Weighing Impacts and Responsibilities on Developed and ...kumarapp/teachin09feb02.pdf · Subbu...
Transcript of Weighing Impacts and Responsibilities on Developed and ...kumarapp/teachin09feb02.pdf · Subbu...
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Weighing Impacts and Responsibilities on Developed and
Developing Nations
Subbu KumarappanDept of Ag Food Res Economics
MSU – Lansing Feb 2nd 2009
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Sponsors…
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Overview
• Developing versus Developed countries –Comparison and Contrast
• Case study on India
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Global Impacts
Human Activities
GHG emissions
Ice cap meltingChanges in precipitation
Ocean circulation upheavalAverage increase in
temperature
Sea level riseDisease spread
FamineEconomic lossesBiodiversity loss
Loss of –- traditional lifestyles
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Political will to help people
More resources to
react withInstitutional differences
More pronouncedMigration and displacement
Females –securing water and firewood
Differential Impact on GenderAgriculture, food security
CLIMATE CHANGE:Temperature, Precipitation, Extreme EventsSECTORAL VULNERABILITIES:Water, Health, Terrestrial ecosystems, coastal zones
Developing Countries
Developed CountriesImpacts
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Indian High Population Density
"Out of every 100 persons added to the population in the coming decade, 97 will live in developing countries." Hania Zlotnik, 2005 Source: World Mapper
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Indian High Population Density
Asia – High population densitywill magnify the
climate change impacts
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Contribution to ‘Annual’ GHG emissions - India
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Who has more responsibility?
• Annual emissions – China emits more GHG than the US in 2008
• Cumulative emissions over past 100 years – US is four times larger than Chinese emissions
• Should we assign responsibility based on annual or cumulative emission levels?
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India – Vulnerable to Disasters and Extreme Events
Of all people affected by disasters between 1975 and 2004, 43% live in Southern Asia, 41% live in Eastern Asia, and 5% live in Southeastern Africa. Source: World Mapper
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Disasters and Extreme Events
Asia is going to be the hardest hit
due to Extreme Events
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Key point:
Impacts will be similar in Asia, Africa
and many island nations –
The degree of impact varies by
locality and population density
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Many types of ecosystems in India
Source: Min of
Env and Forest,
Govt of India
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Types of Impacts on India
Source: Min of Env and Forest, Govt of India
Snow and glacier melt,
49% increase in water flow,
shorter winters, less
snowfall
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Types of Impacts on India
Source: Min of Env and Forest, Govt of India
Loss in rice and wheat productivity (30-50%)
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Types of Impacts on India
Source: Min of Env and Forest, Govt of India
Increase in
droughts
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Types of Impacts on India
Source: Min of Env and Forest, Govt of India
Densely populated, low lying
cities (e.g. Mumbai)
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Types of Impacts on India
Source: Min of Env and Forest, Govt of India
Mangrove forests under severe threat due to inland movement of saline water and rise in sea
levels
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Types of Impacts on India
Source: Min of Env and Forest, Govt of India
Endemic diseases in densely populated,
poverty stricken areas
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India – National Action Plan on Climate Change
• Multiple National Missions• Focus on Energy efficiency and Alternative
Energy (Solar, wind, biomass, IGCC; fuel economy standards, renewable energy mandates)
• Focus on carbon credits for Emissions Trading
• Focus on various ecosystems (e.gHimalayan, coastal)
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Indian Missions – contd.
• Sustainable agriculture / Forestry – climate resilient crops, insurance schemes, modified agricultural practices, afforestation
• Water mission – 20% improvement in water use through pricing
• Strategic Knowledge – Climate change research fund
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India ranks better…
Source: German Watch
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Source: German Watch
No country
has taken enough action to rank in Top-3
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Sharing Responsibilities
Technology transfer, Funding
Agriculture, food security, poverty alleviation, IPR enforcement, Indigenous tech development
Economic growthEnergy security/efficiency
India Developed Countries
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Comments! Questions!!
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Supporting Slides
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Destruction of fuels and contribution to GHG
Source: World Mapper
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Source: World Mapper
NA, Europe and Middle East – MajorSources of energy production
and use
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Trend to continue –Population in 2030…
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Trend to continue –Population in 2030…
Asia and Africa – Major areas affected by climate change
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Example: Africa
Exception: Increase in precipitation in E Africa
Precipitation falls in general
Temperature rises 1.5x the global average
Water stress (75-220M by 2020)
Agriculture:
Shorter growing seasons, yields halved, revenues fall up to 90%, fish stocks depleted
Health:
Disease vector migration –malaria, dengue, meningitis, cholera
Terrestrial ecosystems:
Desertification, degradation of grasslands, forest fires
Coastal zones:
Inundation, sea level rise, erosion
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Indian Missions - Contd
• Other ongoing initiatives: – Power generation – retiring old coal plants,
IGCC and supercritical technologies– Renewable energy – mandatory purchase– Energy efficiency – energy auditing and
labeling
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Issues of Interest to India
• Indigenous technology development• CDM development and Technology
transfer• Three-pronged strategy:
1. One high-power organization to oversee all technology transfer
2. Ways to enhance IPR regime3. Funding strategies