INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONMagnetic levitationMagnetic levitation, , maglevmaglev, or , or magnetic suspensionmagnetic suspension is a is a

method by which an object is suspended above another object method by which an object is suspended above another object with no support other than magnetic field.The electromagnetic with no support other than magnetic field.The electromagnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational force.force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational force.

A substance which is diamagnetic repels a magnetic field. Earnshaw’s theorem does not apply to diamagnets; they behave in the opposite manner of a typical magnet due to their relative permeability of μr < 1.Any material in which the diamagnetic component is strongest will be repelled by a magnet. pieces of pyrolitic graphaite or bismuth above a moderately strong permanent magnet. As water is predominantly diamagnetic, this technique has been used to levitate water droplets and even live animals, such as a grasshopper and a frog; however, the magnetic fields required for this are very high, typically in the range of 16 teslas.

A live frog levitates inside a 32 mm diameter vertical bore in a magnetic field of about 16 teslas at the Nijmegen High Field Magnet Laboratory.

How can you magnetically levitate How can you magnetically levitate

objects?objects? MAGLEVMAGLEV Methods Methods

2.2. Repulsion between like poles of permanent Repulsion between like poles of permanent magnets or electromagnets. magnets or electromagnets.

3.3. Repulsion between a magnet and a metallic Repulsion between a magnet and a metallic conductor induced by relative motion. conductor induced by relative motion.

4.4. Repulsion between a metallic conductor and an Repulsion between a metallic conductor and an AC electromagnet. AC electromagnet.

4.4. Repulsion between a magnetic field and a Repulsion between a magnetic field and a diamagnetic substance.  diamagnetic substance. 

5.5. Repulsion between a magnet and a Repulsion between a magnet and a superconductor. superconductor.

6.6. Attraction between unlike poles of permanent Attraction between unlike poles of permanent magnets or electromagnets.magnets or electromagnets.

7. 7. Attraction between the open core of an Attraction between the open core of an electromagnetic solenoid and a piece of iron or electromagnetic solenoid and a piece of iron or a magnet. a magnet.

8.8. Attraction between a permanent magnet or Attraction between a permanent magnet or electromagnet and a piece of iron.  electromagnet and a piece of iron. 

9.9. Attraction between an electromagnet and a piece Attraction between an electromagnet and a piece of iron or a magnet, with sensors and active of iron or a magnet, with sensors and active control of the current to the electromagnet used control of the current to the electromagnet used to maintain some distance between them.to maintain some distance between them.

10.10.Repulsion between an electromagnet and a Repulsion between an electromagnet and a magnet, with sensors and active control of the magnet, with sensors and active control of the current to the electromagnet used to maintain current to the electromagnet used to maintain some distance between them. some distance between them.

  

BULLET TRAINSBULLET TRAINS

TRANSPORTATION BY AEROPLANE IN 20TRANSPORTATION BY AEROPLANE IN 20thth CENTURY CENTURY

SPEED OF BOING 777 IS ABOUT 905kphSPEED OF BOING 777 IS ABOUT 905kph

SPEED OF MAGLEV VEHICLE IS ABOUT 500kphSPEED OF MAGLEV VEHICLE IS ABOUT 500kph

SPEED OF CONVENTIONAL TRAIN IS ABOUT 200kphSPEED OF CONVENTIONAL TRAIN IS ABOUT 200kph

CONNECTED CITY UPTO 1000KMCONNECTED CITY UPTO 1000KM

PARIS TO ROME IN TWO HOURS.PARIS TO ROME IN TWO HOURS.

LONDON TO NEW YORK IN 54 MINUTES.LONDON TO NEW YORK IN 54 MINUTES.

MAGLEV VEHICLE CONSTRUCTIONMAGLEV VEHICLE CONSTRUCTION

• BASICALLY THE CONSTRUCTION DEPENDS ON 3 DIFFERENT BASICALLY THE CONSTRUCTION DEPENDS ON 3 DIFFERENT FORCESFORCES

• PROPULSION FORCEPROPULSION FORCE

• LEVITATING FORCELEVITATING FORCE

• LATERAL GUIDING FORCE LATERAL GUIDING FORCE

PROPULSION FORCEPROPULSION FORCE

• This is a horizontal force This is a horizontal force which causes the which causes the movement of train.movement of train.

It requires 3 parameters.It requires 3 parameters.

• Large electric power Large electric power supplysupply

• Metal coil lining, a guide Metal coil lining, a guide way or track.way or track.

• Large magnet attached Large magnet attached under the vehicle.under the vehicle.

PRINCPLEPRINCPLE OFOF LINEARLINEAR MOTORMOTOR

PROPULSIONPROPULSION FORCEFORCE

• It’s principle is similar It’s principle is similar to induction motor to induction motor having linear stator and having linear stator and flat rotorflat rotor..

• The 3-phase supply The 3-phase supply applied to the stator applied to the stator produces a constant produces a constant speed magnetic wave, speed magnetic wave, which further produces which further produces a repulsive force.a repulsive force.

Maglev vehicles are propelled primarily by Maglev vehicles are propelled primarily by one of the following three options:one of the following three options:

1.1. A linear synchronous motor (LSM) in which coils in the A linear synchronous motor (LSM) in which coils in the guideway are excited by a three phase winding to produce a guideway are excited by a three phase winding to produce a traveling wave at the speed desired; Trans Rapid in traveling wave at the speed desired; Trans Rapid in Germany employs such a system.Germany employs such a system.

2. 2. A Linear Induction Motor (LIM) in which an electromagnet A Linear Induction Motor (LIM) in which an electromagnet underneath the vehicle induces current in an aluminum underneath the vehicle induces current in an aluminum sheet on the guideway.sheet on the guideway.

3.3. A reluctance motor is employed in which active coils on A reluctance motor is employed in which active coils on the vehicle are pulsed at the proper time to realize thrust.the vehicle are pulsed at the proper time to realize thrust.

APPLICTIONAPPLICTION OF LINEAR MOTOR IN OF LINEAR MOTOR IN MAGLEVMAGLEV

HOW THE VEHICLE LEVITATESHOW THE VEHICLE LEVITATES

The levitating force is The levitating force is the upward thrust which the upward thrust which lifts the vehicle in the lifts the vehicle in the air. air.

There are 3 types of There are 3 types of levitating systems levitating systems

1. EDS system1. EDS system

2. EMS system2. EMS system

3. INDUCTRACK system3. INDUCTRACK system

LEVITATINGLEVITATING FORCEFORCE

• Levitating force is Levitating force is produced due to the eddy produced due to the eddy current in the conducting current in the conducting ladder by the ladder by the electromagnetic electromagnetic interaction.interaction.

• At low speed the force due At low speed the force due

to induced poles cancel to induced poles cancel each other.each other.

• At high speed a repulsive At high speed a repulsive force is taken place as the force is taken place as the magnet is shifted over a magnet is shifted over a particular pole.particular pole.

1.EDS SYSTEM1.EDS SYSTEM

In EDS both the rail and the train In EDS both the rail and the train exert a magnetic field, and the exert a magnetic field, and the train is levitated by the repulsive train is levitated by the repulsive force between these magnetic force between these magnetic fields. fields.

At slow speeds, the current induced At slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the resultant in these coils and the resultant magnetic flux is not large enough magnetic flux is not large enough to support the weight of the train. to support the weight of the train. For this reason the train must have For this reason the train must have wheels or some other form of wheels or some other form of landing gear to support the train landing gear to support the train until it reaches a speed that can until it reaches a speed that can sustain levitation.sustain levitation.

Onboard magnets and large margin between rail and train enable highest Onboard magnets and large margin between rail and train enable highest recorded train speeds (581 km/h)recorded train speeds (581 km/h).This system is inherently stableMagnetic shielding for suppression of strong magnetic fields and wheels for travel at low speed are required.It can’t produce the propulsion force. So, LIM system is required.

2.EMS SYSTEM2.EMS SYSTEM

Maglev concepts using electro Maglev concepts using electro -magnetic suspension employ -magnetic suspension employ attractive forces.attractive forces.

Magnetic fields inside and Magnetic fields inside and outside the vehicle are outside the vehicle are insignificant; proven, insignificant; proven, commercially available commercially available technology that can attain very technology that can attain very high speeds (500 km/h); no high speeds (500 km/h); no wheels or secondary propulsion wheels or secondary propulsion system needed.system needed.

The separation between the The separation between the vehicle and the guideway must vehicle and the guideway must be constantly monitored and be constantly monitored and corrected by computer systems corrected by computer systems to avoid collision due to the to avoid collision due to the unstable nature of unstable nature of electromagnetic attraction. electromagnetic attraction.

3.INDUCTRACK SYSTEM3.INDUCTRACK SYSTEM

The Inductrack guideway would contain two rows of tightly packed levitation coils, which would act as the rails . Each of these “rails”would be lined by two Halbach arrays carried underneath the maglev vehicle:one positioned directly above the “rail”and one along the inner side of the “rail”. The Halbach arrays above the coilswould provide levitation while theHalbach arrays on the sides would provide lateral guidance that keeps the train in a fixed position on the track.

LATERAL GUIDING FORCELATERAL GUIDING FORCE

• Guidance or steering refers to Guidance or steering refers to the sideward forces that are the sideward forces that are required to make the vehicle required to make the vehicle follow the guideway. The follow the guideway. The necessary forces are supplied necessary forces are supplied in an exactly analogous in an exactly analogous fashion to the suspension fashion to the suspension forces, either attractive or forces, either attractive or repulsive. The same magnets repulsive. The same magnets on board the vehicle, which on board the vehicle, which supply lift, can be used supply lift, can be used concurrently for guidance or concurrently for guidance or separate guidance magnets separate guidance magnets can be used.can be used.

It requires the following It requires the following arrangements:arrangements:

• Guideway levitating coilGuideway levitating coil• Moving magnetMoving magnet

CONSTRUCTONAL FEATURECONSTRUCTONAL FEATURE

WORKING OF MAGLEVWORKING OF MAGLEV

BRAKING AND CONTROL SYSTEMBRAKING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

GENERALY TWO TYPES OF GENERALY TWO TYPES OF BREAKING ARE USEDBREAKING ARE USED

AERODYNOMIC BREAKINGAERODYNOMIC BREAKING

ELECTOMAGNETIC BREAKINGELECTOMAGNETIC BREAKING

Aerodynamic brakesVarying Maglev SpeedVarying Maglev SpeedThe Maglev’s speed can vary The Maglev’s speed can vary from standstill to full operating from standstill to full operating speed by simply adjusting the speed by simply adjusting the frequency of the alternating frequency of the alternating current. To bring the train to a current. To bring the train to a full stop, the direction of the full stop, the direction of the travelling field is reversed. Even travelling field is reversed. Even during braking, there isn't any during braking, there isn't any mechanical contact between the mechanical contact between the stator and the rotor. stator and the rotor.

TEST VEHICLESTEST VEHICLES

•

ML100

ML-500,

MLU001

0

50

100

1stQtr

3rdQtr

East

West

North

MLU002N

MLX01

MLX01

HISTORICALHISTORICAL BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND• RESEARCH AND DEVLOPMENT FIRST BIGAN IN GERMANY RESEARCH AND DEVLOPMENT FIRST BIGAN IN GERMANY

AND JAPAN IN 1970.AND JAPAN IN 1970.

• AFTER LABORTARY TEST THE FIRST TEST LINE WAS AFTER LABORTARY TEST THE FIRST TEST LINE WAS STARTED IN1970 IN JAPAN AND1980 IN GERMANY.STARTED IN1970 IN JAPAN AND1980 IN GERMANY.

• FIRST TEST LINE WAS COMPLETED IN MAYAZAKI OF JAPAN FIRST TEST LINE WAS COMPLETED IN MAYAZAKI OF JAPAN IN 1977.IN 1977.

• THE RUN OF ML500 WAS SUCCESSFULLY ENDED ON THE RUN OF ML500 WAS SUCCESSFULLY ENDED ON MAYAZAKI TEST LINE ATTAINING 517kmphMAYAZAKI TEST LINE ATTAINING 517kmph

• SECOND TEST LINE WAS COMPLETED IN JAPAN IN 1990 SECOND TEST LINE WAS COMPLETED IN JAPAN IN 1990 NAMED YAMANASHI TEST LINE.NAMED YAMANASHI TEST LINE.

• THE LONGEST NONSTOPTEST HAS BEEN COMPLETED OF THE LONGEST NONSTOPTEST HAS BEEN COMPLETED OF 1674KM IN 1993 IN 450 kmph.1674KM IN 1993 IN 450 kmph.

• IN GERMANY GOVERNMENT CERTIFIED THE FIRST MAG LEV IN GERMANY GOVERNMENT CERTIFIED THE FIRST MAG LEV FOR PUBLIC.FOR PUBLIC.

• IN 1969 USA SCIENTISTS STARTED THE RESCEACH OF IN 1969 USA SCIENTISTS STARTED THE RESCEACH OF MAGLEV BUT DUE TO LACK OF GOVERNMENT INTREAST IT MAGLEV BUT DUE TO LACK OF GOVERNMENT INTREAST IT WAS STOPPED.WAS STOPPED.

Advantages of MaglevAdvantages of Maglev• 1. Quicker and efficient transport1. Quicker and efficient transport

• 2. No noise2. No noise

• 3. Comfortable, smooth ride due to very little 3. Comfortable, smooth ride due to very little frictionfriction

• 4. Safe and cost-effective4. Safe and cost-effective

• S. Less consumption of natural resourcesS. Less consumption of natural resources

• 6. Environment-friendly as no gas is emitted6. Environment-friendly as no gas is emitted

DisadvantageDisadvantage• High expensiveHigh expensive

• Complex control systemComplex control system

• No overlap or junction can doneNo overlap or junction can done

comparisioncomparision

JAPAN MAGLEVJAPAN MAGLEV

• ELECTRODYNAMIC TYPEELECTRODYNAMIC TYPE

• IT WORKS ON REPULSION IT WORKS ON REPULSION FORCE PRINCPLEFORCE PRINCPLE

• LEVITATING COIL BY SUPER LEVITATING COIL BY SUPER CONDUCTORCONDUCTOR

• LEVITATION UPTO 10CMLEVITATION UPTO 10CM

• MORE SAFER THAN MORE SAFER THAN GERMANY VEHICLEGERMANY VEHICLE

GERMANY MAGLEVGERMANY MAGLEV

• ELECTROMAGNETIC TYPEELECTROMAGNETIC TYPE

• IT WORKS ON ATTRACTION IT WORKS ON ATTRACTION PRINCPLEPRINCPLE

• LEVITATING COIL BY LEVITATING COIL BY ELECTROMAGNETELECTROMAGNET

• LEVITATION UPTO 1CMLEVITATION UPTO 1CM

• 100 TIMES SAFER THAN 100 TIMES SAFER THAN CONVENTIONAL VEHICLECONVENTIONAL VEHICLE

ECONOMICSECONOMICS• HIGH INITIAL INVESTMENT ABOUT US HIGH INITIAL INVESTMENT ABOUT US

$6/person/day EXCEPTING MAINTENANCE, $6/person/day EXCEPTING MAINTENANCE, SALARY & ELECTRIC CHARGESALARY & ELECTRIC CHARGE

PROPOSALPROPOSAL• SHANGHAI TO HANGZHOUSHANGHAI TO HANGZHOU• LONDON TO GLASGOWLONDON TO GLASGOW• SHANGHAI AIRPORT LINESHANGHAI AIRPORT LINE• CALIFORNIA TO LAS VEGASCALIFORNIA TO LAS VEGAS

RESEARCHRESEARCH• SPEED UPTO 6000 KMPH TO 8000KMPH IN SPEED UPTO 6000 KMPH TO 8000KMPH IN

VACUUM TUNNELVACUUM TUNNEL