Weiten

Chapter 1 – the mysteries of the mind were disciplines of philosophy

and physiologyWhat happened?

What were Wundt’s and Hall’s accomplishments?

• First psychological research lab to scientifically study consciousness

• introspection, self-observation, conscious experience

• Hall was the father of American psychology• Titchener led the school of Structuralism– Analyze the structure of consciousness into its

basic elements

What about Functionalism?

• Functionalism – focus on purpose and functions of consciousness, not the components of it

• Paved the way for behaviorism and applied psychology

• William James was impressed by Charles Darwin

Who was…

• Mary Calkins – studied memory, Harvard student who refused a degree from Radcliffe

• Margaret Washburn – early behaviorist• Leta Hollingsworth – cognitive development

and myth buster

Today, nearly half of all psychologists are women

Why were Freud’s ideas controversial?

• Invented psychoanalysis• What did he say about the unconscious?– Below the surface, but influence behavior

• What did he say about sexuality?

How did Freudian theory affect mainstream psychology?

• Psychoanalytic theory explains personality, motivation, and mental disorders– Or does it?

• Focuses on the unconscious determinants of behavior

Wundt, James or Freud?

• The task of bringing the most hidden recesses of the mind to the conscious level is quite possible to accomplish

• The new discipline in my book rests upon physiological and anatomical foundations

• Consciousness flows like a river, it does not appear chopped up in bits

Who said …

• Psychology must discard all references to consciousness?

Who said …

• Psychology must discard all references to consciousness?

• John Watson

Who noticed…

• Dogs can be trained to salivate at the sound of a tone?

Who noticed…

• Dogs can be trained to salivate at the sound of a tone?

• Does Pavlov ring a bell?

What is the main idea of behaviorism?

• Only observable behavior should be studied• Verifiability is essential• Behavior is an observable response by an

organism to a stimuli• Stimulis Response (S-R) Psychology

How did behaviorism influence psychology?

• Rise of animal research• Controlled experimentation

What was Skinner’s basic principle?

• Organisms repeat what leads to a positive outcome; they don’t repeat what leads to a neutral or negative outcome

Why was Skinner controversial?

• Beyond Freedom and Dignity• Free will is an illusion

Who said…

• Who am I, really … how can I become myself?

Who said…

• Who am I, really … how can I become myself?

Carl Rogers

What is humanism and where did it come from?

• Humanism emphasizes unique qualities in each person and potential for human growth

• Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow• Innovative treatments

Watson, Skinner, or Rogers

• Scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment

• Strongly positive directional tendencies exist in all of us, at the deepest levels

• I would be confident in the favorable outcome of a careful upbringing of a healthy baby born from a long line of murderers and prostitutes.

What is applied psychology?

• Concern with everyday practical problems

What is clinical psychology?

• Concerned with diagnosis and treatment of problems

What is the cognitive perspective?

• Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

• Piaget, Chomsky, Simon• Putting the psyche back into psychology

What is the biological perspective?

• Behavior can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical processes

Why have cultural variables been ignored and what sparked in

increased interest?• Ethnocentrism• Socio-political upheavals in the 1960’s and 70’s

What is evolutionary psychology?

• Behavioral adaptation of a species over many generations

And now…

• The positive psychology movement• Uses theory and research to better

understand the positive and adaptive and creative and fulfilling aspects of human existence

We truly are in the “Age of Aquarius”

Timeline• Wundt Hall Sperry, Hubel, Wiesel structuralism biological• James Calkins Pavlov Washburn Watson Hull Skinner functionalism behaviorism• Freud Jung, Adler psychoanalysis• Binet Hollingsworth Terman gestalt Erikson Simon, Miller,

Chomsky

developmental cognitive• Rogers Maslow humanism• Maccoby, Jacklin K. and M. Clark Milgram social psychology

What are the main areas of research?

• Developmental – lifespan (geriatrics is a growing field)

• Social - interpersonal• Experimental – traditional core topics• Physiological – genetrics, biology, neurochemistry

• Cognitive – higher mental processes• Personality – describing and assessing behavior

• Psychometrics – measuring and testing

What are the four specialities?

• Clinical - treatment• Counseling – everyday moderate problems• Educational – testing, training, counseling• Industrial – human resources

What is psychiatry?

• Branch of medicine• Diagnosis and treatment

7 themes (check your understanding on page 25)

• Empirical – knowledge through observation

• Theoretically Diverse – interrelated ideas to explain observations

• Socio-historical

• Determined by multiple causes - multifactorial causation of behavior

• Shaped by culture – interrelated ideas to explain observations

• Influenced by heredity and environment – nature & nurture

behavior is…

psychology is…

• People’s experience is highly subjective