What root words to do

you see in the phrase

“Protestant

Reformation?”

As you read the article

on the background of

the Reformation. Write

down 5 take-aways

PROTESTant

REFORMation

Agenda and Objective:

Through notes and

discussion students will

define Protestantism and

identify the causes of

the Protestant

Reformation

Welcome Back…Bell Ringer

THE PROTESTANT

REFORMATION

Your five “Take-aways”

Causes

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: With your

understanding of two

background causes of

the Reformation, answer

the SAQ given to you.

Agenda and

Objective: Students

through note review

and primary sources

will identify causes

and reactions to

Luther’s 95 Thesis.

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: After

skimming through

Luther’s 95 theses, pick

2-3 that stand out the

most to you.

Agenda and

Objective: Students

through note review

and primary sources

will identify causes

and reactions to

Luther’s 95 Thesis.

Causes of the Reformation

I. Crises of the 14th and 15th centuries hurt the prestige

of the clergy

a. Babylonian Captivity, 14th century

b. Great Schism: 1377-1417

c. Conciliar Movement to reform the church and give a

church council more power than the pope was rejected by

several popes in the 15th and 16th century

Causes of the Reformation

II. Corruption in the

Catholic Church

a. simony: sale of church offices

For example, in 1487 the pope

sold 24 offices

Reformers were outraged that

unqualified people would become

bishops or cardinals.

b. pluralism: an official holding

more than one office at a time

c. absenteeism: an official not

participating in benefices but

receiving payment and privileges

d. sale of indulgences: people

paying money to the Church to

absolve their sins or sins of their

loved ones

e. nepotism: favoring family

members in the appointment of

Church offices

Two popes (Leo X and Clement VII)

were sons of Florentine Medici rulers

Pope Paul III made two of his

grandsons cardinals

Crisis of the church cont’d

f. Moral decline of the papacy

Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) had numerous affairs and children out of wedlock

20% of all priests in the diocese of Trent kept concubines during the early 16th century

g. Clerical ignorance: many priests were virtually illiterate

Some abused their power such as trading sexual favors for the absolution of sins during confession.

III. Critics of the Church:emphasized a personal relationship with God as primary

a. John Wyclif (1329-1384), England

Stated that the Bible was the sole authority

Stressed personal communion with God.

Diminished importance of sacraments.

His followers—Lollards—continued his ideas into the 16th century.

Critics

b. John Hus (1369-1415), Czech

Ideas were similar to Wyclif

Religious leader in Bohemia

He was burned at the stake for his views

c. Brethren of the Common Life: Thomas à Kempis

(1380-1471), The Imitation of Christ (c. 1418)

Encouraged Christians to live simply and make religion a personal experience

d. Erasmus: In Praise of Folly (1513)

Criticized the corruption in the church and the hypocrisy of the clergy

A contemporary remarked that “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”

Causes

IV. Renaissance Humanism

a. Christian humanists of the Northern Renaissance criticized the church (e.g. Erasmus) and questioned the validity of the Latin Vulgate (Catholic Bible)

Textual criticism and new translations of the Bible undermined Catholic authority

b. Ulrich Zwingli was trained as a humanist and as a preacher he used Erasmus’ edition of the Greek New Testament

C. John Calvin was influenced by humanism, especially the writings of Erasmus

D. After Martin Luther’s reformation, humanists turned many monasteries into schools

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

Why “the Germanies?”

Martin Luther- (Pages 446-450, packet

reading)

Martin Luther….

Augustinian monk; taught at the University of Wittenberg in Saxony

Johann Tetzel was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences.

Tetzel: “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”

The pope was looking for additional revenues to pay for the building of St. Peter’s cathedral in Rome.

Tetzel’s selling of indulgences had become egregious

95 THESIS…Reading

Luther criticized the

selling of indulgences

but went further than

others before him by

questioning the

scriptural authority of

the pope to grant

indulgences.

The printing press

facilitated the spread

of Luther’s work with

astonishing speed

Oct 31, 1517

Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545

The Spread of the Printing Press

Comparison- Catholics

Salvation: Church law

Sacraments: 7

The Eucharist: Transubstantiation(bread and wine become body and blood)

Authority: Scripture, Tradition, Pope

Church and State: Ultimate allegiance to the church. Pope has ultimate authority

Clergy: Celibate. Priest is middle man between God and People

Welcome Back Review #1

Bell Ringer: When the

coin in the coffer rings,

the soul from Purgatory

springs. This jingle was

most likely spoken by?:

Johannes Tetzel.

Martin Luther.

John Calvin.

John Knox.

Sir Thomas More

Welcome Back Review #2

List three theological differences between Catholics

and reformers.

Agenda and Objective: Through note review and

primary source readings students will identify

reasons for Luther to ultimately break from the

church.

For Thursday: Read in your textbook about the

Peasant revolt.

theology of reform -review

Salvation could be achieved through faith alone

The Bible was the sole authority

Only two sacraments—baptism and communion—were valid

The church consisted of a “priesthood of all believers”

Encouraged German princes to reform the Church in their states.

Rejected Catholic monastic tenets of poverty, chastity and obedience.

challenges Church authority

1518, Luther defied the

pope by refusing to stop

his crusade.

He was protected by

Elector Frederick III

(“the Wise”) of Saxony.

At this point, Luther did

not seek to create a new

church but rather reform

the Catholic Church

took part in a debate

with Johann Eck (one of

the great Catholic

theologians) at Leipzig

in 1520

denied both the

infallibility of the pope

and the infallibility of a

general council

Diet of Worms Reading…

Bell Ringer: Share with

your neighbor your

questions based on the

Diet of Worms. What

was the outcome?

What were the

arguments over the

church?

Agenda and

Objective: Though

notes and primary

source readings,

students will identify

causes and

consequences of the

Peasant’s revolt in

Germany.

The Diet of Worms

excommunicated by

Pope Leo X in 1520

Charles demanded that

Luther recant his writings

Luther refused: “Here I

stand, I can do no

other”

Edict of Worms: Luther

outlawed as a heretic

by the HRE

Luther was kidnapped

by agents of Frederick

III and taken to his castle

where he was protected

1523 translated the

Bible into German

language.

Confessions of Augsburg (1530)

Written by Luther’s friend, Philip Melanchthon

This was an attempted compromise statement of religious faith to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes of the HRE

Rejected by Catholic princes

Became traditional statement of the Lutheran Church

Salvation through faith alone

Bible is the sole authority

“Priesthood of all believers”: Church consists of entire Christian community

Review! Confessions of Augsburg.

Salvation through faith

alone

Authority from Bible

“priesthood of all

believers”

Vocations have equal

merit with God.

Consubstantiation!

Christ is present but

not because of the

Priest.

Spread of Lutheranism

Denmark and Sweden became

Lutheran states as well

Lutheranism did not spread much

beyond northern Germany and

Scandinavia.

Many German princes were

politically motivated they could

now escape the authority of the

Catholic Church and confiscate

church lands for the state’s

benefit.

Emperor Charles V

sought to stop Protestantism and

preserve the hegemony of

Catholicism

He was now allied with the pope

in trying to stamp out heresy

Charles was preoccupied with

the Turkish threat in Hungary and

his dynastic struggle with Francis I

of France.

Between 1521 & 1530 Charles

was away from the HRE, much of

the time spent in Italy

Thus, Charles could not focus

his military solely Germany at

a time that Protestantism was

spreading vigorously

The Peasant Revolt - 1525

Why does Luther turn against his protestant followers and

side with the Nobility?

Bell Ringer…HIPP activity

Complete the rest of the peasant quotes with your

neighbor. Were the Peasants justified in their

rebellion?

Read Luther’s response to the Rebellion.

Agenda and Objective: Through primary source

analysis, notes, and discussion, students will evaluate

the philosophy other important critics of the

Reformation.

1. Spread of Lutheranism: Peasants’ War (1524-1525) or

German Peasants Revolt (Swabian Peasant uprising)

Twelve Articles,1525: peasants demanded end of serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry (e.g. hunting rights)

Many of these peasants were inspired by Luther

Ironically, Luther’s views on the peasant movement were somewhat conservative

While Luther advocated religious reform (since God’s realm was not a worldly one), he believed that people should obey their political authorities.

Luther may have sympathized with some of the complaints of the peasants, but he was disgusted with the violence of the peasant movement.

Results: He admonished German princes to violently stamp out the revolt

As many as 100,000 peasants died during the uprising

Both Catholic and Lutheran forces took part in squashing the revolt.

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: What was

the League of

Schmalkalden and the

outcome of the

Habsburg-Valois wars?

Agenda and

Objective: Through

primary source

readings, students will

identify Calvin’s

differences with Luther.

2. Northern Germany

League of Schmalkalden, 1531

Formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s drive to re-Catholicize Germany.

Francis I of France allied with the League (despite being Catholic)

Habsburg-Valois Wars: five wars between 1521 and 1555 between France and the Habsburgs

France tried to keep Germany divided (although France was Catholic)

This conflict played an important role in slowing the unification of the German states

Catholic unity in Germany never again occurred

Outcome of League of Schmalkalden

Charles was finally victorious over the League in 1547

However, by that time Lutheranism had spread and taken hold in much of Central Europe.

Charles by the 1550s was forced to give up on restoring Catholicism in all the German states in the empire.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)Temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism

Provisions: Princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or Catholicism (Cuius regio, eius religio)

Also, Protestants living in Catholic states were allowed to move to Protestant states. The same was true of Catholics living in Protestant states.

Resulted in permanent religious division of Germany

Essentially reaffirmed the independence of many German states

This division stunted German nationalism; Germany was not unified as a state until 1871.

Essay for Friday…10/9

Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin

Luther and John Calvin toward political authority

and social order during the Protestant

Reformation.

Must be written in Pen.

Reformers…

Anabaptists (1525)

Voluntary association of believers with no connection or allegiance to any state.

Rejected secular agreements, refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in the military

Did not believe in childhood baptism

As millenarians, they believed the end of the world was near.

Rejected the idea of the Trinity

The Anabaptists

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists

(Mennonites)

Long term impact…

Mennonites: founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism

Luther’s views on new sects: did not believe in the legitimacy of any other faith except mainstream Protestantism

Quakers in England shared similar beliefs; thousands came to America where they founded and controlled Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware

Unitarians (who reject the trinity) also were influenced by the Anabaptists

Agenda and Objective

Through note and primary source review, students

will identify the causes of the English Reformation

and evaluate how each Monarch viewed church-

state relations under their reign.

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

Student of humanism who

preached from Erasmus’

edition of the New Greek

Testament.

Like Luther, he believed

that the Bible should be the

sole authority regarding

religious practice

In contrast to Luther, he

saw the Eucharist as only

symbolic, and that Luther’s

view of the Real Presence

was too Catholic in its

foundation

This became the first

dispute among Protestants

dealing with issues of

doctrine.

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: In a group of three, go over your Calvin questions.

Study Guide due today.

Agenda and Objective: Through note and primary source review, students will identify the causes of the English Reformation and evaluate how each Monarch viewed church-state relations under their reign.

John Calvin…article questions

Frenchman; studied to be a priest and later trained as a lawyer.

Influenced by humanism, especially Erasmus

Exiled to Switzerland due to his reform ideas

Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)

Predestination: “good works” is not sufficient for salvation and there is no free will since God has already made His decision.

However, good works are a sign that one has been chosen for salvation.

God reveals if one has been chosen for salvation by a conversion experience.

Calvin’s World in the 16th Century

Calvin Cont’d.

The “elect” are church members who have had their conversion experience. They should become model Christians: “visible saints”

established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540

Geneva became home to Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas

Consistory: A judiciary made up of lay elders

(presbyters) had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s law

Review…

Share with your neighbor one thing you learned

about Zwingli, Calvin, and the Anabaptists

Last note: John Knox and the Others

Presbyterianism established Scotland

Presbyters governed the church

Became the dominant religion in Scotland

Dutch Reformed Church – United Provinces of the Netherlands.

Huguenots – French Calvinists; brutally suppressed in France

Especially strong among the nobility although Calvinism saw converts from every social class.

Puritans in England

ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: Match up

with a different English

reformer to complete

your graphic

organizers.

Agenda and

Objective: In groups,

students will evaluate

the English

Reformation by using a

graphic organizer and

primary sources.

The Tudors and the English Reformation

1534 - 1603

Henry VIII

“Defender of the Faith”

In 1517, Luther wrote his 95 Theses

Henry wrote the “In Defense of the Seven Sacraments” refuting Luther’s teachings

The Pope gave Henry the title “Defensor Fidei”

Questions about Marriage

Henry asked his Chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey to investigate and see if there is grounds for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine

“The King’s Great Matter”

Henry petitioned the Pope for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine

Catherine insisted the marriage was valid and that she had never been a “true wife” to Arthur

Catherine’s nephew Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, put pressure on the Pope not to annul the marriage

A Solution? A strong Lutheran

faction at court included Anne Boleyn and a university professor named Thomas Cranmer

Cranmer suggested to Henry that the Pope does not need to give the annulment; that English clergy can do it

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: Define the

Act of Supremacy and

Act of Succession in its

relation to the English

Reformation.

Hand in your paper!

Agenda and

Objective: Through

readings and notes,

students will identify

how the English

monarchs view their

relationship between

King and Church

during the English

Reformation.

The Split

1534 Parliament passes:

The Act of Supremacy – the monarch is the head the English Church

The Act of Succession – any children Henry has by Anne are the heirs to the throne (makes Mary, his daughter by Catherine, illegitimate)

The English Church gives Henry his annulment; the Princess Mary is declared illegitimate

Cranmer is named Archbishop of

Canterbury

Henry’s Church of England:

Catholic in doctrine

Clergy required to be celibate

Mass remains the same

Only two sacraments

Henry allows an English translation of the Bible

Catholics are arrested as traitors; Lutherans are arrested as heretics

In 1535, Parliament ordered the execution of Sir Thomas More for refusing to sign the Act of Supremacy. More had been Henry’s close friend, Chancellor of England, and was a well known humanist and author of Utopia.

The Catholic Church canonized him.

Dissolution of the Monasteries

Henry began closing monasteries in 1536

By 1540, 563 had been closed

Most of the land was sold to nobility and gentry

This gained their support for the Reformation

The Pilgrimage of Grace

Led by Northern Catholics

Goal was to re-establish the Catholic Church

Was violently put down and its leaders executed as traitors

By 1537 the Reformation was accepted by most of the English

Protestant Reforms under Henry

“The Great Bible” – English translation. Henry mandates that every church should have a copy that anyone can read.

“The King’s Book” – defines Anglican doctrine and practice

In 1544, Henry asked Archbishop Cranmer to prepare an English worship service – this will become the Book of Common Prayer

Accomplishments of Henry VIII

Founder of Church of England

Promoted Parliament as the lawmaking body of England

Patronized the arts and literature

Updated many governmental institutions

Promotes men of ability

“Father of the English Navy”

Bell Ringer Review!

Name three accomplishments of Henry VIII.

Agenda and Objective: Through readings and

notes, students will identify how the English

monarchs view their relationship between King and

Church during the English Reformation.

Blog Post #2 due Friday

Henry’s Act of Succession

Edward inherits the throne

If Edward dies without children, then Mary inherits

If Mary dies without children, Elizabeth inherits

If Elizabeth dies without children, then the children of Henry VII’s daughter (His sister) Mary (Francis Brandon and her daughters) inherit.

King Edward VI

Edward was a Protestant and influenced by the teachings of John Calvin

Act of Uniformity of 1549

Establishes a Protestant Church in England

All religious services are to be held in English

Archbishop Cranmer’s accomplishments:

The Book of Common Prayer 1552 –Protestant worship

42 Articles of Faith –no Mass, 2 sacraments, Protestant doctrine, non-celibate clergy

The result –

a “moderate Protestantism”

Before his death he changed his father’s Act of Succession to make his Protestant cousin Jane Grey, the grand-daughter of Henry’s sister Mary, heir to the throne

Mary I

Immediately passed laws which reinstated the Catholic Church

Persecuted Protestants – many fled to Switzerland or the Netherlands

Executed many Protestant bishops, including Archbishop Thomas Cranmer

The execution of over 300 Protestants during her reign earned Mary the title of

Bloody Mary

However, she executed many fewer religious dissenters than were regularly being killed on the Continent

Mary married her cousin Philip II of Spain

Involved England in Spain’s wars

Last English possessions on the continent were lost as a result of Philip’s wars’ -including Calais

This was very unpopular with the English people who began to see being Protestant as being anti-Spain

Mary died in 1558 and Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyn, became Queen

Mary had not wanted to leave the throne to her Protestant sister and attempted to persuade Elizabeth to maintain the Catholic faith – but Elizabeth refused

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth and Religion

It is not known what Elizabeth’s personal religious

views were

The Catholic Church considered the marriage of

Elizabeth’s parents invalid and Elizabeth to be

illegitimate

She was raised a Protestant

She liked the ritual of the Catholic Church

Elizabeth was first and foremost a

Politique

A ruler who put good government and peace in the

realm above personal religious beliefs and national

religious conformity

The Elizabethan Settlement

Act of Supremacy of 1559 – re-established the Church of England and said the monarch is the Supreme Governor of the Church

Act of Uniformity – everyone had to worship in Anglican churches

Elizabeth allowed some Catholic practices to continue –vestments, Real Presence, Elevation of the Consecrated Host, music, candles on the altar

Puritans disapproved of these “Catholic” practices, but in the shires most people approved of them

“I will make no windows

into men’s souls” –

people could believe

what they wanted in

private

“Regnans in Excelsis”

Papal Bull in 1570 that excommunicated Elizabeth

Encouraged her Catholic subjects to rebel against

her

Led to Catholicism being declared illegal in England

and practicing Catholics considered as traitors

Welcome Back! Bell Ringer…

1. identify the differences within the Tudor family in

regards to the Protestant Reformation. 2. Review

your SAQ with your neighbor.

Agenda and Objective: Through note review,

discussion, and HIPP activity, students will define

and identify important leaders and events of the

Counter-Reformation.

FRIDAY TEST ON REFORMATION AND COUTNER-

REFORMATION

The English Reformation

Established the Anglican Church – a via media(middle way) between Catholicism and Protestantism

Was relatively peaceful and well accepted by the English people

Did not lead to Civil War

England was largely uninvolved in the religious wars that took place on the European continent

In general, Elizabeth

was able to steer a

middle course between

Catholics and

Protestants

Fewer people were

executed for religious

reasons in England than

on the Continent

For Tuesday: Mary, Queen of Scots

Review: Who was

Mary, Queen of Scots

and why was she a

threat to Elizabeth’s

throne? Read article

on class webpage.

The Catholic Reformation…

From your readings on the Counter Reformation…

1. What was its purpose?

2. Who were the Jesuits? What do you think their

mission was?

3. What was an outcome of the Council of Trent?

4. What was the Index? What was its purpose?

5. What was the justification for the Inquisition?

The Catholic Reformation

(“Counter Reformation”)

The Catholic Reformation

was both a response to the

gains of Protestantism and

the response to critics within

the church that abuses

needed to be reformed.

Pope Paul III (1534-1549):

Most important pope in

reforming the Church and

challenging Protestantism

sought to improve church

discipline through existing

doctrine.

The Catholic Reformation

(“Counter Reformation”)

Council of Trent (3 sessions 1545-1563): established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries

Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers

Salvation by both “good works” and faith

All 7 sacraments valid

Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed

Approved the Index of Forbidden Books

Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests

New Religious Orders: The counter-

Reformation

Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540)

reform the church through education

spread the Gospel to pagan peoples

fight Protestantism

Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556): founder

Jesuits were organized in military fashion

Spiritual Exercises: Loyola’s guidebook that was used to train Jesuits

Beginning in 1542, the Jesuits oversaw both the Spanish and Italian Inquisitions

Review of the English reformation…

Welcome Back! Bell Ringer..

1. What were four outcomes of the Council of Trent?

Who were the “Society of Jesus?” Who led them?

Who was the most important Pope of the Counter-Reformation?

Agenda and Objective: Through note review, discussion, and HIPP activity, students will define and identify important leaders and events of the Counter-Reformation.

FRIDAY TEST ON REFORMATION AND COUTNER-REFORMATION

HIPP activity…

Welcome Back…Bell Ringer

Identify the main objectives of the Catholic response

to the Reformation, and analyze how these

objectives were to be achieved.

Agenda and Objective

Through an annotative reading, students will

identify the causes of the Wars of Religion on the

continents as well as evaluate the impact of these

wars on European society.

Baroque Art

Began in Catholic Reformation

countries to teach in a concrete

and emotional way and

demonstrate the glory and

power of the Catholic Church

Sought to overwhelm the viewer:

Emphasized grandeur, emotion,

movement, spaciousness and unity

surrounding a certain theme

Baroque architecture reflected

the image and power of absolute

monarchs and the Catholic

Church

Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1650)

personified baroque architecture

and sculpture

Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci

Trevi Fountain, Rome

The Ecstasy of St. Theresa

Results of Reformation?

The unity of Western Christianity was shattered.

Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, & Scotland) adopted Protestantism.

Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages.

Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century.

Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.

The Religious Wars annotative

reading activity…

More Review!