, including redistricting, that expressly distinguishes among citizens on

account of race must be narrowly tailored to further a compelling governmental interest. Legislative redistricting must be conscious of race and ensure compliance with the Voting

Rights Act of 1965

Snyder v. Phelps 2011 Free speech & assembly

(First Amendment) Westboro Baptist Church protests at

funerals of fallen soldiers Speech is protected (even if we hate it)

Texas v. Johnson

1989 Symbolic Speech

(First Amendment; Freedom of Expression)

Flag burning at a protest of the Presidential nominating convention

Flag burning is a protected act of symbolic speech

Tinker v. Des Moines

1969 Free Speech in school (First

Amendment) Students wore black armbands to school to protest Vietnam War

“Students do not shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse door” – speech is

protected in school if it is nondisruptive

U.S. v. Lopez 1995 Commerce Clause

a 12th grade student brought a handgun and five rounds of ammunition into his high school in violation of the Gun-Free

School Zones Act

the Gun-Free School Zone Act was deemed an unconstitutional application of the Commerce

Clause – reversed general trend of loose interpretation of commerce

U.S. v. O’Brien 1968 Free Speech Burning a draft card during a Vietnam

War protest

States can punish speech only if: 1) A compelling government interest exists 2) Restrictions are no greater than necessary 3) Real purpose is not to suppress an opinion

gov dislikes

U.S. v. Windsor 2013

Fifth Amendments (Equal Protection – NOT 14th Am because it was a federal, not state, case/issue)

Challenge to the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defined marriage federally as a union of one man and one woman and allowed states to

disregard full faith and credit in the case of gay marriages

DOMA violates equal protection because it denies same-sex couples the rights that come from federal recognition of marriage, which

are available to other couples with legal marriages under state law.

Wisconsin v. Yoder

1972 First Amendment (Free

Exercise Clause)

Wisconsin state law required school attendance until age 16. Amish families stopped sending their children after eighth grade, option for informal

continuing vocal education. (PLEASE NOTE THE DATE ON THIS CASE AND THINK ABOUT WHY IT MIGHT BE RELEVANT I.E. WHY THIS IS NOT A MODERN ISSUE. ASK

ME IF YOU CAN’T FIGURE IT OUT )

Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the Free

Exercise Clause

FEDERAL (NATIONAL) STATE LOCAL

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

FUNCTION:

Implements/enforces laws

Name of Office: President

Name of Current Officeholder: Donald Trump

# Officeholders: 1

Term Length: 4 years

Term Limits: 2½

Name of Office: Governor

Name of Current Officeholder: Gavin Newsom

# Officeholders: 1

Term Length: 4 years

Term Limits: 2

Name of Office: Mayor

Name of Current Officeholder: Ward Smith (Placentia)

# Officeholders: 1

Term Length: usually 1 year

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

FUNCTION:

Makes laws

Name of Offices: CongressUPPER HOUSE: U.S. Senate LOWER HOUSE: House of Representatives

Name of Current Officeholders: UPPER HOUSE: (1) Dianne Feinstein (2) Kamala Harris LOWER HOUSE: Gil Cisneros # Officeholders: UPPER HOUSE: 100 LOWER HOUSE: 435 (voting members) Term Length: UPPER HOUSE: 6 years LOWER HOUSE: 2 years Term Limits: UPPER HOUSE: none LOWER HOUSE: none

Name of Offices: State LegislatureUPPER HOUSE: State Senate LOWER HOUSE: State Assembly

Name of Current Officeholders: UPPER HOUSE: Ling Ling Chang LOWER HOUSE: Phillip Chen

# Officeholders: UPPER HOUSE: 40 LOWER HOUSE: 80 Term Length: UPPER HOUSE: 4 years LOWER HOUSE: 2 years Term Limits: UPPER HOUSE: 2* LOWER HOUSE: 3*

Name of Offices: County Board of Supervisors City Council

JUDICIAL BRANCH

FUNCTION:

Interprets laws

Name of Office: U.S. Supreme Court

Name of One Current Officeholder: Roberts OR Thomas OR Alito OR Ginsberg

OR Breyer OR Sotomayor OR Kagan OR Gorsuch OR Kavanaugh

# Officeholders: 9

Term Length: Life

Name of Office:

California Supreme Court

Name of Courts: (name 3)

Civil

Criminal

Traffic OR Juvenile OR Family OR Small Claims

* If first elected pre-2012. If first elected post-2012, it’s a 12-year total max in both houses per a recent prop, but for the test, 2 & 3 is fine .

NAME: ___________________________________________________________________ PER: ____________

FEDERAL (NATIONAL) STATE LOCAL

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

FUNCTION: ___________________

Name of Office: _____________________

Name of Current Officeholder: _____________________

# Officeholders: ___________

Term Length: ___________

Term Limits: ___________

Name of Office: _____________________

Name of Current Officeholder: _____________________

# Officeholders: ___________

Term Length: ___________

Term Limits: ___________

Name of Office:_____________________

Name of Current Officeholder: _____________________

# Officeholders: __________

Term Length: ___________

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

FUNCTION: ___________________

Name of Offices: ___________________UPPER HOUSE: _____________________ LOWER HOUSE: _____________________

Name of Current Officeholders: UPPER HOUSE: (1) ___________________ (2) ___________________LOWER HOUSE: _____________________

# Officeholders: UPPER HOUSE: ___________ LOWER HOUSE: ___________ Term Length: UPPER HOUSE: ___________ LOWER HOUSE: ___________ Term Limits: UPPER HOUSE: ___________ LOWER HOUSE: ___________

Name of Offices: _________________UPPER HOUSE: __________________ LOWER HOUSE: __________________

Name of Current Officeholders: UPPER HOUSE: __________________ LOWER HOUSE: __________________

# Officeholders: UPPER HOUSE: ___________ LOWER HOUSE: ___________ Term Length: UPPER HOUSE: ___________ LOWER HOUSE: ___________ Term Limits: UPPER HOUSE: ___________ LOWER HOUSE: ___________

Name of Offices: (1) County ______________ _____________________ (2) City ________________

JUDICIAL BRANCH

FUNCTION: ___________________

Name of Office:_____________________

Name of One Current Officeholder: _____________________

# Officeholders: ___________

Term Length: ___________

Name of Office:

_____________________

Name of Courts: (name 3)_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS PRACTICE Match the amendment with its number. All answers will be used once.

1st Amendment ______

2nd Amendment ______

3rd Amendment ______

4th Amendment ______

5th Amendment ______

6th Amendment ______

7th Amendment ______

8th Amendment ______

9th Amendment ______

10th Amendment ______

11th Amendment ______

12th Amendment ______

13th Amendment ______

14th Amendment ______

15th Amendment ______

16th Amendment ______

17th Amendment ______

18th Amendment ______

19th Amendment ______

20th Amendment ______

21st Amendment ______

22nd Amendment ______

23rd Amendment ______

24th Amendment ______

25th Amendment ______

26th Amendment ______

27th Amendment ______

a. no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination

b. cannot deny right to vote based on sex (gender)

c. minimum age to vote is 18

d. dates when President and Congress meet and take office

e. voters cannot be required to pay special taxes

f. prohibition of intoxicating liquors

g. Senators shall be elected by the people

h. no cruel and unusual punishment

i. the President and V.P. will be elected as a team

j. congressional pay increases take effect after next election

k. D.C has 3 electoral votes

l. limits on Presidential terms to max of 10 years

m. right to an attorney, trial by jury

n. powers not given to federal government or forbidden to

states belong to state governments

o. freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

p. Congress can collect income taxes

q. states shall not deprive citizens of due process of law

r. repeal of Prohibition

s. no illegal search and seizure

t. some rights exist which are unenumerated

u. right to jury in civil trials over $20

v. Presidential succession

w. states cannot be sued in federal court by residents of

other states

x. cannot deny right to vote based on race or color

y. no quartering of soldiers in homes without consent

z. right to bear arms

aa. no slavery or involuntary servitude

AP MACROGAP BOOTCAMP: TBA EARN GRADE POINTS AND BUILD A FOUNDATION FOR YEARLONG SUCCESS IN BOTH CLASSES!!!!

AP Macroeconomics Summer Assignment Over the summer you will be required to complete a summer assignment in order to prepare for the AP Macroeconomics course. The assignment is as follows:

1. You will be required to read, Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, by Charles Wheelan. The book can be found at any local bookstore like Barnes & Noble or online at www.amazon.com

2. You will have a 20 question quiz covering Naked Economics on the 1st day of school (20 points)

3. Below is a study guide that is intended to help you in your

reading. 4. You will also be required to provide a 3-4 sentence

explanation/definition for the 10 concepts below that are going to be fundamental to your understanding of AP Macroeconomics.

Key Macro Concepts

1. Aggregate Demand

2. Aggregate Supply

3. Fiscal Policy

4. Monetary Policy

5. Open Market Operations

6. Money Market

7. Loanable Funds Market

8. Phillips Curve

9. Unemployment (include the 4 types)

10. Inflation

“Naked Economics” Study Guide The following reflects the major areas of Naked Economics from which questions will be taken. This is not intended as shortcut around reading the entire book, but rather is meant to help you concentrate your final preparation for the Naked Econ exam.

Chapter 1 - The Power of Markets Market allocation Assume rational utility-maximizers Opportunity costs Profit max Prices allocate resources Barriers to entry Market price, pricing decision & price

discrimination Lessons of markets Chapter 2 - Incentives Matter Wrong incentives lead to undesirable

outcomes Principal-agent problem Prisoner’s dilemma Creative destruction Tax and govt program disincentives Chapter 3 – Government and the Economy Externalities Government solutions to externalities Government makes market economy

possible – rights, laws regulations Public goods Redistribution Chapter 4 – Government & the Economy II Government inefficiency Government allocation vs. private allocation Effects of regulation Effects of taxation Summary

Chapter 5 – Economics of information Adverse selection Firm screening Branding provides information Branding versus commodities Signaling mechanisms Chapter 6 – Productivity and Human Capital Human capital Job creation Effects of human capital on standard of living Productivity Income inequality Chapter 7 – Financial Markets Purposes of financial instruments Efficient markets & index funds Investment guidelines Chapter 8 – The power of Organized Interests Interest groups & politicians’ incentives Some regulations benefit business Tyranny of the status quo Chapter 11 – Trade and Globalization Benefits of trade Comparative advantage & specialization Losers from trade Protectionism Trade raises real income Trade benefits for poor countries Cultural homogenization Sweatshops