Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology II

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Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology II

• Who am I?– Greg Erianne, Ph.D.– Office Hours; See Syllabus– Office Location: Rm. SH 205

– E-mail: [email protected]

– Tel; 973-328-5377 (voice mail)

• PLEASE BE SURE TO INITIAL THE SIGN-IN SHEET IN THE BACK OF THE CLASSROOOM EACH TIME YOU COME TO CLASS!!

Emergency Evacuation Procedures• Emergency evacuation may be required when there is an actual or potential danger to

the occupants of any building as a result of fire or other emergency situation. When a fire alarm is sounded, all occupants must leave the building(s) via the nearest exit and proceed immediately to the designated staging area and remain 50 feet from any building. Fire Marshals will direct the evacuation. All walkways and roads must remain clear for emergency vehicles. Take all belongings with you. You will remain there until the all clear is sounded, or a Fire Marshal directs you to a remote staging area. Evacuation of physically disabled individuals will be assisted or coordinated by the faculty at the site. DO NOT USE ELEVATORS DURING THE EVACUATION PROCESS. The evacuation staging area for this classroom or laboratory is:

– CH First Floor (classroom for Tues/Thurs AM classes;

• Primary: Rear exit to lot 1 50 ft past walkway

• Secondary: Parking lot 1

– SH First and Second Floors (classroom/lab);

• Primary: Lawn above HH stairs

• Secondary: Parking lot 5

Note: slide moved…

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Overview of Lecture 1

• Course and Publisher Web sites• Course Description/Textbook/Lab Book• Course Objectives and Syllabus Review • Blueprint for success/Study strategy

• Overview of blood• Blood volume and composition• Formed elements of blood• Blood plasma• Hemostasis• Blood groups and transfusions

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Course Web Sites• Our Web sites for this class are located at:

– http://www.gserianne.com/science/GerianneBio102 (Main)• Announcements (VERY IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT FREQUENTLY!)• Syllabus and all lecture/lab schedules• Lecture and Lab slides used in class (ppt and pdf formats)• Supplementary online materials for Lecture and Lab• Lecture and Lab Exam Study Guides• Links to many other sites including Pearson’sWeb site• Extra credit assignments

– http://courses.ccm.edu (Blackboard Learn; Secondary)• You will need your student ID and password for the Blackboard (BB) site• This BB site will be used ONLY grades and grade-related things

– http://masteringaandp.com (from Pearson Science)• You will need the course ID and have to register if you haven’t been to this site

before• Lots of resources to use for A&P II – take advantage of it!

– Printing slides and other materials (see email I sent)

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Outline of Course/Requirements• Course Description

– Lecture / discussion format• Lectures may not follow the order

of Marieb’s Human Anatomy & Physiology, 9th edition – please check your syllabus!

– Figures used for class

– Laboratory• Marieb’s Laboratory Manual, 11th

edition

• Reading assignments for lab should be done BEFORE you come to lab

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Blueprint for Success• Most importantly…

– Skim your textbook BEFORE lecture and make notes– Take notes in your own words and become mentally involved

during lecture; review/rewrite your notes after lecture– Ask questions if you don’t understand– Continually review previously learned material– Use all the study aids available to you– ***Before taking the exam, you should be able to take a

BLANK study guide and answer all the questions WITHOUT YOUR NOTES!!!!

• **See the Suggested Study Method on Web at the gserianne.com Web site – Please review this!!!

• **Be sure to print slides/materials if you want them for class/lab – make a schedule for yourself

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Major objectives of this course

• In general, you will…– Master the objectives listed in the syllabus– Develop a further mastery of scientific/biomedical

terminology– Further develop your ability to think logically and

critically

• Let’s review the syllabus and handouts…

Grading for A&P II

Lecture

(3 lecture exams + Final Exam)**If Final Exam grade is higher than your lowest lecture exam grade, it will replace

that lowest exam grade

Lecture Exam 1 16.67%



Final Exam 25.00%

TOTAL 75.00%

Lab

Lab Exam 1 11.25%

Lab Exam 2 11.25%

Attend./Participation 2.50%

TOTAL 25.00%

A = 90.00% or higher averageB = 80.00% – 89.99%C = 70.00% – 79.99%D = 60.00% – 69.99%F = 59.99% or lower average NOTE: CCM does NOT use '+' or '-' grades

Chapter 17Blood

Lecture 1

Marieb’s HumanAnatomy and

PhysiologyNinth Edition

Marieb Hoehn

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Overview of Blood – (Hem-)

Functions• transports vital substances (O2, waste)• maintains stability of interstitial fluid• distributes heat• hemostasis• prevents infection

Blood Cells (formed elements)• form in red bone marrow• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets (cell fragments)

Blood is what type of tissue? Connective tissue.

Plasma (liquid portion - matrix)• contains dissolved substances• mostly water and proteins

• amount of blood varies with• body size• changes in fluid volume• changes in electrolyte concentration• amount of adipose tissue• about 7-8% of body weight

• About 5.0 liters of blood in adult

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Blood Composition

Hematocrit (HCT) – Percentage of red cells in blood by volume. Also called Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Usually about 45%

Figure from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007

What would happen to the hematocrit if someone was dehyrated and lost plasma volume?

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Formed Elements of the Blood

45% of bloodFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

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Origin of Blood Cells

All formed elements of blood arise from a common hematopoietic pluripotent stem cell (a hemocytoblast) in the red bone marrow

Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

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Red Blood Cells

• erythrocytes

• biconcave (↑ surface area)

• one-third hemoglobin (~ 280 million Hb molecules per RBC)

• oxyhemoglobin• deoxyhemoglobin

• can readily squeeze through capillaries

• lack nuclei and mitochondria


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Hemoglobin

Figure From: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

General structure: - Four polypeptides chains - A porphyrin - An iron atom

Heme

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Red Blood Cell Count

• number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood. (1 mm3 = 1 microliter, µl)

• 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males

• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females

• 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children

• Number of RBCs reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity

Average is about 5 x 106 RBCs / µl

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Red Blood Cell Production

• low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production (up to 30 million per second under maximum EPO stimulation!)

• Erythropoiesis

• vitamin B12, folic acid and iron necessary for RBC production


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Blood Viscosity and Osmolarity

• Viscosity (thickness)– Resistance to flow of blood

– Whole blood is about 5x as viscous as water

– Changes in viscosity can put strain on the heart

– Erythrocytosis (polycythemia) viscosity

• Osmolarity– Due to NUMBER of ‘particles’ dissolved, not the type

– Na+, proteins, erythrocytes

– Osmolarity determines fluid flow between blood and tissues

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Red Blood Cell Turnover

Figure From: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

The average life span of an RBC is about 120 days (4 months)

Iron is carried in the blood by transferrin to red bone marrow, liver

Porphyrin from worn out RBCs is converted into biliverdin and bilirubin

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Types of Anemia

• aplastic anemia• bone marrow damaged• toxic chemicals• radiation

• hemolytic anemia• RBCs destroyed• toxic chemicals

• iron deficiency anemia• hemoglobin deficient• lack of iron

• pernicious anemia• excess of immature RBCs• inability to absorb B12

• sickle cell anemia• abnormal shape of RBCs• defective gene (-chain)

• thalassemia• hemoglobin deficient• RBCs short-lived• defective gene ( or -chain)

Anemia – deficiency of RBCs or Hb in RBCs; reduces O2-carrying capacity of blood

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White Blood Cells

• leukocytes• protect against disease• interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development in red bone marrow

• granulocytes• neutrophils• eosinophils• basophils

• agranulocytes• lymphocytes• monocytes

‘phils’ are filled with granules!

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Neutrophils

• light blue granules in acid-base stain• lobed nucleus• other names

• segs• polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs)• bands (young neutrophils)

• first to arrive at infections• phagocytic• *55% - 65% of leukocytes (most numerous type of WBC)• elevated in bacterial infections


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Basophils

• deep blue granules from basic stain• release histamine and heparin in allergic reactions (similar to mast cells)• less than 1% of leukocytes


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Eosinophils

• deep red granules in acid stain• bilobed nucleus• participate in allergic reactions• defend against parasitic worm infestations• 1% - 3% of leukocytes• elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions, collagen diseases, diseases of spleen


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Monocytes

• largest blood cell• agranulocyte• kidney-shaped or oval nuclei• leave bloodstream to become macrophages• 3% - 9% of leukocytes• elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis, viral infections, inflammation


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Lymphocytes

• about the size of RBC• agranulocytic• large spherical nuclei• thin rims of cytoplasm• T cells• B cells• NK cells• important in immunity• produce antibodies• 25% - 33% of leukocytes• decreased T Cells in AIDS


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Diapedesis

• Diapedesis - leukocytes squeeze through capillary walls to enter tissue space outside the blood vessel


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White Blood Cell Counts

• number of WBCs per mm3 of blood• 5,000 – 10,000 per mm3 (or μl) of blood

• leukopenia (-penia = deficiency of cell number)• low WBC count• typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS

• leukocytosis (-cytosis = increase in cell number) • high WBC count• acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids

• differential WBC count• lists percentages of types of leukocytes• may change in particular diseases

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Blood Platelets

• called thrombocytes when nucleated (in birds)

• cell fragments of megakaryocytes

• membrane bound

• 150,000 – 500,000 per mm3 of blood (average ≈ 350,000 per µl)

• help control blood loss from broken vessels

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Blood Plasma• straw colored• liquid portion of blood• 55% of blood


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Plasma Proteins

Albumins• most numerous plasma proteins (~55%)• ‘transport’ proteins• originate in liver• help maintain osmotic pressure of blood

Fibrinogen• originates in liver• plays key role in blood coagulation

Alpha and Beta Globulins• originate in liver• transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

Gamma Globulins• originate in lymphatic tissues (plasma cells)• constitute the antibodies of immunity

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Gases and Nutrients

Gases• oxygen• carbon dioxide• nitrogen

Nutrients • amino acids• simple sugars• nucleotides• lipids• lipoproteins

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Nonprotein Nitrogenous (NPN) Substances

• molecules containing nitrogen that are not proteins

• urea – product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPN substances ( BUN – blood urea nitrogen; one indicator of kidney function)

• uric acid – product of nucleic acid catabolism

• amino acids – product of protein catabolism

• creatine – stores phosphate groups (energy)

• creatinine – product of creatine metabolism

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Plasma Electrolytes

• sodium• potassium• calcium• magnesium• chloride• bicarbonate• phosphate• sulfate

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Hemostasis

• cessation of bleeding

Blood Vessel Spasm• triggered by pain receptors, platelet/endothelial cell release of various substances

• smooth muscle in vessel contracts (vascular spasm)

Platelet Plug Formation

• triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen

• platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug

Blood Coagulation• triggered by platelets, cellular damage and blood contact with foreign surfaces

• blood clot forms

1. Vascular phase 3. Coagulation phase2. Platelet phase

Hemostasis

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Platelet Plug FormationSubstances released by platelets:

- ADP (platelet activator)

- thromboxane A2 and serotonin (vessel constriction)

- clotting factors

- Ca2+ (aids in coagulation)

- PDGF

Example of positive feedback


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Blood Coagulation

Three cascades:

1. Instrinsic

2. Extrinsic

3. Common

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Coagulation is an example of positive feedback~ 15 sec. ~ 3-6 min.

*

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Blood Coagulation

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism (shorter, faster)• chemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation• triggered by tissue factor or thromboplastin (not found in blood, thus it’s extrinsic and produced by damaged tissue)

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism (longer, slower)• chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation• activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood triggered by Hageman factor (XII; found inside blood)• triggered when blood contacts a ‘foreign’ surface, e.g., collagen fibers, glass tube

Both pathways are activated after blood vessel damage

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Blood Clots

• After forming, blood clot retracts (~60%) and pulls the edges of a broken vessel together

• Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels

• Thrombus – blood clot• Embolus – blood clot moving through blood

Serum is the fluid expressed from a clot, i.e., the plasma minus clotting factors

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Factors Preventing Coagulation

• The smooth lining (endothelium) of blood vessels discourages the accumulation of platelets

• As a clot forms, fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents the reaction from spreading

• Antithrombin (in plasma) interferes with the action of excess thrombin (activated by heparin)

*

• Plasmin digests blood clots (generated from plasminogen via the action of a plasma enzyme, kallikrein)

• Prostacyclin released by endothelial cells (aspirin)

• Some cells secrete heparin (an anticoagulant)

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Review

Major Blood Cell Type

red blood cell white blood cell platelet

Scientific Name erythrocyte leukocyte thrombocyte

Circulating Concentration/

mm3 blood

4-6 million/mm3 blood

5-10,000/mm3 blood

150,000-500,000/mm3 blood

General Function transportation of oxygen

fight infection blood clotting

Key Characteristic Biconcave disks, lack nucleus and mitochondria, contain Hb, erythropoietin

Granulocytes and agranulocytes, some are phagocytic

Fragments of giant megakaryocyte

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Review

Specific WBC Function/Event of Increase?

Differential % Morphological feature

Neutrophil general phagocytosis;acute bacterial infections

54%-62% Light purple granules, multilobed nucleus

Eosinophil kills parasites; involved in inflammation and allergic reactions

1%-3% Dark red granules, bilobed nucleus

Basophil Inflammatory reactions: releases heparin (natural anticoagulant) and histamine (inflammation)

less than 1% Deep blue granules, bilobed nucleus usually obscured by granules

Monocyte phagocytosis of large particles;typhoid, malaria, mononucleosis

3%-9% Large, kidney-shaped or oval nucleus

Lymphocyte produce antibodies/immunity;viral infections, tissue rejection, tumors, TB, whooping cough

25%-33% Slightly larger than RBCs, large nucleus with thin rim of cytoplasm

Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology II

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