Welcome Back! Sun Devils are going to San Francisco!!!!!

December 29th, 2pm ESPN2- look for Ms. K there

Last week of Instruction…3 weeks left of schoolNext week- test weekFollowing week-final study week 2 weeks of break

Warm Up:What do you know about the story of

Christopher Columbus? Write at least 5 things down.

Learning Goal: Analyze the motives of exploration in Europe Distinguish the improving technology of the

Exploration Age Understand the REAL story of Christopher

Columbus

Ch 19.1

What exploration had already occurred?Europeans explored during the Crusades

beginning in 1100. Leif Erikson was the first European to reach

the shores-left after two years because the land was inhabitable.

Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and the Chinese empire in 1275.

Money! Money! Money! The main reason for new exploration was to

seek for new sources of wealth.Merchants and traders hoped to benefit from

the trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia.

High Demand for SpicesEuropeans became introduced

to certain items during the Crusades.

After the crusades, Europeans still demanded these items.Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and

pepper All of these added flavor to the

bland foods of Europe. Because the supply of spices

was low, merchants could demand higher prices.

Everyone wants a piece of the action! European merchants (England, Spain,

Portugal, and France) wanted to trade directly with Asia and bypass the Italian merchants.

This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia.

ChristianityThe desire to spread Christianity also fueled

European exploration. The Crusades left bad relations between the

Christians and Muslims. Christians wanted to continue to convert non-

Christians throughout the world.

Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese Explorer

“To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”

The 3 “G’s”The motto behind European Exploration

became:

The Caravel A new ship that made

sea exploration possible

Sturdier than previous ships

It had triangular sails, which made it possible to sail against the wind.

It was extremely maneuverable.

Caravel

Astrolabe The astrolabe was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees, which was perfected by the Muslims.

Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could tell how far north or south of the equator he was.

Magnetic CompassExplorers were

also able to more accurately track their direction by using a magnetic compass invented by the Chinese

Astrolabe

Compass

Portugal leads the waySoon the Portuguese

established trading posts all along the coast of Africa.

They traded gold and ivory.

Eventually, they traded for African slaves.

After establishing themselves in Africa, they wanted to find a sea route to Asia.

Portugal

11th century Ivory Elephant Tusk found in Italy

SPAIN IS JEALOUS! Spain watched with envy as Portugal

increased in wealth. The Spanish monarchs also wanted to find a

direct sea route to the treasures of Asia.

Columbus

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabellaof SpainSpain finally succeeded in kicking out the

Moors, and they could finally focus on sea exploration.

Christopher Columbus sought financial help from the Spanish monarchy.

The Spanish monarchy refused his request 3 times. The Queen called for Columbus when she

learned he was going to ask the French for the money.

AgreementThe Spanish monarchy

promised Columbus that he would be governor over lands he discovered, as well as be called, ‘admiral of the ocean seas’.

Columbus would also receive 10% of the profits.

In return, Columbus agreed to spread Christianity and return with gold, silver, and spices- never found any!!!!

Ferdinand and Isabella

Columbus petitioning the Spanish monarchy

Christopher ColumbusThe Italian explorer left

Spain on August 3, 1492 in search of a westward route across the Atlantic to reach India.

Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.

He took about 120 men, including an Arabic interpreter.

The BahamasOn October 12, 1492,

Columbus and his crew landed in the Caribbean.

He landed on an island somewhere in the Bahamas.

Historians debate exactly where Columbus first set foot.

The first island he visited, he claimed for the Spanish throne and renamed it ‘San Salvador’ -translation for ‘Holy Savior’.

Close up of San Salvador

Today San Salvador island (also known as Watling Island and Guanahani Island) is known for its sandy beaches and tropical climate.

Population is approx 1,000

San SalvadorCan you imagine Columbus’s crew landing here? How would this environment be different than Spain? How do you think Columbus and his men felt?

The Taino peopleColumbus believed he

had reached the ‘Indies’, and therefore named the indigenous people ‘los indios’, or the Indians.

However, he was not in the Indies.

The people he encountered called themselves the Taino.

The Taino people were spread out all across the Bahaman islands.

Columbus Journal excerpt “I presented them with some red caps, and

strings of glass beads to wear upon the neck, and many other trifles of small value, wherewith they were much delighted, and became wonderfully attached to us. Afterwards they came swimming to the boats where we were, bringing parrots, balls of cotton thread, javelins, and many other things…”

“Weapons they have none, nor are acquainted with them, for I showed them swords which they grasped by the blades, and cut themselves through ignorance. They have no iron, their javelins being without it, and nothing more than sticks, though some have fish-bones or other things at the ends.”

Reconstruction of the Taino village

Columbus returns to Spain The Spanish monarchy was extremely

pleased with Columbus. They financed three more voyages to the

islands. On his second voyage, he had 17 ships in his

fleet and several armed soldiers. He also brought 1,000 settlers. The Spanish intended to colonize the area.

ActivityWarm Ups from last week- last page

Read the article then answer the questions- turn it in today!

Why is America named “America” and not “Columbia”? Amerigo Vespucci Italian explorer working for the Portuguese

crown. Traveled along the eastern coast of South

America. He returned to Europe and claimed that the

newly discovered land was not part of ASIA, but a “New World”- wrote a very successful book on it

In 1507, a German map-maker named the new continent ‘America’ after him.

Interesting NoteColumbus died never knowing that he

discovered the New World. He died still believing it was the Indies.

Hernando Cortez (Spanish Conquistador, ‘Conqueror’)Arrived in Mexico in 1519.Cortes and his men

reached the Tenochtitlan. The Aztec emperor,

Montezuma II, was convinced at first that Cortes was a god.

He agreed to give the Spanish explorer a share of the empire’s existing gold supply.

Cortes forced the Aztecs to mine more gold and silver.

In the spring of 1520, the Aztecs rebelled against the Spanish intruders and drove out Cortes’s forces.

The Spaniards struck back and destroyed the Aztecs in 1521.

Cortes defeats the AztecsThe Spanish had the

advantage of superior weaponry.

Aztec arrows were no match for the Spaniards’ muskets and cannons.

Cortes was also able to recruit help from various native tribes.

Montezuma II

MalincheNative Aztec woman

who helped Cortez convince other tribes to fight against Montezuma.

Many tribes hated their harsh practices of human sacrifices.

Malinche with Cortes

DiseaseDisease claimed the lives of most Aztecs. Spaniards brought new germs and diseases

to the Natives. MeaslesMumpsSmallpoxtyphus

Over the next 200 years disease would claim over 1/3 of Native American lives.

A new society emergesPeninsulares – Spaniards

born in Spain who came to America as settlers or explorers.

Peninsulares were mostly men, therefore many married native women.

A new race was created called Mestizo – mixed Spanish and Native American.

Encomienda system Spaniards forced Native Americans in a

labor system. Natives farmed, ranched, or mined for

Spanish landlords. The landlords promised Spanish government

they would act fairly and respectfully toward the workers.

However, many abused the natives and worked many laborers to death, especially inside the mines.

Catholic PriestsAccompanied explorers to

the Americas. While the explorers

searched for gold, the priests looked for Christian converts.

In 1609-1610, the “Santa Fe” was built.

In the next two decades, Christian missions would expand across the southwestern U.S.

Opposition to Spanish ruleSpanish priests worked to spread Christianity

in the Americas. They also pushed for a better treatment of

Native Americans. Priests spoke out against the cruelty towards

the natives. They criticized the encomienda system.

Bartolome de las Casas“There is nothing more detestable

or cruel than the tyranny which the Spaniards use toward the Indians for getting of riches.”

Las Casa suggested the use of African labor. “The labor of one is more

valuable than that of four Indians.”

The Spaniards soon began to import Africa slaves to meet their growing labor needs.

Spaniards forced their cultureThe natives were forced to

convert to Christianity. Spanish priests and

soldiers often burned their sacred objects and prohibited many native rituals.

They were abused physically.

Natives who practiced their own religion were beaten.

Columbus Station Activity