we.hSï jdr®;dj · 2.2.3. ˚˚ m%Yak m;%hg ms

w'fmd'i'(W'fm<) úNd.h - 2015

we.hSï jdr®;dj

21 - wdr®:ßl úoHdj

CurriculumAssessment

&Evaluation

Teaching LearningN E T S

mr®fhaIK yd ixjr®Ok YdLdjcd;sl we.hSï yd m¯ÈK fiajdj"Y%S ,xld úNd. fomdr®;fïka;=j'

- ii - w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< wdr®:ßl úoHdj we.hSï jdr®;dj 2015

ishÆ u ysñlï weú˙◊'

wdr®:ßl úoHdj

we.hSï jdr®;dj - w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.h - 2015

uQ,H wkq.%yh

wkd.; ±kqï flakaøSh moku f,i mdi,a moaO;sh

m%;sksr®udKh ls¯fï jHdmD;sh (TSEP-WB) u.sks'

- iii - w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< wdr®:ßl úoHdj we.hSï jdr®;dj 2015

ye¢kaùu

wOHhk fmd≥ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< úNd.h" Y%S ,xldfõ fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkfha wjidk iy;sllrK úNd.hhs' fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh wjidkfha isiqkaf.a idOk uÜgu iy;sl ls¯u fuu úNd.fha m%Odk wruqK jqj o cd;sl úYajúoHd,j,g" fjk;a Wiia wOHdmk yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKq wdh;kj,g fuka u cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj,g iq≥iaika f;dard .ekSu o fuu úNd.fha m%;sM, u; is≥ flfrk neúka idOk m¯CIKhla jYfhka fukau f;a¯fï m¯CIKhla jYfhka o w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h" b;d jeo.;a ;;a;ajhla Wiq,hs' tfukau ;D;Shsl uÜgfï /lshd i|yd o m%fõY iq≥iqlï iy;sl flfrk úNd.hla jYfhka fuh ms<s.efka' 2015 jr®Ifha ° fuu úNd.h i|yd 210340 la mdi,a wh≥ïlrefjda o 44851 la fm!oa.,sl wh≥ïlrefjda o fmkS isáhy' fuu úNd.fhka Wiia idOk uÜgula ,nd .ekSu i|yd isiqyq o Tjqkaf.a tu wfmalaId imqrd,Su i|yd .=rejre yd fouõmsfhda o ±ä fjfyila or;s' fuu we.hSï jdr®;dj ilialr we;af;a Tjqkaf.a tu wfmalaId bgqlr.ekSu ms◊i Á ,xld úNd. fomdr®;fïka;=fõ iydh °ula jYfhks' fuu we.hSï jdr®;dfõ we;=<;a f;dr;=re úNd. wfmalaIlhskag" .=re Nj;=kag" ú≥y,am;sjrekag" .=re WmfoaYl uy;au uy;aókag" úIhNdr wOHlaIjrekag" fo.=rekag yd wOHdmk mr®fhaIlhskag tl fia m%fhdackj;a jkq fkdwkqudk h' tneúka fuu jdr®;dj jeä ms˙ilf.a m˙YS,kh i|yd fhduq ls¯u jvd;a iq≥iq fõ'

fuu we.hSï jdr®;dj" I, II yd III hkqfjka fldgia ;=klska iukaú; fõ'

w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& wdr®:ßl úoHdj úIhfhys úIh wNsu;dr®: yd úIh idOkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuu jdr®;dfõ I fldgfiys wvx.= fõ' ta hgf;a úIhh i|yd fmkS isá wh≥ïlrejka ixLHdj" Tjqka fY%a◊ ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh" †ia;%sla uÜgñka mdi,a wh≥ïlrejka fY%a◊ ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh" mka;s m%dka;r wkqj ,l=Kq jHdma;sh hk úIh idOkh ms<sn| ixLHdkuh f;dr;=re o wdr®:ßl úoHdj úIhfha I yd II m;%j, m%Yak f;dardf.k we;s wdldrh" tu m%Yakj,g yd tu tla tla m%Yakfhys fldgiaj,g ,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh iúia;rd;aulj ±lafjk úIh idOkh ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhla o wka;r®.; fõ' w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& 2015 úNd.fha wdr®:ßl úoHdj úIhfhys I yd II m%Yak m;%j, m%Yak yd tu m%Yakj,g wh≥ïlrejka ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuu jdr®;dfõ II fldgfiys wvx.= fjhs' ta hgf;a I yd II m%Yak m;%j, m%Yak i|yd wfmaCIs; ms<s;=re" ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh" ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ks¯CIK" ks.uk yd ixjr®Okd;aul fhdackd wka;r®.; fõ'

Y%S ,xld úNd. fomdr®;fïka;=fõ mr®fhaIK yd ixjr®Ok YdLdj u.ska W;a;r m;% we.hSfï ksr; jQ m%Odk" w;sfr®l m%Odk yd iyldr m¯CIljreka úiska b†˙m;a lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re" ks¯CIK" woyia yd fhdackd o iïNdjH m¯CIK kHdh (Classical Test Theory) yd whs;u m%;spdr kHdh (Item Response Theory) fhd∞.ksñka wh≥ïlrejkaf.a m%;spdr úYaf,aIKh u.ska ,nd.;a f;dr;=re o fuu we.hSï jdr®;dj ilia ls¯u i|yd mokï lrf.k we;'

m%Yak m;%j, tla tla m%Yakhg ms<s;=re iemhSfï ° wfmaCIlhka ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq o bf.kqï b.ekaùï ldr®hh ms<sn| woyia yd fhdackd o fuu jdr®;dfjys III fldgfiys we;=<;a lr we;' úúO ksmqK;d yd tu ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g <Ûdùu i|yd bf.kqï yd b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh ixúOdkh lr.; hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| j fuhska uy;a msájy,la ,efnkq we;ehs is;ñ'

b†˙fha ° iïmdokh lrkq ,nk we.hSï jdr®;dj, .=Kd;aul jr®Okhla we;s ls¯u i|yd M,∞hS woyia yd fhdackd wm fj; fhduqlrk f,i ldre◊l j b,a,ñ'

fuu jdr®;dj ieliSu i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re iemhQ m%Odk" w;sfr®l m%Odk m¯CIljrekag yd iyldr m¯CIljrekag;a" Wkka≥fjka yd il%Shj ∞hl jQ ieliqï lñgq idud‚lhskag;a" j.lSfuka lghq;= l< Y%S ,xld úNd. fomdr®;fïka;=fõ ks,Od¯kag yd ldr®h uKav,hg;a ta i|yd uQ,H wkq.%yh ±lajQ wkd.; ±kqï flakaøSh moku f,i mdi,a moaO;sh m%;sksr®udKh ls¯fï jHdmD;sh (TSEP-WB)g;a udf.a yDohdx.u ia;+;sh m< lrñ'

ví,sõ'tï'tka'f–' mqIaml=udr úNd. flduid˙ia ckrd,a

2016 cqks 29mr®fhaIK yd ixjr®Ok YdLdj"YS% ,xld úNd. fomdr®;fïka;=j" me,j;a;"n;a;ruq,a,'

- iv - w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< wdr®:ßl úoHdj we.hSï jdr®;dj 2015

WmfoaYl;ajh ( ví,sõ'tï'tka'f–' mqIaml=udr

úNd. flduid˙ia ckrd,a

fufyhùu yd ixúOdkh ( .hd;s% wfí.=Kfialr

úNd. flduid˙ia

^mr®fhaIK yd ixjr®Ok&

iïnkaëlrKh ( yika;d l=remamq

iyldr úNd. flduid˙ia

ixialrKh ( wdpdr®h jika; w;=fldar,

wdr®:ßl úoHd yd ixLHdk wOHhk wxYh

fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h

.dñ” ùrisxy

fcHIaG l:ßldpdr®h

wdr®:ßl úoHd wOHhk wxYh

Y%S chjr®Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

ieliqï lñgqj ( ví,sõ' ,hk,a ùrisxy

.=re fiajh

fld$úYdLd úoHd,h

ã'„' iq.;a

.=re fiajh

udr$Ydka; f;dauia Wiia nd,sld úoHd,h

tï' „' ;urd à' ld˙hjiï

.=re fiajh

.d$ix>ñ;a;d nd,sld úoHd,h

ví'ta'ã' mshis˙

.=re fiajh

fld$wdkkao úoHd,h

tia' tka' î' tï' tia' rxckS

.=re fiajh

lΩ$ñ˙iaj;a; cd;sl mdi,

fla'tka' ksYdka;

.=re fiajh

r$weô$ckdêm;s úoHd,h

m˙.Kl msgm; ieliqu ( ´'tï' or®YkS fiõjka†

o;a; igyka l%shdlre

msgljrh ieliqu ( jhs'tia' wkqrdê

ixjr®Ok ks,Od˙

- v - w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< wdr®:ßl úoHdj we.hSï jdr®;dj 2015

we;=<; msgq msgq wxlh I fldgi

1' úIh wNsu;dr®: yd úIh idOkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

1'1 úIh wNsu;dr®: 1 1'2 úIh idOkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

1.2.1. úIhh i|yd fmkS isá wh≥ïlrejka ixLHdj 2 1.2.2. wh≥ïlrejka fY%a◊ ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh 2 1.2.3. m<uqjk j;djg fmkS isá mdi,a wh≥ïlrejka fY%a◊ ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh - †ia;%slal wkqj 3 1.2.4. ,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh - mka;s m%dka;r wkqj 4 1'3 úIh idOkh ms<sn| úYaf,aIKh 1.3.1. I m%Yak m;%h i|yd idOkh 5 1.3.2. II m%YAk m;%fhys m%Yak f;dardf.k we;s wdldrh 6 1.3.3. II m%Yak m;%fhys m%Yak i|yd ,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh 6 1.3.4. II m%YAk m;%h i|yd idOkh 7 II fldgi 2' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re 2'1 I m%Yak m;%h yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re 2.1.1. I m%Yak m;%fha jHQyh 9 2.1.2. I m%Yak m;%h 10 2.1.3. I m%Yak m;%h i|yd wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh 17 2.1.4. I m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ks¯ÈK 18 2.1.5. ˚ m%Yak m;%fha tla tla m%Yakfhys jrK f;dard we;s wdldrh - m%;sY; f,i 19 2.1.6. I m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ks¯ÈK" ks.uk yd fhdackd 20

2'2 II m%Yak m;%h yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re 2.2.1. II m%YAk m;%fha jHQyh 21 2.2.2. II m%Yak m;%h i|yd wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re" ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh" ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ks¯laIK" ks.uk yd fhdackd 22 2.2.3. ˚˚ m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| iuia; ks¯CIK" ks.uk yd fhdackd 64 III fldgi

3' ms<s;=re iemhSfï° ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq yd fhdackd 3.1. ms<s;=re iemhSfï° ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq 65 3.2. bf.kqï yd b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| woyia yd fhdackd 68

- 1 -w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< wdr®:ßl úoHdj we.hSï jdr®;dj 2015

I fldgi

1. úIh wNsu;dr®: yd úIh idOkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re 1.1. úIh wNsu;dr®:

Ú iudchl uQ,sl wdr®:ßl m%Yak úoHd;aul j úYaf,aIKh ls¯u yd tu uQ,sl wdr®:ßl m%Yak

ksrdlrKh ls¯u ms◊i fhd∞ .; yels úl,am l%u ms<sn| j úpdrd;aul

wjfndaOhla ,nd°u

Ú wdr®:ßl ixl,am yd kHdh fhd∞ .ksñka m%dfhda.sl wdr®:ßl m%Yak yd Wmk;s úYaf,aIKh

i|yd wjYH l=i,;d ,nd°u

Ú idr®j wdr®:ßl úp,Hj, yeis¯u yd tu úp,H w;r mj;sk wka;r® iïnkaO;d f;areï

.ekSug ie,eiaùu

Ú fjf<|fmd<l wdh;k yd mqoa.,hka ;dr®lsl j yeisfrk wdldrh úur®Ykh ls¯ug

fm,Uùu

Ú wdr®:ßl úoHdkql+, j is;Su i|yd wjYH jk ;dr®lsl Ñka;kh we;s ls¯u

Ú úúO wdr®:ßl úoHd ixl,am ms<sn| j ms<s.;a wr®:l:k wOHhkhg wjia:d ,nd°u

Ú fjf<|fmd< l%uhla Tiafia idr®j wdr®:ßl wruqKq <`.d lr .ekSu i|yd rch ue†y;a

jk wdldrh ms<sn| j úuid ne,Sug fhduq ls¯u

Ú mj;sk wdr®:ßl m%;sm;a;s úpdrYS,S j ú.%y ls¯fï yelshdj ,nd°u

Ú wdr®:ßl ixjr®Okfha úúO;aj ;=,kd;aul j úuiSug wjYH l=i,;d ,nd°u

Ú wdr®:ßl úoHd úIhh úYaf,aIKd;aul j meye†,s ls u i|yd wjYH uQ,sl ksmqK;d ,nd°u

Ú wka;r®cd;sl fjf<|dfï" uQ,Hfha jeo.;alu yd f.da,ShlrKh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj

fmkajd °u

Ú YS% ,xld wdr®:ßlfha ldr®h idOkh ms<sn| j úpdrd;aul j ±lSug yels l=i,;d

jr®Okh ls¯u

Ú iudcfha hymeje;aug lghq;= ls¯u i|yd wjYH mokula ,nd°u

Ú Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduq ùu i|yd fhda.H mokula ,nd°u


1'2' úIh idOkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re 1'2'1' úIhh i|yd fmkS isá wh≥ïlrejka ixLHdj

udOHh mdi,a fm!oa.,sl tl;=j

isxy, 53481 6573 60054

fou< 9053 1428 10481

bx.%Sis 1928 805 2733

tl;=j 64462 8806 73268

j.=j 1

1'2'2' wh≥ïlrejka fY%A◊ ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh

fY%a◊hmdi,a wh≥ïlrejka

fm!oa.,sl wh≥ïlrejka tl;=j m%;sY;h

ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;h

A 8386 13.01 658 7.47 9044 12.34

B 8824 13.69 776 8.81 9600 13.10

C 15385 23.87 1571 17.84 16956 23.14

S 18232 28.28 2514 28.55 20746 28.32

F 13635 21.15 3287 37.33 16922 23.10

tl;=j 64462 100.00 8806 100.00 73268 100.00

j.=j 2


1.2.3. m<uqjk j;djg fmkS isá mdi,a wh≥ïlrejka fY%a◊ ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh - †ia;%slal wkqj

†ia;%slalhfmkS isá

ixLHdj

úYsIag iïudk

idur®:Hh (A) ,enQ

wê iïudk idur®:Hh (B) ,enQ

iïudk idur®:Hh (C) ,enQ

idudkH idur®:Hh (S) ,enQ

iu;a ^A+B+C+S&

wiu;a (F)

ixL

Hdj

]

ixL

Hdj

]

ixL

Hdj

]

ixL

Hdj

]

ixL

Hdj

]

ixL

Hdj

]

1' fld<U 9585 1672 17.44 1314 13.71 2265 23.63 2543 26.53 7794 81.31 1791 18.69

2' .ïmy 5537 818 14.77 667 12.05 1144 20.66 1593 28.77 4222 76.25 1315 23.75

3' lΩ;r 2745 372 13.55 393 14.32 628 22.88 738 26.89 2131 77.63 614 22.37

4' uykqjr 3543 380 10.73 428 12.08 835 23.57 1028 29.01 2671 75.39 872 24.61

5' ud;f,a 874 68 7.78 89 10.18 221 25.29 264 30.21 642 73.46 232 26.54

6' kqjrt<sh 1206 136 11.28 184 15.26 292 24.21 302 25.04 914 75.79 292 24.21

7' .d,a, 2754 337 12.24 315 11.44 576 20.92 811 29.45 2039 74.04 715 25.96

8' ud;r 1688 182 10.78 207 12.26 342 20.26 497 29.44 1228 72.75 460 27.25

9' yïnkaf;dg 1134 107 9.44 126 11.11 231 20.37 328 28.92 792 69.84 342 30.16

10' hdmkh 1120 121 10.80 134 11.96 300 26.79 322 28.75 877 78.30 243 21.70

11' ls,sfkdÉÑ 202 14 6.93 30 14.85 52 25.74 46 22.77 142 70.30 60 29.70

12' ukakdru 203 18 8.87 28 13.79 59 29.06 59 29.06 164 80.79 39 19.21

13' jõkshdj 310 45 14.52 44 14.19 88 28.39 94 30.32 271 87.42 39 12.58

14' uq,;sõ 135 11 8.15 13 9.63 39 28.89 42 31.11 105 77.78 30 22.22

15' uvl,mqj 805 54 6.71 84 10.43 240 29.81 277 34.41 655 81.37 150 18.63

16' wïmdr 1068 79 7.40 131 12.27 273 25.56 328 30.71 811 75.94 257 24.06

17' ;%sl=Kdu,h 670 51 7.61 75 11.19 157 23.43 196 29.25 479 71.49 191 28.51

18' l=reKE., 3194 355 11.11 400 12.52 684 21.42 910 28.49 2349 73.54 845 26.46

19' mq;a;,u 1515 151 9.97 207 13.66 383 25.28 445 29.37 1186 78.28 329 21.72

20' wkqrdOmqrh 1407 188 13.36 156 11.09 287 20.40 441 31.34 1072 76.19 335 23.81

21' fmdf<dkakrej 661 44 6.66 68 10.29 154 23.30 208 31.47 474 71.71 187 28.29

22' n≥,a, 1684 126 7.48 168 9.98 366 21.73 524 31.12 1184 70.31 500 29.69

23' fudKrd., 717 70 9.76 86 11.99 157 21.90 217 30.26 530 73.92 187 26.08

24' r;akmqrh 2097 282 13.45 271 12.92 472 22.51 577 27.52 1602 76.39 495 23.61

25' lE.,a, 1519 132 8.69 196 12.90 353 23.24 466 30.68 1147 75.51 372 24.49

iuia; †jhsk 46373 5813 12.54 5814 12.54 10598 22.85 13256 28.59 35481 76.51 10892 23.49

j.=j 3


1.2.4. ,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh - mka;s m%dka;r wkqj

mka;s m%dka;rh ixLHd;hixLHd; m%;sY;h

iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h

iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;h

91 - 100 107 0.15 73268 100.00

81 - 90 3087 4.21 73161 99.85

71 - 80 8264 11.28 70074 95.64

61 - 70 10505 14.34 61810 84.36

51 - 60 12134 16.56 51305 70.02

41 - 50 13543 18.48 39171 53.46

31 - 40 13019 17.77 25628 34.98

21 - 30 8953 12.22 12609 17.21

11 - 20 3419 4.67 3656 4.99

01 - 10 234 0.32 237 0.32

00 - 00 3 0.00 3 0.00

j.=j 5

by; j.=j wkqj fuu úIhh i|yd 31 - 40 m%dka;rh ;=< ,l=Kq ,nd.;a wfmaCIlhska

ixLHdj 13019 la jk w;r" th uqΩ wfmaCIlhska ixLHdfjka 18% ls' ,l=Kq 40 fyda Bg

wvqfjka ,nd .;a wfmaCIlhska ixLHdj 25628 ls' tu ixLHdj uqΩ wfmaCIlhskaf.ka 35%

ls'


1.3. úIh idOkh ms<sn| úYaf,aIKh

1.3.1. I m%Yak m;%h i|yd idOkhmyiq;d or®Ylh

by; m

%ia;dr

hg w

kqj w

h≥ï

lrej

ka j

eäu i

xLHdj

la k

sjer

†j m

s<s;=re imhd we;

af;a 2

jk

m%Yak

hg h

' tu m

%Yak

hg T

jqk

a oel

ajQ m

yiq;dj

94%

ls'

tfuk

au w

h≥ï

lrej

ka w

vqu i

xLHdj

la k

sjer

†j m

s<s;=re imhd we;

af;a 2

9 jk

m%Yak

hg j

k w

;r t

u m

%Yak

h i

|yd myiq;dj

9%

ls'

m%ia;dr

h 1

(RD

/16/

05/A

L f

mdar

ufhk

a ,nd.

;a f

;dr

;=re wei

q˙k

a il

ia l

rk

,°'

)

w'f

md'i

' ^W

'fm

<&

úN

d.h

- 2

015

21

- w

dr®:

sl ú

oHd

j -

I m

;%h

m%Y

akj

, m

yi

q;d

or

®Yl

m%Y

ak w

xlh

-13-

G.C

.E.(

A.L

.) E

xam

inati

on

- 2

015

Eco

nom

ics

- P

ap

er I

Faci

lity

In

dic

es

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950

Qu

esti

on

Nu

mb

er

Facility Index


1.3.2. II m%Yak m;%fhys m%Yak f;dardf.k we;s wdldrh

m%ia;drh 2 (RD/16/02/AL fmdarufhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re weiq˙ka ilia lrk ,°')

fuu m%ia;drhg wkqj zwZ fldgfia 1 jk m%Yakh"

wh≥ïlrejkaf.ka jeä fokl= f;dard f.k we;' tu

m%;sY;h 97% ls' zwdZ fldgfia 10 jk m%Yakh" wvqu

ms˙ila f;dard f.k we;s w;r" tu m%;sY;h 18% ls'

m%Yak wxlh

m%;

sY;

h

w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.h - 2015 21 - wdr®:sl úoHdj - II m;%h

m%Yak f;dard f.k we;s wdldrh

100

90

60

50

80

40

20

70

30

10

0

G.C.E. (A.L.) Examination - 2015

Economics - Paper II

Selection of Questions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

w wd

Question Number

Per

cen

tag

e

4 72w fldgi wd fldgi

53 6 8 91 10

1.3.3. II m%Yak m;%fhys m%Yak i|yd ,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh

fuys 4 jk m%Yakh

i|yd fjkalr we;s ,l=Kq

m%udKh ,l=Kq 20 ls'

fuu m%ia;drhg wkqj tu

,l=Kqj,ska 76%-100% m%dka;rfha tkï ,l=Kq

16 isg 20 f;la ,nd.;a

m%;sY;h 9%ls' tfukau

fjkalr we;s ,l=Kq 20ka

0%-25% m%dka;rfha tkï

,l=Kq 0 isg 5 f;la ,nd

.;a m%;sY;h 44%la muK

fõ'

m%ia;drh 3 (RD/16/02/AL fmdarufhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re weiq˙ka ilia lrk ,°')

w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.h - 2015 21 - wdr®:sl úoHdj - II m;%h

m%Yak i|yd ,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh ^,l=Kq m%dka;r wkqj&

0

40

20

60

90

10

50

80

30

70

m%Yak wxlh

m%;

sY;

h

G.C.E. (A.L.) Examination - 2015

Economics - Paper II

Performance in each Question

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

w wd

Question Number

Percen

tage

00-25%

26-50%

51-75%

76-100%

,l=Kq m%dka;rh

100

6421 753 1098w fldgi wd fldgi


1.3.4. II m%Yak m;%h i|yd idOkh

fuu m%ia;dr

h wk

qj

01 jk

m%Yak

fhys

(i) f

ldg

fiys myiq;dj

86

% l

a jk

w;r"

4 jk

m%Yak

fhys i

v fl

dgfiys

(B) wk

qfl

dgfiys myiq;dj

13%

ls'

m%ia;dr

h 4

'1

(RD

/16/

04/A

L f

mdar

ufhk

a ,nd.

;a f

;dr

;=re wei

q˙k

a il

ia l

rk

,°')

m%Y

akh

- f

ldg

i y

d w

kqfl

dgi

myiq;d or®Ylhw

'fm

d'i

' ^W

'fm

<&

úN

d.h

- 2

015

21

- w

dr®:

sl ú

oHd

j -

II

m;

%h ^

zwZ fl

dgi

& t

la t

la m

%Yak

fh

ys f

ldg

iaj

,$w

kqfl

dgi

aj,

my

iq;

d or

®Yl

- 2

6 -

G.C

.E.(

A.L

.) E

xam

inati

on

- 2

015

Econ

om

ics

- P

ap

er I

I (P

art

I)

Facil

ity I

nd

ices

of

Parts

an

d S

ub

Parts

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

AB

AB

AB

CD

AB

CD

iii

iii

ivv

iii

iii

ivv

iii

iii

ivv

iii

iii

ivi

iiii

iiv

12

34

5

Part

A

Parts

& S

ub

Parts

Facility Index

wwd

wwd

wwd

bB

wwd

bB


m%ia;dr

h 4

'2 (

RD

/16/

04/A

L f

mdar

ufhk

a ,nd.

;a f

;dr

;=re wei

q˙k

a il

ia l

rk

,°'

)

w'f

md'i

' ^W

'fm

<&

úN

d.h

- 2

015

21

- w

dr®:

ßl ú

oHd

j -

II

m;

%h ^

zwdZ

fl

dgi

& t

la t

la m

%Yak

fh

ys f

ldg

iaj

,$w

kqfl

dgi

aj,

my

iq;

d or

®Yl

m%Y

akh

- f

ldg

i y

d w

kqfl

dgi

myiq;d or®Ylh

G.C

.E.(

A.L

.) E

xam

inati

on

- 2

015

Eco

nom

ics

- P

ap

er I

I (P

art

II)

Faci

lity

In

dic

es o

f P

art

s an

d S

ub

Part

s

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

AB

CD

AB

iii

iii

ivv

iii

iii

ivv

iii

iii

ivv

iii

iii

ivv

iii

iii

iv

67

89

10

Pa

rt B

Pa

rts

& S

ub

Pa

rts

Facility Index

wwd

bB

wwd


II fldgi

2' m%YAk yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2'1' I m%YAk m;%h yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2'1'1' I m%YAk m;%fha jHQyh

Ú ld,h meh 02ls'

Ú jrK 05 ne.ska jQ nyqjrK m%Yak 50ls' m%Yak ish,a,gu ms<s;=re iemhsh hqq;=hs'

Ú tla m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 02 ne.ska uqΩ ,l=Kq 100ls'


2.1.2. I m%YAk m;%h


2.1.3. I m%Yak m;%h i|yd ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh

m%Yak ms<s;=r m%Yak ms<s;=r wxlh wxlh

01' ''''''''' 26' '''''''''

02' ''''''''' 27' '''''''''

03' ''''''''' 28' '''''''''

04' ''''''''' 29' '''''''''

05' ''''''''' 30' '''''''''

06' ''''''''' 31' '''''''''

07' ''''''''' 32' '''''''''

08' ''''''''' 33' '''''''''

09' ''''''''' 34' '''''''''

10' ''''''''' 35' '''''''''

11' ''''''''' 36' '''''''''

12' ''''''''' 37' '''''''''

13' ''''''''' 38' '''''''''

14' ''''''''' 39' '''''''''

15' ''''''''' 40' '''''''''

16' ''''''''' 41' '''''''''

17' ''''''''' 42' '''''''''

18' ''''''''' 43' '''''''''

19' ''''''''' 44' '''''''''

20' ''''''''' 45' '''''''''

21' ''''''''' 46' '''''''''

22' ''''''''' 47' '''''''''

23' ''''''''' 48' '''''''''

24' ''''''''' 49' '''''''''

25' ''''''''' 50' '''''''''

1

2

2

4

2

5

2

5

5

1

3

5

4

1

1

3

2

5

4

3

5

4

2

5

4

2

4

4

5

5

4

3

3

4

3

2

4

2

5

3

1

1

2

1

5

2

2

1

2

3

ksjer† tla ms<s;=rlg ,l=Kq 02 ne.ska ,l=Kq 100 ls'


2.1.4. I m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ks¯ÈK

by; m

%ia;dr

hg w

kqj"

I m%Yak

m;%h i

e,l

Sfï°

myiq;dj

wvqu m

%Yak

h"

29 j

k m

%Yak

h f

õ' tys m

yiq;dj

9%

ls' tk

ï" wh≥ï

lrej

ka

w;=frk

a wvq u

m%;sY;hl

a ksjer

† j m

s<s;=re imhd we;

af;a 2

9 jk

m%Yak

hg h

' tfiau m

yiq;dj

jeä

u m

%Yak

h j

kafk

a" 2

jk

m%Yak

h j

k

w;r" tys m

yiq;dj

94%

ls' tk

ï" wh≥ï

lrej

ka w

;=frk

a jeä

u m

%;sY;hl

a ksjer

† j m

s<s;=re imhd we;

s m%Yak

h 0

2 jk

m%Yak

hgh'

iuia; m

%Yak

m;%h i

e,l

Sfï°

I m%Yak

m;%fhys i

uia; m

yiq;dj

29%

la f

õ'

m%Y

ak w

xlh

myiq;dj

w'f

md'i

' ^W

'fm

<&

úN

d.h

- 2

015

21

- w

dr®:

sl ú

oHd

j -

I m

;%h

tl

a tl

a m%Y

akfh

ys m

yi

q;dj

-13-

G.C

.E.(

A.L

.) E

xam

inati

on

- 2

015

Econ

om

ics

- P

ap

er I

Facil

ity I

nd

ices

44

22%

60%

42%

59%

69%

16%

72%

72%

46%

74%

61%

71%

40%

64%

46%

42%

26%

59%

39%

44%

54%

9%

54%

71%

34%

76%

70%

49%

65%

23%

64%

71%

83%

54%

63%

50%

70%

49%

57%

52%

66%

76%

84%

83%

65%

84%

43%

94%

80%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10

0

12

34

56

78

910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

Qu

est

ion

Nu

mb

er

Facility Index


2.1.5' ˚ m%Yak m;%fha tla tla m%Yakfhys jrK f;dard we;s wdldrh - m%;sY; f,i m%Yak wxlh

ksjer† jrKh

tla tla tla jrKh f;dard we;s YsIH m%;sY;h1 2 3 4 5 Missing

1 1 80.50 8.00 4.70 2.40 4.20 0.202 2 1.50 94.30 1.30 0.30 2.60 -3 2 2.90 43.50 5.40 44.60 3.40 0.204 4 3.60 4.60 3.70 84.30 3.60 0.205 2 5.00 64.50 9.50 11.30 9.50 0.206 5 4.10 4.70 4.20 4.00 82.70 0.307 2 4.90 83.6 4.00 5.80 1.70 -8 5 5.80 1.3 13.80 3.40 75.60 0.109 5 9.20 14.90 5.20 4.50 65.80 0.4010 1 52.50 2.00 1.60 1.60 42.30 -11 3 4.70 12.3 57.30 15.60 9.10 1.0012 5 21.30 11.5 10.30 8.00 48.70 0.2013 4 4.60 7.70 7.10 70.20 9.70 0.7014 1 50.20 5.80 26.80 6.00 11.00 0.2015 1 62.90 5.70 11.00 7.20 2.80 0.4016 3 10.60 19.00 53.60 11.30 4.60 0.9017 2 8.60 22.70 2.40 3.20 2.90 0.2018 5 4.20 7.00 3.90 13.70 70.90 0.2019 4 4.20 5.40 18.00 64.50 7.40 0.5020 3 17.20 18.20 23.00 6.40 34.80 0.4021 5 10.10 7.00 6.10 12.10 64.50 0.2022 4 27.80 3.40 6.50 49.10 13.00 0.2023 2 6.50 70.10 6.80 12.60 3.60 0.4024 5 13.20 8.10 11.50 22.50 44.20 0.5025 4 2.00 10.00 5.70 75.90 5.90 0.5026 2 3.90 33.60 8.00 44.00 9.60 0.9027 4 1.70 9.60 14.60 71.50 1.90 0.7028 4 18.30 5.50 16.10 54.10 5.50 0.5029 5 14.40 8.70 9.70 57.90 9.00 0.2030 5 4.70 24.60 7.40 8.70 54.40 0.2031 4 13.40 13.00 6.30 44.50 22.20 0.7032 3 9.40 24.10 38.70 10.40 16.70 0.7033 3 3.50 23.10 59.30 8.10 5.70 0.4034 4 16.60 12.00 22.50 26.20 21.90 0.8035 3 30.00 10.20 42.20 14.00 2.30 0.7036 2 6.30 46.30 14.10 12.70 20.30 0.3037 4 9.20 16.80 5.60 63.60 4.60 0.2038 2 17.60 40.00 9.20 12.80 19.60 0.8039 5 1.90 5.10 7.30 14.30 71.10 0.4040 3 13.90 5.00 61.30 15.32 4.20 0.4041 1 74.10 4.30 7.80 11.30 2.50 -42 1 46.50 21.30 5.10 22.10 4.70 0.4043 2 10.50 71.70 3.10 10.50 3.60 0.6044 1 72.00 6.80 12.30 3.90 4.50 0.5045 5 21.80 21.60 19.80 20.50 16.00 0.3046 2 7.10 68.9 6.10 6.70 10.80 0.4047 2 24.50 58.50 9.80 4.40 2.50 0.3048 1 41.90 13.70 22.30 7.00 14.50 0.6049 2 4.50 59.90 59.40 8.40 17.50 0.3050 3 50.00 13.90 22.10 2.00 11.80 0.20

* tla tla m%Yakh hgf;a ksjer† jrKh f;dard we;s YsIH m%;sY;h w∫re miqìfuys olajd we;' * Missing hkqfjka olajd we;af;a" m%Yakh i|yd jrK f;dard ke;s fyda tla jrKhlg jvd jeäfhka jrK

f;dard we;s fyda YsIH m%;sY;hhs'


2'1'6 I m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ks¯ÈK" ks.uk yd fhdackd

Ú iuia;hla f,i i<ld n,k úg" nyqjrK m%Yakj,ska iukaú; I m%Yak m;%fha wxl 01, 02, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46 hk m%Yak iòyd wfmalaIlhskaf.ka wju jYfhka 60] blaujQ m%;sY;hla ksjer† j ms<s;=re imhd we;'

Ú wxl 20, 26, 29, 32, 34, 45, 50 hk m%Yak iòyd ksjer† j ms<s;=re imhd we;af;a iuia; wfmalaIlhska w;=˙ka 40]g wvq m%;sY;hls'

Ú 20 jk m%Yakh iòyd ksjer† jrKh f;dard we;s m%;sY;h 23%ls' fuu m%Yakfha°" mQr®K ;r. fjf<òfmd< wdh;khl wdka;sl whNdr" wdka;sl ms˙jeh fr®Ld y`≥kd .ksñka ,dN Wm˙u lrk ksuejqï uÜgu" fok ,o rEm igykla weiqfrka ;SrKh lrk wdldrh úuiSug ,la fldg we;s kuq;a" ta mss<snò m%udKj;a ±kqula yd ±kqu Ndú; fldg ú.%y lr .ekSu ms<snòj wjfndaOhla wh≥ïlrejkag fkdue;s neõ wkdjrKh fõ' tneúka Wla; ud;Dldj ms<snò m%udKj;a ±kqula yd rEm igyka wr®:l:kh ls¯fï l=i,;dj isiqkag ,nd †h hq;=h'

Ú 29 jk m%Yakh fhduq ù we;af;a wmkhk" iajdëk ixrplhla f,i yd wdkhk uQr®; o< foaYSh ksIamd†;fha Y%s;hla jk nj y`≥kdf.k ;sfío hkak úuiSughs' kuq;a wfmalaIlhskaf.ka 91]lg muK ta ms<snò kHdhsl ±kqula fkdue;s nj oS we;s ms<s;=re wkqj meye†,s fõ' wmkhk" uQr®; o< foaYSh ksuejqu u; ;SrKh fkdjk nj;a" wdkhk uQr®; o< foaYSh ksIamd†;fha Ok Y%s;hla nj;a isiqkag wjOdrKh l< hq;=h'

Ú 34 jk m%Yakh fhduq ù we;af;a Y%S ,xldfõ M4 uQ,H iuia;h iukaú; jk ixrpl ms<snò ±kqu ms˙laiSu iòydh' kuq;a ta ms<snò m%dfhda.sl ±kqula wh≥ïlrejkag ke;s nj fmkS hhs' ula ksido h;a tu m%Yakhg ksjer† ms<s;=re ,nd ° we;af;a wfmalaIlhskaf.ka 26]la muK wvq m%;sY;hla neúks' tu ksid uqo,a iemhqfï M1" M2" M2b" M4 hk uQ,H iudydrhka ;=< wka;r®.; ixrplhkaf.a m%;sY;d;aul jeo.;alu ms<snò wjfndaOh jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

Ú 45 jk m%Yakh fhduq ù we;af;a kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jk wdldrh iy th fjkiaùu flfrys n,mdk idOl ms<snò kHdhd;aul ±kqu m¯laId ls¯u iy úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkiajk wdldrh ms<snò úYaf,aIKd;aul yelshd m˙laId ls¯ughs' fuu m%Yakhg ksjer† ms<s;=re ,nd ° we;af;a wfmalaIlhskaf.ka 16%la ;rï wvq m%;sY;hls' tneúka kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl" tla tla idOlh fjkia jk úg úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia jk wdldrh ms<snò ú.%y lr .ekSfï ±kqu yd l=i,;d YsIHhdg ,nd †h hq;=h'

Ú 50 jk m%Yakh fhduq ù we;af;a f.da,Sh fjf<`∞fï jr®;udk m%jK;d iy tu m%jK;d flfrys Rcqj n,md we;s ld,Sk idOl ms<snò ±kqu úuiSu iòydh' tu m%Yakhg ms<s;=re iemhSfï° 78%la muK m%;sY;hla widr®:l ùfuka fmkS hkafka Wla; ud;Dldj ms<snò ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk ù ke;s njhs' tu ksid ta ms<snò hdj;ald,Sk jk m˙† bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .; hq;=h'


2.2. II m%YAk m;%h yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2.2.1. II m%Yak m;%fha jHqyh

ld,h meh 03ls'

fuu m%Yak m;%h fldgia follska hqla; h'

zwZ fldgi - jHqy.; rpkd jr®.fha m%Yak 05ls'

zwdZ fldgi - jHqy.; rpkd jr®.fha m%Yak 05ls'

wju jYfhka tla fldgilska m%Yak 02 ne.ska f;dardf.k m%Yak 05lg

ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;=hs' tla m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 20 ne.ska uqΩ ,l=Kq 100ls'

wjidk ,l=Kq .Kkh ls¯u

I m;%h i|yd ,l=Kq = 100 II m;%h i|yd ,l=Kq = 100 wjidk ,l=K = 200 fi 2 = 100


2.2.2. II m%Yak m;%h i|yd wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re" ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh" ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ks¯ÈK" ks.uk yd fhdackd

Ú II m;%h i|yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ks¯laIK m%ia;dr wxl 2, 3, 4.1 iy 4.2 weiq˙ka b†˙m;a lr we;'

§w¶ fldgi 01 m%Yakh

wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh

(1) (i) wdr®:ßl fkdjk NdKavhla(

- Y=kH ñ,l ° wiSñ; iemhqula iys; NdKav wdr®:ßl fkdjk NdKav fõ'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

[úl,am ms<s;=r(

- ksIamdokfha ° lsis≥ wdr®:ßl iïm;la Wmfhdackh fkdjk fyj;a wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh

lska f;drj wiSñ;j iemfhk NdKav" wdr®:ßl fkdjk NdKav fõ'&

- W∞yrK( iQr®hdf,dalh" jd;h ^,l=Kq 01hs&

wdr®:ßl NdKavhla(

- iemhqfuys ysÛlula olakg ,efnk NdKav wdr®:ßl NdKav fõ'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

[úl,am ms<s;=r( - ksIamdokfha ° wdr®:ßl iïm;a Wmfhdackh flfrk fyj;a wdjia:ßl ms˙jehla yg

.kakd NdKav fõ'&

- W∞yrK( wdydr" we∫ï" fudafgda r:" .Dy NdKav ^,l=Kq 01hs&

(ii) - ksIamdokh yd m˙fNdackh ms<sn|j f;a¯ï ls¯fï ° wjYHfhka u lemls¯ï ls¯ug

is≥jk w;r tf,i lem ls¯ug is≥jk fyd| u úl,amfha jákdlu wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh

fõ'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- wdjia:ßl ms jeh mqoa., noaO fõ' tneúka ;uka úiska lem lrkq ,nk B<Û fyd| u

úl,am wjia:dfõ jákdlu weia;fïka;= l< yelafla w∞< mqoa.,hdg mu◊'

^,l=Kq 01hs&


- wdjia:ßl ms jeh" ysÛlu ms<sn| m%Yakh iuÛ wjYHfhka u ne£ mj;S' wdjia:ßl ms jeh

yg .kafka iïm;a ysÛh iy ysÛ iïm;aj, úl,am Ndú; mej;Su lrk fldg f.kh'

ysÛlu hkq wiSñ; ñksia jqjukd imqrd .ekSu i|yd iudch i;= iïm;a iïNdrh

m%udKj;a fkd ùuh' jqjukd ish,a, u mj;akd iSñ; iïm;aj,ska imqrd.; fkdyels

neúka wjYHfhka u úl,am w;r f;a ula ls ug is≥ fõ'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- fuf,i f;a¯ï lrk úg lem ls¯ï o wjYHfhka u yg .kS' ysÛlu ms<sn| .egÆj

yuqfõ ksIamdokh yd m˙fNdackhg w∞< f;a¯ï ls¯fï ° lem ls¯ï ls¯ug is≥jk

fyd| u úl,amfha jákdlu wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh fõ' ^,l=Kq 01hs&

(iii) - lsishï wdr®:ßlhla úiska jr®;udk m%d.aOk iïmdokh fjkqfjka lem lrkq ,nk

jr®;udk m˙fNdackfha m%udKh u; tu wdr®:ßlfha wkd.; jDoaê YS>%;dj ;SrKh

fõ'

- jr®;udkfha ° wdr®:ßlfha iïm;a idfmaÈj jeä m%udKhla m%.aOk NdKav ksIamdokh

i|yd Wmfhdackh flfr® kï" wdr®:ßlfha ksIamdok Od˙;dj m%idrKh ù wkd.; úNj

ksuejqu úYd, jr®Okhla fmkakqï lrkq we;' trfgys wkd.; ksIamdok yelshd jl%h

úYd, jYfhka ol=Kg ú;eka jkq we;'

- wksla w;g" jr®;udkfha ° m%d.aOk iïmdokh i|yd jeä jYfhka iïm;a Wmfhdackh

fkdfldg" jr®;udk m˙fNdackh i|yd iïm;a úYd, jYfhka fhd∞.kq ,enqjfyd;a"

tu wdr®:ßlfha wkd.; ksIamdok yelshdfõ jr®Okh b;d iSudiys; jkq we;' wkd.;

ksIamdok yelshd jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka jqjfyd;a ú;eka jkqfha b;d u| jYfhks'

m˙fNdack NdKav

wkd.; ksIamdok yelshd jl%h


m˙fNdack NdKav

m%d.aOk NdKav m%d.aOk NdKav

^w& jr®;udk m˙fNdackh i|yd idfmaÈ jYfhka wvq iïm;a m%udKhla fhduq lrk wdr®:ßlhla

^w& jr®;udk m˙fNdackh i|yd idfmaÈ jYfhka úYd, iïm;a m%udKhla jeh lrk wdr®:ßlhla


úl,am m%ia;dr igykla(



m˙fNdack NdKav

m%d.aOk NdKav

^ksjer† meye†<s ls¯u i|yd ,l=Kq 02hs' ksjer† m%ia;dr igyk$ igyka i|yd ,l=Kq 02hs&

(iv) - wdr®:ßl ldr®hÈu;dj hkafkka woyia jkafka wdr®:ßlh i;= iïm;a mqrjeishkaf.a

jqjukd imqrd,Su ms◊i ldr®hÈuj Wmfhdackh ls¯uh'

- wdr®:ßl ldr®hÈu;dj i|yd" ldr®hÈu;d folla tlajr idÈd;a lr .ekSu wjYH fõ'

tu ldr®hÈu;dj jkqfha ksIamdokfha ldr®hÈu;dj iy iïm;a fn∞ fjka ls¯fï

ldr®hÈu;djh hs'

- ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla u; msysá ishÆ u ,ÈHhka ksIamdokfha ldr®hÈu;dj

fmkakqï lrkq ,enqj o" iïm;a fn∞ fjka ls¯fï ldr®hÈu;dj fmkakqï lrkqfha

tu ,ÈH w;=frka tla iqúfYaI ,ÈHhla mu◊'

- tu iqúfYaIS ,ÈHh ;SrKh jkqfha ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajd ms<sn|

iudchSh jrK yd we.hSu u; h' iïm;a fn∞ fjka ls¯fï ldr®hÈu;dj fmkakqï

lrk NdKav ixfhda.h f;dard.; hq;af;a w∞< NdKav ñY%Kfha wdka;sl m%;s,dN

iy wdka;sl ms˙jeh iiπ n,d tajd tlsfklg iudk jk NdKav ixfhdackh u;h'

tneúka wdr®:ßl ldr®hÈu;dj ;SrKh ls¯u i|yd ksIamdok yelshd jl%fha ±lafjk

f;dr;=rej,g w;sfr®lj iudc jrKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re o" iïnkaO lr .; hq;=fõ'

^,l=Kq 04hs&

(v) - fjf<|fmd< wdr®:ßlhla wjYHfhka u OfkaIajr wdr®:ßlhla fkdjk w;r iudcjd°

wdr®:ßlhla o wjYHfhka u úOdk.; wdr®:ßlhla fkd fõ' ula ksid o h;a" wdr®:ßl moaO;s

OfkaIajr yd iudcjd° jYfhka fnokq ,nkafka ksIamdok iïm;aj, ysñld˙;ajh

keue;s ksr®Kdhlh mokï lrf.k h' ishÆ u ksIamdok iïm;a fm!oa.,sl ysñld˙;ajh

hgf;a mj;sk wdr®:ßl moaO;s" OfkaIajr wdr®:ßl moaO;s f,i;a ishÆ u ksIamdok iïm;a

rdcH ysñld˙;ajh hgf;a mj;sk wdr®:ßl moaO;s" iudcjd° wdr®:ßl moaO;s f,i;a jr®.

flfr®'

- wks;a w;g fjf<|fmd< wdr®:ßl moaO;s iy úOdk.; wdr®:ßl moaO;s jYfhka lrkq

,nk fn°u" uQ,sl jYfhka mokï lr.kq ,nkafka iïm;a fn∞ fjka ls¯fï

hdka;%Kh u;h' iïm;a fn∞ fjka ls¯u i|yd m%Odk jYfhka ñ, hdka;%Kh Wmfhda.S

lr.kq ,nk wdr®:ßl moaO;s fjf<|fmd< wdr®:ßl moaO;s jYfhkq;a úOdk ^uOH.;

ie<iqï& Wmfhda.s lr.kq ,nk wdr®:ßl moaO;s úOdk.; wdr®:ßl moaO;s jYfhkq;a jr®.

flfr®'


- tfiau fndfyda OfkaIajr wdr®:ßl l%u" ñ, hdka;%Kh mokï lr.;a fjf<|fmd<

wdr®:ßl jYfhkq;a" fndfyda iudcjd° wdr®:ßl l%u uOH.; ie,iqï mokï lr.;a

úOdk.; iudcjd° wdr®:ßl jYfhkq;a l%shd;aul jk nj ±lsh yels jqj o" yeu úg u

tfia is≥ fkdjk nj o ie<lsh hq;=h' iïm;a ysñld˙;ajh yd iïm;a fn∞ fjka ls¯fï

hdka;%Kh hk ksr®Kdhlhkaf.a úúO ñY%K iys; ñY% wdr®:ßl moaO;s ienE f,dj iq,N

jYfhka ±lsh yelsh' ta wkqj iudcjd° fjf<|fmd< wdr®:ßl moaO;s iy fjf<|fmd<

OfkaIajr wdr®:ßl moaO;s ±lsh yelsh' ms˙is≥ OfkaIajr úOdk.; wdr®:ßlhla fyda ms˙is≥

iudcjd° úOdk.; wdr®:ßlhla f,dalfha lsis≥ rgl ±lsh fkdyelsh'

^,l=Kq 4hs&

01 jk m%Yakhg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| iuia; ks¯ÈK" ks.uk yd fhdackd (

01 m%Yakhg wh≥ïlrejkaf.ka 97%la muK ms<s;=re

imhd we; ^m%ia;drh 2&' fuu m%Yakh i|yd ,l=Kq

20la ysñ fõ'

bka ,l=Kq 0 - 5 m%dka;rfha 18%la muK o

,l=Kq 6 - 10 m%dka;rfha 41%la muK o

,l=Kq 11 - 15 m%dka;rfha 29%la muK o ,l=Kq 16 - 20 m%dka;rfha 12%la muK o,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'

m%Yakh i|yd ,l=Kq ,nd we;s wdldrh

0 - 5

18%

16 - 20

12%

11 - 15

29%

6 - 10

41%

fuu m%Yakhg fldgia 05la we;' myiq;dj wvq u fldgi v& ù we;s w;r" tys myiq;dj 25]ls' tfukau ^i& fldgi myiq u fldgi ù we;s w;r tys myiq;dj 86%ls'

m%Yakfha fldgiaj, myiq;dj

25%

35%39%

69%

86%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

i ii iii iv v

1

Part A

Parts & Sub Parts

Facil

ity I

nd

ex

1 m%Yakfhys fldgia

myiq;dj


Ú i jk fldgfiys myiq;dj 86% ls' wdr®:ßl NdKavhla iy wdr®:ßl fkdjk NdKavhla w;r fjki iei£u i|yd fuu m%Yakh fhduq ù we;s w;r" isiqka jeä fofkl= ksjer† ms<s;=re imhd ;sîfuka fmkS hkafka Wla; ixl,am ms<sn| m%udKj;a ±kqula YsIHhska ;=< we;s njhs'

Ú ii jk fldgfiys myiq;dj 69% ls' wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh hk ixl,amh meye†<s fldg th ysÛlu ms<sn| m%Yakh yd iïnkaO jkafka flfia ±hs ú.%y ls¯fï yelshdj úuiSug fhduq jQ m%Yakhls' wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh ixl,amh ú.%y ls¯ug wfmalaIlhska jeä fofkl= ;=< ±kqu we;s kuq;a" wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh" ysÛlu yd iïnkaO jk wdldrh meye†<s ls¯fï yelshdj fkdue;slu fya;=fjka myiq;dj 69% olajd wvq ù we;' wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh ksr®jpkh ls¯u fukau tys iqúfYaI;d ±laùu iuÛ wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh yg .kafka iïm;a ysÛlu yd tys úl,am Ndú; w;r f;a¯ï lrk úg nj wjOdrKh l< hq;=h'

ysÛlu ksid wiSñ; jqjukd ish,a, u bgqlr .; fkd yels nj;a" tksid u úl,am w;r f;a ï ls ug is≥jk nj;a" túg wdjia:ßl ms jehla yg .kakd nj;a ms<s;=frys wjYHfhka u we;=<;a úh hq;= h'

Ú iii jk fldgfiys myiq;dj 39% ls' m˙fNdackh yd wdfhdackh w;r f;a¯ï ls¯fuys m%;sM,hla f,i wkd.; wdr®:ßl jDoaê fõ.h ;SrKh jk nj ksIamdok yelshd udhsula weiq˙ka meye†<s ls¯ug fuu fldgi fhduq ù we;' fuu fldgig ms<s;=re iemhQ wfmaÈlhska 61% l muK ≥Ialr;djla fmkakqï ls¯fuka ;yjqre jkafka m˙fNdackh yd wdfhdackh w;r f;a¯ï ls¯fï l%shdj,sh u; wkd.; wdr®:ßl jDoaê fõ.h ;SrKh jk wdldrh ms<sn| ksjer† wjfndaOhla yd th ksIamdok yelshd udhsula u.ska b†˙m;a ls¯fï l=i,;dj YsIHhdg ,nd †h hq;= njhs'

ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% we£fï ° m%d.aOk NdKav yd m˙fNdack NdKav jYfhka wÈ kï fkdlr X yd Y f,i wÈ kï lr ;sîu ksid ,l=Kq wysñ ù we;' tneúka fuu ms<s;=fr® ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% ksr®udKfha ° tla wÈhla m%d.aOk NdKav f,i;a wfkla wÈh m˙fNdack NdKav f,i;a kï l< hq;=h hkak ms<sn|j YsIHhska ±kqj;a l< hq;=h'

Ú iv fldgi u.ska úuid we;af;a wdr®:ßl ldr®hÈu;dj" th ;SrKh lrk idOl yd th ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá tla ,ÈHhlska muKla ksrEmKh l< yels nj ms<sn| YsIHhska ;=< we;s ±kqu úuiSu flfrysh' kuq;a isiqka flfrys fuu .egÆfõ ≥Ialr;dj 65% la ùfuka fmkS hkafka Wla; bf.kqï M,h ms<sn| ±kqu m%udKj;a fkd jk njhs' tfyhska wdr®:ßl ldr®hÈu;dj" yd tys m%Odk fldkafoais fol ú.%y ls¯u;a" th ksIamdok yelshd udhsula u.ska b†˙m;a ls¯fï ksjer† wjfndaOh;a isiqka ;=< ;yjqre l< hq;=h'

wdr®:ßl ldr®hÈu;dj wr®: olajkafka iudcfha ñksiqkaf.a jqjukd imqrd ,Sug iudch i;= iïm;a ldr®hÈu f,i Wmfhdackh ls ula jYfhks' fï i|yd ksIAmdokfha ldr®hÈu;dj yd iïm;a fn° hdfï ldr®hÈu;dj hk fldkafoais fol u tljr bgq úh hq;=h' iïm;a fn° hdfï ldr®hÈu;djfha ° iudc jrKh olajk NdKav ixfhda. mj;skafka tlla mu◊' P= mc jk tu ixfhda.h wdka;sl m%;s,dN yd ms jeh úYaf,aIKh u; ;SrKh lrk wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqu YsIHhdg ,nd †h hq;=h'

Ú v fldgi m<uqjk m%Yakfha myiq;dj wvq u fldgihs' fuu fldgfika úuid we;af;a fjf<|fmd< wdr®:ßl yd úOdk.; wdr®:ßl iuÛ OfkaIajr yd iudcjd° wdr®:ßl iajrEm ixl,kh jk wdldrhhs' isiqka fndfyduhla úúO ksr®Kdhl Tiafia wdr®:ßl moaO;s jr®. ls fï kHdhd;aul ±kqu m%or®Ykh l<;a" ienE f,dalfha wdr®:ßl l%u m%dfhda.slj jr®. ls fï° by; ksr®Kdhlhkaf.a iïñY%Kh y∫kd .ekSug wiu;a ù we;' tneúka wdr®:ßl l%u jr®. ls fï kHdhd;aul wjfndaOh fukau" m%dfhda.slj wdr®:ßl l%u jr®. lr we;s wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqu o" isiqka ;=< jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

wdr®:ßl moaO;s jr®.SlrKh ls fï uQ,sl ksr®Kdhlhka" f,i foam< ysñlu wkqj jr®.SlrKh lr .ekSu iy iïm;a fn∞ fjka ls fï hdka;%Kh u; wdr®:ßl moaO;s jr®.SlrKh ls u ms<sn| YsIHhd ±kqj;a úh hq;=h' fjf<|fmd< wdr®:ßl yd uOH.;j ie<iqï l< wdr®:ßl moaO;s jr®.SlrKh ls¯fï °" fjf<|fmd< wdr®:ßlhl fm!oa.,sl foafmd< ysñlï mej;Su idudkH ,ÈKhla jqj o" th w;HjYH u idOlhla fkd fõ' tfiau uOH.;j ie<iqï l< wdr®:ßl moaO;sh hkak wr®: l:kh lr .; hq;af;a iïm;a fjka ls¯fï hdka;%Kh u;h' idudkHfhka wdr®:ßlhla uOH ie,iqï wdr®:ßlhla f,i l%shd;aul jk úg foam, ysñld¯;ajh rch hgf;a ;nd .kS' kuq;a th o wjYH u idOlhla fkd fõ'


02 m%Yakh


2 (i) - fhojqïj, ñ,

- iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ,

- ;dlaIKh

- wfmaÈs; wkd.; ñ,

- rdcH m%;sm;a;s( n≥ iy iykdOdr

- iemhqïlrejka ixLHdj

^tla lreKlg ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska Wm˙u ,l=Kq 04; ñ, yer wfkl=;a lreKq

f,i i|yka lr ;snqfKd;a ,l=Kq 01 la mu◊'&

(ii) - wd∞hï m%;súmdlh fmkakqï lrkqfha wfkl=;a lreKq fkdfjkiaj ;sìh °" NdKavfha

ñ, fjkia ùula ksid yg .kakd uQr®; wd∞hu fjkiaùu u;" b,aÆï lrkq ,nk

m%udKh fjkiajk wdlrh hs' wksl=;a lreKq fkdfjkiaj ;sìh °" i<ld n,k

NdKavfha ñ, by< .sh úg" md˙fNda.slhdf.a uQr®; wd∞hu wvqjk neúka" i<ld n,k

NdKavh idudkH NdKavhla fõ kï" tu NdKavh i|yd we;s b,aÆu o" by< hkq we;'

fï wkqj wd∞hï m%;súmdlh b,aÆï kS;sh ;yjqre lrhs'

^,l=Kq 02hs&

- wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh fmkakqï lrkqfha wksl=;a lreKq fkd fjkiaj ;sìh °" idfmaÈ

ñ, fjkia ùula ksid b,aÆï lrkq ,nk m%udKfha yg .kakd fjkia ùu hs' b,aÆu

flfrys n,mdk wksl=;a lreKq fkdfjkiaj ;sìh °" i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ,

jeä jqjfyd;a idfmaÈ ñ, by< hdula is≥ fõ' túg idfmaÈj ñ, jeä NdKavhg

we;s b,aÆu wvq fldg" idfmaÈj ñ, wvq NdKav ñ, ° .kS' tfiau wksl=;a lreKq

fkdfjkiaj ;sìh °" i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, my< jegqkfyd;a idfmaÈj tu

NdKavh ,dN fõ' tneúka idfmaÈj ñ, wvq NdKavh jeämqr ñ, ° .kS' fï wkqj

wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh wkqj o b,aÆï kS;sfhka fmkakqï lrk ñ, yd b,aÆï m%udKh

w;r we;s m%;sf,dau iïnkaOh ;yjqre fõ'

^,l=Kq 02hs&

(iii) - we;eï NdKav yd fiajd i|yd fjf<|fmdf<ys mj;akd ñ, ksIamdolhkag yd

iemhqïlrejkag wjdis∞hl yd widOdrK hehs fmkShk wjia:dj,°" Tjqkg iykhla

,nd fokq ms◊i" rch úiska wju ñ,la kS;Hdkql+,j kshu ls¯u wju ñ, jYfhka

y∫kajkq ,efí'

^,l=Kq 01hs&


- W∞yrK( wju jegqma kshu ls¯u· lDIslr®u fnda. i|yd iy;sl ñ, kshu ls¯u

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- we;eï NdKav yd fiajd i|yd fjf<|fmdf<ys mj;akd ñ, .ekqïlrejkag wjdis∞hl iy widOdrKhehs fmkS hk wjia:dj,°" rch úiska Wm˙u ñ,la kS;Hdkql+,j kshu ls¯u Wm˙u ñ, jYfhka y∫kajkq ,efí'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- W∞yrK( w;HjYH wdydr øjH i|yd Wm˙u ñ, kshu ls¯u' ^iy,a" mdka" ls˙ msá" LP .Eia hkd†h&

u.S nia m%jdyk .dia;= kshu ls¯u' Wm˙u fmd,S wkqmd;sl kshu ls¯u' Wm˙u f.j,a l=,S kshu ls¯u' ^,l=Kq 01hs&

(iv) - iemhqfï wkuH;djla mj;sk NdKavhla u; úfYaIs; tall& noaola mkjkq ,enqjfyd;a n≥ n˙ka jeä fldgila orkq ,nkafka iemhqïlrejd úiska jk w;r" .ekqïlrejd

úiska Wiq,kq ,nk n≥ nfrys m%udKh idfmaÈ jYfhka l=vd fõ' ^,l=Kq 02hs&

- m%ia;dr igyk(

.ekqïlrejka ork n≥ nr

úl=Kqïlrejka ork n≥ nr

m%udKh ^tall&

ñ, ^re'& S2

Q2

P2

Q3

D

S1

P2

P1

0 ^,l=Kq 02hs&

(v) ^w& Qd = QS

100 - 4 P = -30 + 6P100 + 30 = 4P+6P 130 = 10P

13 = P Qd = 100 - 4P

= 100 - 4(13) = 100 - 52 = 48

Qs = -30 - 6P = -30 + 6 (13)

= -30 + 78 = 48

^,l=Kq 02hs&


iu;=,s; m%ia;drhl fmkaùu

^,l=Kq 02hs&

^wd& ksIamdol w;s˙la;h = ^iu;=,s; ñ, - wju iemhqï ñ,& Ÿ iu;=,s; m%udKh 2

= (13 - 5) Ÿ 48 = 384 = 192 2 2

md˙fNda.sl w;s˙la;h = ^Wm˙u b,aÆï ñ, - iu;=,s; ñ,& Ÿ iu;=,s; m%udKh 2

= (25 - 13) Ÿ 48 = 576 = 288 2 2

ksIamdol w;s˙la;h yd md˙fNda.sl w;s˙la;h ±lafjk ksjer† m%ia;drhg ,l=Kq 01hs· .Kkh ls¯ug ,l=Kq 01hs



02 m%Yakhg wh≥ïlrejkaf.ka 92.76%la muK

ms<s;=re imhd we; ^m%ia;drh 2&' fuu m%Yakh i|yd

,l=Kq 20la ysñ fõ'





,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'


6 - 10

27%

11 - 15

26%

16 - 20

19% 0 - 5

28%

fuu m%Yakh fldgia 5 lka

iukaú; jk w;r bka myiq;dj

jeäu fldgi v (w) fõ' tys

myiq;dj 77%ls' v (wd) fldgfia

myiq;dj 63%ls'


63%

77%

44%45%43%

57%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

A B

i ii iii iv v

2

Parts & Sub Parts

Facil

ity I

nd

ex

2 m%Yakfhys fldgia

w wd

myiq;dj


Ú i fldgfia myiq;dj 57%ls' fjf<òfmd< iemhqï jl%h we£fï° fjkiajk idOl yd ia:djr idOl ms<snòj fuu .egÆj fhduq ù we;s w;r wfmalaIlhka w;˙ka ie<lsh hq;= m%;sY;hla w∞< ud;Dldj mss<snò ksjer† ±kqula ,nd fkdue;' iemhqu fjkiaùu flfrys n,mdk idOl w;r i<ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, fjkiaùu w∞< fkdúh hq;= nj ikd: lrñka bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ilia lr .kak' b,aÆï yd iemhqï jl% we£fï ° ñ, yer wka idOl ia:djrj mj;sk njg Wml,amkh l< hq;= nj wjOdrKh lr .kak'

Ú ii fldgfia myiq;dj 43%ls' b,aÆï kS;shg fya;= úuik fuu m%Yakh wfmalaIlhska jeä fofkl= wjfndaO lrf.k fkd;snq◊' b,aÆï kS;shg n,mdk fya;=" b,aÆï ;Srl f,i wfmalaIlhska jeä fofkl= jer† f,i wjfndaO lrf.k ;sîu ≥Ialr;dj by< hdug fya;= ù we;' tu ksid ñ, fjkiaùul wd∞hï m%;súmdlh yd wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh meye†,s jk fia bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu iq≥iqh'

Ú iii fldgi wju ñ, yd Wm˙u ñ, w;r fjki ksoiqka olajñka meye†,s ls¯u fj; fhduq ù we;s w;r .egÆjg wh≥ïlrejka ±lajQ myiq;dj 45%ls' wju ñ,;a" Wm˙u ñ,;a w;r fjki ksr®jpkh ls¯ug isiqka iu;a jqj o m%dfhda.sl W∞yrK ±laùug wfmdfydi;a ùu .egÆfõ ≥Ialr;djg fya;=j nj fmfka' wju ñ, iu;=,s; ñ,g by< ñ,la f,i;a" Wm˙u ñ, iu;=,s; ñ,g my< ñ,la f,i;a tjeks ;;a;ajhkag m%dfhda.sl W∞yrK ±laùfï yelshdj jr®Okh jk f,i;a bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu wjYHh'

Ú iv fldgfia myiq;dj 44%ls' iemhqï kuH;dj u; n≥ nr ksIamdolhska yd .ekqïlrejka w;r fn° hkafka flfiao hkak .egÆfjka úuid we;s w;r jeä fofkl= ta ms<sn|j ksjer† wjfndaOhla ,nd fkd;snq◊' b,aÆï yd iemhqï kuH;dfõ úúO wjia:d ksjer† j m%ia;dr .; ls¯ug;a ta wkqj n≥ nr md˙fNda.slhska yd ksIamdolhska w;r fn° hk wdldrh ksjerosj ú.%y lr .ekSug;a isiqka ;=< l=i,;d jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

Ú v (w& fldgfia myiq;dj 77%ls' fndfyda isiqka iólrK úi`°u u`.ska iu;=,s; ñ, yd m%udKh .Kkh ls¯fï l=i,;dj fmkakqï fldg ;snq◊' kuq;a b,aÆï yd iemhqï iólrK wka;(LKav iys;j ksjer†j m%ia;d˙lj ksrEmKh ls¯fï l=i,;dj isiqka ;=< we;s l< hq;=h'

^wd& fldgfia myiq;dj 63%ls' b,aÆï iemhqï iólrK Ndú;fhka md˙fNda.sl yd ksIamdol w;s˙la; .Kkh ls¯ug;a tu w;s˙la;hka m%ia;d˙lj b†˙m;a ls¯ug;a isiqkaf.a l=i,;dj úuiQ fuu Wm fldgfiys ≥Ialr;djg fya;= ù we;af;a m%ia;drh weiqfrka ksIamdol yd md˙fNda.sl w;s˙la; .Kkh ls¯ug fkdyels ùu ksihs' ta w;s˙la; ±lafjk m%foaY ksjer†j y`≥kdf.k jr®. m%udKh .Kkh ls¯ug fkdyels ùuhs' ksIamdok yd md˙fNda.sl w;s˙la; y`≥kd .ekSug;a" tajd .Kkh lr .ekSug;a YsIHhd ;=< yelshd †hqKqjk m˙† bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .; hq;=h'


03 m%Yakh

wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh(3) (i) - ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd wdh;kh úiska msg;ska ñ, ° .;a fhojqï i|yd jeh lrk

uqo,a m%udKh iDcq ms˙jeh fõ' ^,l=Kq 01hs&

^úl,am ms<s;=rla ( Rcq ms jeh hkq wdh;kh úiska msg;ska ,nd .;a ksIamdok iïm;aj,

wdjia:ßl ms jeh fõ'&

- W∞yrK ( msg;ska ,nd.;a Y%uh i|yd lrkq ,nk jegqma f.ùï·

msg;ska ñ, ° .;a wuq øjH" ú≥,sh" c,h" bkaOk jeks fhojqï i|yd lrkq ,nk f.ùï'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhd∞ .efkk wdh;k i;= ksIamdok iïm;aj, wdjia:ßl ms jeh

wdfrdams; ^jl%& ms jeh fõ' ^,l=Kq 01hs&

- W∞yrK( lsishï ksIamdok wdh;khla ;ukaf.a wruqo,a wdh;kfha ksIamdok

l%shdj,shg fhd∞ .ekSu ksid tu wruqo,a fyd| u úl,am Ndú;hlg fhduq fldg

Wmhd.; yelsj ;snQ fmd,S wd∞hu wysñ ùu wdfrdams; ms˙jehls·

- wdh;kh ;uka i;= N+ñh yd f.dvke.s,s ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd lem ls¯u ksid

wysñjk n≥ l=,S wd∞hï·

- m%dud◊l ,dNh' ^,l=Kq 01hs&

(ii) - lsishï jHjidhlfhl= mj;akd ksIamdok l%shdj,sfhys r|jd ;nd .ekSu i|yd tu

jHjidhlhd wfmaÈd lrk wju f.ùu m%dud◊l ,dNh f,i ye¢kafõ' ^,l=Kq 02hs&

- jHjidhlfhl= m%d.aOkh we;=Ω úúO ksIamdok iïm;a ixp, lrñka" wjodkula

orñka ksIamdok ldr®hfhys kshe,Sfï °" tu m%h;akhg i˙,k wju f.ùula Tyq

wfmaÈd lrhs' mj;akd ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< tu wju f.ùuj;a Tyqg Wmhd.;

fkdyels fõ kï" Tyq ;u jHjidhl;ajh tu jHdmdrfhka bj;a lr .kS' tneúka

jHjidhl ldr®hNdrhka bgq ls¯u fjkqfjka ,eìh hq;= f.ùula jk ksid" m%dud◊l

,dNh wdfrdams; ms˙jehls' ^,l=Kq 02hs&

(iii) - mQr®K ;r.h - taldêld¯ ;r.h

- l;smhdêldrh - taldêldrh

^tla lreKlg ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 04 hs&


^iv& - ,dNh hkafkka woyia lrkafka ksIamdok wdh;khl uqΩ ms˙jeh (TC) blaujd we;s

uqΩ whNdrh (TR) m%udKhhs' lsishï ksuejqï uÜgul ° wdka;sl whNdrh (MR) tys

wdka;sl ms˙jehg (MC) y˙hg u iudk jqjfyd;a" bka woyia jkafka tu ksuejqï

uÜgu ,dN Wm˙u lrk ksuejqï uÜgula njh' fï wkqj ,dN Wm˙ukh ls¯fï kS;sh

f,i y∫kajkqfha MR = MC fldkafoaish hs' ksuejqu tu ,ÈHh lrd <Ûd jQ úg"

,dNhg ;j ≥rg;a tl;= ùula fyda ,dNfhka lsisjla wvq ùula fyda is≥ fkd fõ'

^,l=Kq 02hs&

- ñ, .kqfjl= jYfhka lghq;= lrk ksIamdok wdh;khl wdka;sl whNdrh (MR) ñ,g (P) iudk jk neúka" tn∫ ksIamdok wdh;khla iïnkaOfhka ,dN Wm˙ukh

ls¯fï kS;sh P = MC f,i ±laúh yelsh' fuh wksl=;a fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhkag

w∞< fkdjk mQr®K ;r.ld¯ fyj;a ñ, .kqfjl= jYfhka lghq;= lrk ksIamdok

wdh;khlg muKla úfYaIs; jQ fldkafoaishla f,i ±lafõ'

^,l=Kq 02hs&

^v& ^w& wdh;kfha ,dNh fyda w,dNh(

,dNh fyda w,dNh = uqΩ whNdrh (P × Q) -uqΩ ms˙jeh (ATC × Q)(50 × 20) - (60 × 20) = 1,200w,dNh = re' 200

^,l=Kq 02hs&

^wd& uqΩ ia:djr ms˙jeh (TFC) = idudkH ia:djr ms˙jeh (AFC) × ksuejqu (Q)

idudkH ia:djr ms jeh (AFC) = idudkH uqΩ ms jeh (ATC) - idudkH úp,H ms jeh (AVC) = 60 - 40 = 20

uqΩ ia:djr ms jeh (TFC) = id' ia:djr ms jeh (AFC) × ksuejqu (Q) = 20 × 20 = rems' 400

^,l=Kq 02hs&

^úl,am ms<s;=r(

uqΩ ms jeh (TC) = idudkH uqΩ ms jeh (AC) × ksuejqu (Q) = 60 × 20 = 1,200

uqΩ úp,H ms jeh (TVC) = idudkH úp,H ms jeh (AVC) × ksuejqu (Q) = 40 × 20 = 800

uqΩ ia:djr ms jeh (TFC) = 1,200 - 800 = 400





20la ysñ fõ'





,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'


0 - 5

21%16 - 20

25%

11 - 15

28%

6 - 10

26%

fuu m%Yakfha fldgia 05la we;' myiq;dj wvq u fldgi (iv) ù we;s w;r" tys myiq;dj 34%ls' myiq;dj jeä u fldgi (iii) ù

we;s w;r" tys myiq;dj 87%ls'


62%

68%

34%

87%

46%

66%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

A B

i ii iii iv v

3

Parts & Sub Parts

Facil

ity I

nd

ex

3 m%Yakfhys fldgia

w

myiq;dj

wd


Ú i fldgfia myiq;dj 66%ls' Rcq ms˙jeh yd wdfrdams; ms˙jeh ms<snò kHdhd;aul ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl ksoiqka .egÆfjka úuid we;s kuq;a .egÆj ≥Ialr ùug m%dfhda.sl ksoiqka ±laùfï wmyiq;dj fya;= ù we;' tu .egÆ ksrdlrKh jk m˙† bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh úh hq;=h'

Ú ii fldgfia myiq;dj 46%ls' m%dud◊l ,dNh ms˙jehla f,i i,lkq ,eîug fya;=j úuiSug fuu fldgi fhduq ù we;' m%dud◊l ,dNh ksjer†j ksr®jpkh lr .ekSfï wmyiq;dj;a" th jl% ms˙jefhys ixrplhla nj ú.%y ls¯ug wjfndaOhla fkd ùu;a .egÆfõ ≥Ialr;djg fya;= ù we;' tfyhska m%dud◊l ,dNh wr®: ±laùug;a th jl% ms˙jehla nj wjfndaO lr .ekSug;a isiqka ;=< ±kqu jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

Ú iii fldgig wfmalaIlhska nyq;rhla ksjer† ms<s;=re imhd ;snQ w;r 3 jk m%Yakfha jeä u myiq;dj" fmka jQ fldgihs' th 87% ls'

Ú iv fldgi 3 jk m%Yakfha ≥Ialr;dj by< u fldgihs' fuys ≥Ialr;dj 66]ls' ,dN Wm˙u ls¯fï kS;sh yd mQr®K ;r. wdh;khla iïnkaOfhka tu kS;sh m%ldY l< yels wdldrh úuiSug .egÆj ilia ù we;' wfmalaIlhska jeä fofkl= ,dN Wm˙u ls¯fï kS;sh wjfndaO lrf.k fkd ;snQ w;r mQr®K ;r. wdh;khla iïnkaOfhka th m%ldY lrk wdldrh ms<snò ksjer† ±kqula fkd ;snq◊' tneúka ´kEu jHdmdr wdh;khl ,dN Wm˙u ls¯fï fldkafoaish;a" mQr®K ;r.h iòyd th iqúfYaIS f,i m%ldY lrk wdldrh;a meye†,s jk fia bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ilia lr .; hq;=h'

´kEu wdh;khl ,dN Wm˙u ls¯fï kS;sh jkafka" wdka;sl whNdrh (MR) wdka;sl ms˙jeh (MC) g iudk jk wjia:djhs' ms<s;=fr® ta nj we;=<;a úh hq;=h'

fuu m%Yakfha ° zmQr®K ;r. wdh;khZ hk fh≥u fjkqjg" zñ, .kqfjl= jk wdh;khlaZ f,i i|yka fõ' ñ, .kqfjl= jkafka mQr®K ;r. wdh;khla h'

Ú v w& fldgfia myiq;dj 68%ls' mQr®K ;r. wdh;khl flá ld,hla ;=< ° we;s whNdr yd ms˙jeh ;;a;ajhka weiq˙ka ,dNh fyda w,dNh .Kkh lrk wdldrh .egÆfjka úuid ;snqK kuq;a ta ms<snò ksjer† ±kqu wfmalaIlhskaf.ka hï ms˙ilg fkdue;s nj fmkakqï lrhs' mQr®K ;r. wdh;khl uqΩ whNdrh yd uqΩ ms˙jeh y`≥kd .ksñka ,dN .Kkh ls¯fï ±kqu ,nd †h hq;=h'

fuys ^wd& fldgfia myiq;dj 62%ls' mQr®K ;r. wdh;khla iïnkaOfhka ° we;s f;dr;=re weiqfrka uqΩ ia:djr ms˙jeh .Kkh lr .ekSfï ±kqu .egÆfjka ms˙laihs' ie<lsh hq;= wfmalaIlhska ms˙ilg tu ±kqu fkd;snQ neúka ms˙jeh úYaf,aIKh lr .ekSug yelsjk m˙† b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh úh hq;=h'


04 m%Yakh


04' ^i& - ksuejqï m%fõYh

- wd∞hï m%fõYh

- úhoï m%fõYh

^m%fõY ;=ku i|yka lr we;akï ,l=Kq 02hs· m%fõY folla muKla i|yka

fldg we;akï ,l=Kq 01 la mu◊'&

- ksIamdok" wd∞hï yd úhoï m%fõY ms<sìUq flfrkqfha tl u l%shdj,shl úúO me;slv

;=kls' ksIamdok m%fõYh Tiafia ñkqï lrkqfha fok ,o jr®Ih ;=< rg ;=< ksIamdokh

lrk ,o ishÆ u wjidk NdKav yd fiajdj, jákdlu h' wd∞hï m%fõYh Tiafia

ukskq ,nkafka tu wjidk NdKav ksIamdokh ls¯u i|yd ∞hl jQ ksIamdok idOlj,g

lrk ,o uqΩ f.ùï m%udKfha fyj;a uqΩ wd∞hfï jákdluh' ksIamdokfha jákdlu

wjYHfhka u ksIamdokh ìys ls¯u i|yd fhd∞.;a ksIamdok iïm;aj, jákdlug

iudk úh hq;= neúka" wd∞hfï jákdlu;a ksIamdokfha jákdlu;a wkkH fõ' tfiau

úhoï m%fõYh Tiafia ñkqï lrkqfha wjidk NdKav yd fiajd m%udKh ñ, ° .ekSu

i|yd jeh l< hq;= uqΩ úhofï jákdluhs' ksuejqfï jákdlu ksuejqu ñ, ° .ekSu

i|yd jeh lrk ,o uqo,a m%udKhg wjYHfhka u iudk úh hq;= neúka" ksuejqï

jákdlu iy úhofï jákdlu o tlsfklg iudk úh hq;=h' fï wkqj n,k úg

ksuejqï" wd∞hï yd úhoï m%fõY ,nd fokqfha iuia; ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh i|yd tl

u jákdluls'

^,l=Kq 02hs&


^ii& - foaYSh b;=reï

÷ fm!oa.,sl b;=reï ^l=gqïn yd iud.ï&

÷ rcfha b;=reï

- úfoaYSh b;=reï

÷ úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wd∞hï

÷ úfoaY Y=oaO fm!oa.,sl jr®;k ixl%du

^,l=Kq02hs&

^foaYSh b;=reï iy úfoaYSh b;=reï hkqfjka muKla i|yka fldg we;akï

,l=K 01 la mu◊'&

(iii) - wdr®:ßlfha ldr®h idOkh we.hSu'

- wdr®:ßl jDoaêh uekSu'

- m%;sYSr®I wd∞hï cd;Hka;r jYfhka iei£u'

- wdr®:ßlfha jHqyuh ,ÈK y∫kd .ekSu'

- ñksiqkaf.a „jk ;;a;ajh yd Y=NidOkh ;lafiare ls¯u'

- wd∞hïj, ldr®hd;aul jHdma;sh ^jegqma" fmd,S" n≥ l=,S" ,dN& y∫kd .ekSu'

- idr®j wdr®:ßlfha Y%s;d;aul iïnkaO;dj y∫kd .ekSu'

- wdr®:ßl yd iudc m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh yd ie<iqïlrKh'

- wdr®:ßlfha uqΩ iïm;a yd tajd Wmfhdackh lrk wdldrh y∫kd .ekSu'

- idr®j wdr®:ßl úp,Hhkaf.a yeis¯ï mqfrdal:kh ls¯u'

^´kEulreKlg,l=Kq01ne.ska,l=Kq04hs&

(iv) w& - Y=oaO wmkhk(

f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha

cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh = Y=oaO wmkhk › úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wd∞hï

Y=oaO úfoaY jr®;k ixl%du

Y=oaO wmkhk cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh − ^ú' Y=' idOl wdodhu › Y=' ú' jr®;k ixl%du& ^,l=Kq01hs&

= -25 - (7 - 12) - 10 = [-25 - (-5) - 10] = remsh,a ñ,shk -30

^,l=Kq01hs&

^wd& fm!oa.,sl m˙fNdack úhou (C) = Y - (I + G + NX) C = 400 - [70 + 50 + (30)] C = 400 [70 + 50 + (-30)] = 400 - 90 = ñ,shk 310 ^,l=Kq01hs&

^b& jeh l< yels o< cd;sl wd∞hu (

= o' foa' ksIamd†;h › úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wd∞hu › Y=oaO úfoaY jr®;k ixl%du

= 400 + (-5) + 10 = 405

= remsh,a ñ,shk 405

^,l=Kq01hs&


^B& wdKavqfõ b;=reï (SG) ( SG = (T - Tr - ITN) - G = (100 - 25 - 15) - 50 = (60 - 50 = 10 ^,l=Kq 01hs&




20la ysñ fõ'





,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'


6 - 10

27%

11 - 15

19%

16 - 20

9%

0 - 5

45%

fuu m%Yakfha fldgia 04la we;' myiq;dj wvq u fldgi (iv)(B) ù we;s w;r" tys myiq;dj 13%ls' myiq;dj jeä u fldgi (i) ù

we;s w;r" tys myiq;dj 61%ls'


13%

22%

31%33%

51%

34%

61%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

A B C D

i ii iii iv

4

Parts & Sub Parts

Facil

ity I

nd

ex

4 m%Yakfhys fldgia

w

myiq;dj

wd b B

Ú i fldgfiys myiq;dj 61% ls' rgl iuia; wdr®:ßl l%shdj,sh ñkqï ls¯u i|yd Ndú; jk m%fõY úuiSug m%Yakh fhduq ù we;s w;r wfmaÈlhska hï m%;sY;hla .egÆj wjfndaO lr .ekSfï ≥Ialr;djg uqyqK ° we;s neúka myiq;dj iSud ù we;' tneúka cd;sl .sKqï ilia ls¯fï m%fõY úúO kïj,ska ye¢kafjk nj YsIHhdg wjOdrKh ls¯u wjYH jk w;r m%fõY ;=k u.ska u tl u fohla uefkk nj ;yjqre jk m˙† bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .; hq;=h'


Ú ii jk fldgfiys myiq;dj 34% ls' Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl b;=reïj, uQ,dY% úuik .egÆj flfrys nyq;r wfmaÈlhska ksjer† ms<s;=re iemhSug wiu;a ù we;af;a cd;sl b;=reï W;amdokh jk uq,dY% yd tajdfha wkq fldgia ms<sn| ksYaÑ; wjfndaOhla fkdùu fya;=fjks' tneúka Y%S ,xldfõ b;=reï m%fNao yd tajdfha uQ,dY% ms<sn| hdj;ald,Sk ±kqu YsIHhd fj; ,nd °ug lgh;= l< hq;=h' wdor®Y ms<s;=fr® ° we;s m˙† b;=reï iukaú; jkafka flfiao hkak ms<s;=rg we;=<;a úh hq;= h'

Ú iii jk fldgfiys myiq;dj 51% ls' .egÆj fhduq ù we;af;a cd;sl wd∞hï ixLHdf,aLkj, m%fhdackh úuiSug hs' wfmaÈlhskaf.ka wvla muK ksjer† ms<s;=re iemhSug wfmdfydi;a ùu tu ud;Dld ms<sn| m%udKj;a ±kqula fkd;snQ nj wkdjrKh lrhs' cd;sl .sKqïj, jeo.;alu úia;r ls¯ug isiqka ;=< ±kqu m%jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

Ú iv jk fldgfiys w" wd" b" B fldgiaj,ska úuid ;snQfha" ° we;s ixLHd weiq˙ka cd;sl .sKqï wdY%s; ñkqï .Kkh ls¯uhs' kuq;a wkqms<sfj<ska tu fldgiaj, myiq;dj 33%, 31%, 22% iy 13% jYfhka my< uÜgul mej;Su u.ska fmkakqï lrkafka wfmaÈlhska jeä fofkl= tu l=i,;dj ,nd fkd;snQ njhs' tneúka ° we;s ixLHd w∞< lrf.k m%fõY ;=k hgf;a cd;sl .sKqï ixl,am fukau" Bg iïnkaO jk Wm ixrpl o" .Kkh ls¯fï l=i,;dj wh≥ïlrejka ;=< jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

^w& m%Yakfha ° we;s f;dr;=re wkqj Y=oaO wmkhk y∫kd .; yelafla f.jqï ;=<kfha cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh weiqfrks' cx.u .sKqu my; i|yka ixrplj,ska iukaú; fõ' 1. Y=oaO wmkhk' 2. úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wd∞hu 3. úfoaY Y=oaO jr®;k ixl%du

fï ksid f.jqï ;=<kfha cx.u .sKqfï fYaIfhka úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wd∞hu yd úfoaY Y=oaO jr®;k ixl%du wvq l< úg Y=oaO wmkhk ,efí'

ie,lsh hq;=hs( kj f.jqï fYaI f,aLk wdlD;sh wkqj úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wd∞hu fjkqjg m%d:ñl wd∞hï .sKqfï fYaIh;a" úfoaY Y=oaO jr®;k ixl%du fjkqjg oaú;shsl wd∞hï .sKqfï fYaIh;a .e<msh hq;=h'

^wd& rgl o< foaYSh ksIamd†;h my; i|yka ldr®hhkays Wmfhdackh fõ' - fm!oa.,sl m˙fNdackh' (C) - o< foaYSh wdfhdackh (I) - rcfha ñ, ° .ekSï (G) - Y=oaO wmkhk (NX)

fï wkqj wd∞hfuka (Y)/ o< foaYSh ksIamd†;fhka I +G + NX hk fldgia wvq ls¯fuka fm!oa.,sl m˙fNdackh fidhd.; yelsh'

^b& wdr®:ßlhlg jeh l< yelafla o< foaYSh ksIAmd†;h$ wd∞hu muKla fkd fõ' úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wd∞hï o" jr®;k ixl%du jYfhka úfoaYj,ska ,efnk wd∞hï o" jeh l< yelsh' tfy;a o'foa'ks .Kkh ls¯fï ° úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wd∞hu o" úfoaY ixl%du o" we;=<;a fkd fõ' tneúka o'foa'ks g tajd tl;= ls¯fuka jeh l< yels cd;sl wd∞hu ,efí' foaYSh ksIamd†;hg$ wd∞hug úfoaY Y=oaO idOl wd∞hu tl;= l< úg o<'cd;sl ksIamd†;h$ wd∞hu ,efnk w;r thg úfoaY jr®;k ixl%du tl;= l< úg jeh l< yels cd;sl wd∞hu ,efí'

^B& fuys ,l=Kq wvq ùug fya;= ù we;af;a Y=oaO n≥ whNdrh y∫kd .ekSug wiu;a ùuhs' rcfha Y=oaO n≥ whNdrfhka" wdKavqfõ ñ, ° .ekSï wvq l< úg rcfha b;=reï ,efí' Y=oaO n≥ whNdrh f,i ie,flkafka rcfha whNdrfhka" rcfhka fok ixl%du yd l=gqïN fj; f.jk ixl%du wvq ls¯fuka miq ,efnk w.hhs'


05 m%Yakh


(5) (i) - md˙fNdack Y%s;fha zaZ ix.=Klh fmkakqï lrkqfha „ú;h mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd

wjYH lrk wju m˙fNdack úhoï m%udKh hs' th mj;akd wd∞hï uÜgu iuÛ

iïnkaOhla fkdolajhs' jr®;udk wd∞hu Y=kH w.hla .kq ,enqj;a" „ú;h mj;ajd

.ekSu i|yd fuu wju m˙fNdack úhou ±˙h hq;= fõ'

^,l=Kq 02hs&

[by; meye†<s ls¯u fkdue;sj zaZ hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha iajdh;a; m˙fNdack

úhou fyda m˙fNdack Y%s;fhys wka;#LKavh jYfhka i|yka fldg we;akï ,l=Kq

01 la muKla ,nd °u iq≥iq h']

- m˙fNdack Y%s;fha zbZ ix.=Klh fmkakqï lrkqfha wd∞hu fjkia ùu yd wdka;sl

m˙fNdack úhofï fjkiaùu w;r wkqmd;h hs' tkï ∆C/∆Y jYfhks' ^,l=Kq 02hs&

[zbZ ix.=Klh fmkakqï lrkqfha m˙fNdack Y%s;fha nEjqu muKla i|yka lr

we;akï" ,l=Kq 01 la muKla ,nd °u iq≥iqh']

(ii) - lsishï cd;sl wdodhï uÜgula mj;akd w.fha isg by<g fyda my<g fyda fjkia

ùug m%jK;djla fkdolajkafka kï" tu cd;sl wd∞hï uÜgu iu;=,s; cd;sl wd∞hï

uÜgula f,i ie,fla'

^,l=Kq 02hs&


- Y = E Y = C + I + G + (X - M)

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- W = J S + T + M = I + G + X

^,l=Kq 01hs&

(iii) - wdjD; wdr®:ßlhl" ie,iqï l< wdfhdackhg jvd" ie,iqï l< b;=reï by< w.hla

.kakd úg" ^tkï S > I) wdr®:ßlfha ie,iqï l< iudydr úhou (E) iudydr ksuejqug

(Y) jvd wvq w.hla .kS' tkï Y > E jYfhks' fuh wiu;=,s; ;;a;ajhla jk neúka

" thg m%;spdr jYfhka wvq jQ iudydr úhoug .e<fmk whq˙ka ksuejqï uÜgu o

ixfldapkh jkq we;'

^,l=Kq 02hs&

- iudydr úhoug jvd iudydr ksuejqu úYd, jQ úg" f;d. iuqÉpkh ùula yg .kS'

wdh;kh úiska ie,iqï l< m%udKh blaujd f;d. iuqÉpkh jk úg" ksIamdok wdh;k

ksuejqu ixfldapkh lrñka" f;d. ie,iqï l< uÜgfï mj;ajd .ekSug W;aidy lrhs'

ie,iqï l< b;=reï m%udKhg ie,iqï l< wdfhdackh iudk jk ;=re" ksuejqu ixfldapkh

ùfï l%shdj,sh is≥ jk w;r" b;=reï" wdfhdack iudk jQ úg (S = I)" wd∞hï uÜgu h<s;a

iu;=,s; jkq ,efí' tys ° ie,iqï fkd l< f;d. fjkiaùï olakg fkd ,efnk w;r"

iudydr ksuejqu iudydr úhoug iudk fjñka iu;=,s; uÜgfï mj;S'

^,l=Kq 02hs&

(iv) w& iu;=,s; cd;sl wd∞hï uÜgu

Y = C + I + G Y = 50 + 0.8Yd +120 + 100 Y = 50 + 0.8(Y -T + Tr) + 220 Y = 50 + 0.8(Y -80 + 55) + 220 Y = 50 + 0.8Y - 64 + 44 + 220 Y = 270 + 0.8Y - 20 Y = 250 + 0.8Y Y - 0.8Y = 250 0.2Y = 250

Y = re' ñ,shk 1250 ^,l=Kq 01hs&

^wd& wdKavqfõ ñ, ° .ekSï ñ,shk 200 olajd by< .sh úg kj iu;=,s; cd;sl wd∞hï

uÜgu(

Y = 50 + 0.8Yd + 120 + 200 Y = 50 + 0.8(Y - 80 + 55) + 320 ^,l=Kq 01hs&

= 50 + 0.8Y - 64 + 44 + 320 = 350 + 0.8Y

Y - 0.8Y = 350 0.2Y = 350 Y = re' ñ,shk 1,750 ^,l=Kq 01hs&


[úl,am ms<s;=r(

KG =

1

1 - b 1

1 - 0.8 = = 5 (wdKavqfõ úhoï .=Klh)

∆G = 100 ∆ Y = 100 × 5 = 500 kj iu;=,s; cd;sl wd∞hu = 1,250 + 500 = 1750]

^b& - wdKavqfõ úhoï .=Klh

KG =

1

1 - MPC 1

1 - 0.8 = = 5 1

0.2 = ^,l=Kq 02hs&

B& remsh,a ñ,shk 2,000 cd;sl wd∞hï b,lalhla w;alr .ekSug wjYH lrk wdKavqfõ ñ, ° .ekSïj, uqΩ jákdlu(

jr®;udk wd∞hï uÜgu = 1,750b,lal wd∞hï uÜgu = 2,000

wd∞hu jeäl< hq;= m%udKh (∆Y) = 2,000 - 1,750 = 250wdKavqfõ úhoï .=Klh = 5wdKavqfõ úhoï .=Klh 5la fõ kï wd∞hu 250 lska by< kexùug

wjYH lrk w;sfr®l úhou (∆G) = (∆Y) KG

= ∆G = 250 5

= 50

wjYH lrk wdKqvqfõ ñ, ° .ekSïj, uqΩ w.h = 200 + 50 + = 250

= remsh,a ñ,shk 250

^,l=Kq 02hs&

[úl,am ms<s;=r(

Y = C + I + G 2,000 = 50 + 0.8Yd 120 + G ^,l=Kq 01hs&

2,000 = 50 + 0.8(Y - T + Tr) + 120 + G 2,000 = 50 + 0.8(Y - 80 + 55) + 120 + G 2,000 = 50 + 0.8Y - 64 + 44 + 120 + G 2,000 = 150 + 0.8 (2,000) + G 2,000 = 150 + 16,00 + G 2,000 - 1,750 = G 250 = G]





20la ysñ fõ'





,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'


6 - 10

30%

11 - 15

31%

16 - 20

15%0 - 5

24%

fuu m%Yakfha fldgia 4la we;s

w;r (iv) jk fldgi ^w&" ^wd&"

^b&" ^B& jYfhka wkqfldgia

y;rlska hqla;h' fuu m%Yakh

;=< jeä u myiq;dj (iv) ^b&

wkqfldgig ysñjk w;r" tys

myiq;dj 70%ls' wvq u myiq;dj

we;af;a (iii) fldgig jk w;r"

tys myiq;dj 16% ls'


37%

70%

51%

60%

16%

51%

60%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

A B C D

i ii iii iv

5

Parts & Sub Parts

Facil

ity I

nd

ex

5 m%Yakfhys fldgia

w

myiq;dj

wd b B

Ú i fldgfiys myiq;dj 60% ls'ir, mrsfNdack Y%s;fhys ixrpl ms<sn| ±kqu úuiSu fj; m%Yakh fhduq ù we;' .egÆj flfrys wfmalaIlhskaf.kaa 40% la muK i;=gq∞hl fkdjQ m%;spdr olajd we;s neúka ta ms<sn| isiqka ;=< oekqu jr®Okh l< hq;= nj wkdjrKh lrhs'

Ú ii fldgi u.ska iu;=,s; cd;sl wd∞hu ksr®jpkh ls¯u yd újD; wdr®:ßlhl cd;sl wd∞hï uÜgfï iu;=,s;;dj i|yd wjYH fldkafoais úuid we;' wfmaÈlhska yg 49% l ≥Ialr;djla mej;Su u.ska wkdjrKh lrkafka cd;sl wd∞hu ksjer†j ksr®jpkh ls¯fï ±kqu yd cd;sl wd∞hfï iu;=,s;h ;SrKh ùu flfrys ^tkï tla tla wdlD;Ska ys& wjYH fldkafoais ú.%y ls¯fï wjfndaOh fkd;snQ njhs' tu l=i,;dj jr®Okh jk m˙† bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixjr®Okh l< hq;=h'


Ú iii fldgi fuu m%Yakfha 84% la jk by< u ≥Ialr;dj fmkajQ fldgihs' wdjD; wdr®:ßlhl ldka≥ùï yd ú°ï y∫kd .ksñka wdfhdackhg jvd b;=reï by< w.hl mj;sk úg iu;=,s; cd;sl wd∞hï uÜgu lrd <Ûd jk wdldrh úuiSug fuu fldgi fhduq ù we;' kuq;a wfmaÈlhska úYd, ms˙ila ldka≥ ùï" ú°ï fjkia ùu wkqj iu;=,s; wd∞hu ;SrKh jk wdldrh ú.%y lr .ekSfï l=i,;dj fkdue;s nj fmkajhs' tneúka tu l=i,;dj jr®Okh jk m˙† j.= yd m%ia;dr u.ska fukau iólrK u.ska o" ldka≥ùï" ú°ï fjkiaùu u; iu;=,s; wd∞hu ;SrKh jk wdldrh meye†<s lrkak'

idr®j wdr®:ßlfha iu;=,s;;djh ;SrKh ùu ms<sn| flakaishdkq kHdh hgf;a ldka≥ùï = ú°ï (W = J) m%fõYh wkqj iu;=,s;;djfha ° wkfmaÈs; f;d. iuqÉpkhla fyda W!K;djhla fkdmej;sh hq;=h' ie<iqï l< b;=reï yd ie<iqï l< wdfhdack tlsfklg iudk jQ úg wkfmaÈs; f;d. iuqÉpkh Y=kH fõ' ie<iqï l< wdfhdackhg jvd ie<iqï l< b;=reï jeä kï wkfmaÈs; f;d. iuqÉpkhla is≥jk neúka wdh;k f;d. wvq lr .ekSug lghq;= lrhs' fï l%shdj,sh iu;=,s; ksuejqï uÜgu olajd u is≥ fõ' fï wdldrhg S iy I w.hka w;r fjkialï mj;sk úg f;d. fjkiaùï ljr w.hla .kafka o hkak yd iu;=,s;h lrd .uka ls¯fï ° f;d. fjkiaùïj,g l=ula is≥ jkafka o hkak ms<sn|j ksjer† wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu wjYH fõ'

Ú iv w& fldgfiys myiq;dj 60% ls' ° we;s f;dr;=re weiq˙ka iu;=,s; cd;sl wd∞hu .Kkh ls¯ug fuu fldgi fhduq ù we;' ie,lsh hq;= wfmaÈlhska ms˙ila tu l=i,;dj fkdfmkajd we;s neúka w∞< ±kqu yd l=i,;dj jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

^wd& fldgfia myiq;dj 51% ls' .egÆj fhduq ù we;af;a iajdëk úhoï .=Klh .Kkh fldg ta weiq˙ka iajdëk úhoul fjkig wkqrEmj iu;=,s; wd∞hu fjkiajk m%udKh ñkqï ls¯u fj;h' wfmaÈlhskaf.ka wvla muK tu l=i,;dj ,nd fkd ;snq◊' iajdëk úhoul fjkig wkqj iu;=,s; wd∞hfï fjkia ùu .Kkh ls¯fï ° .=Klh Ndú; ls¯u yqre lrjkak'

^b& fldgi u.ska wdKavqfõ úhoï .=Klh .Kkh ls¯fï l=i,;dj úuid we;' tu fldgfia myiq;dj 70% ls' bka fmkS hkafka .=Klh .Kkh ls¯fï l=i,;dj YsIHhd ;=< we;s njhs'

^B& rcfha úhoï fjkia ùu yd iu;=,s;h fjkiaùu w;r iïnkaOh .=Klh weiq˙ka .Kkh lr .ekSfï l=i,;dj wfmalaIlhska jeä fofkl= ;=< fkd ;snQ nj B& fldgfiys ≥Ialr;dj 63% la ùfuka fmkShhs' .=Klh weiq˙ka iajdëk úhoul fjki u; iu;=,s; wd∞hu fjkiaùu weia;fïka;= ls¯fï l=i,;dj YsIHhd ;=< jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a rcfha úhoï jeä ls¯u u.ska ksujqï uÜgu flfrys n,mEula we;s l< yelsh' tys ° rcfha úhoï .=Klh yd ksujqu fjkia l< hq;= m%udKh w;r in|;djhla mj;S' tu in|;djfha iajrEmh ksjer†j wjfndaO lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' fï i|yd fhda‚; ms<s;=r fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'


§wd¶ Wm fldgi

06 m%Yakh

wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh (6) (i) - NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre ls¯fï ° f.ùï udOHhla jYfhka fmd≥fõ ms<s.kakd jQ

´kEu fohla uqo,a jYfhka i,lkq ,efí' ^,l=Kq 02hs&

- iDcq yqjudrej mokï lr.;a .kqfokq l%uhla fyj;a ndgr® l%uhla ;=<" yqjudrejla is≥ ùug kï yqjudrejg iyNd.sjk fomdr®Yajfha wjYH;d wfkHdkH jYfhka tlsfklg .e<msh hq;= ùu' jqjukd ms<sn| oaùl iïmd;h kñka y∫kajkq ,nk fuu fldkafoaish w;alr .ekSu w;sYhska u ≥Ialr fõ'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- m%jdyk wmyiq;d ^≥r neyer m%foaY iuÛ .kqfokq ls¯fï ° NdKav /f.k tau b;d ≥Ialr ùu'&

- .nvd lr ;eîfï wmyiq;dj'

- yqjudrej i|yd tlÛ;djlg taug úYd, ld,hla .; ùu'

- l=vd fldgia jYfhka fn∞ yqjudre lr .ekSfï wmyiq;dj' ^´kEu lreKlg ,l=Kq 01hs&

(ii) - Kh m;a uqo,a f,i fkdie,flkqfha uqof,a ;sìh hq;= m%Odk .=Kdx. Khm;aj, olakg fkd ,efnk neúks' Khm;a jákdlï ikaksêhla jYfhka l%shd fkd lrk w;r" ;djld,sl yqjudre udOHhla jYfhka muKla lghq;= lrhs'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- Khm;a jQ l,S lsishï iud.ulska fyda uQ,H wdh;khlska" fyda flá ld,Sk Kh uqo,la ,nd .ekSfï jev ms<sfj<ls' flá ld,Sk yqjudre udOHhla tuÛska iemhqk o" Khm;a .sKqu mshùfï °" yqjudre udOHhla jYfhka uqo,a fhd∞ .ekSug Khm;a ysñhdg is≥ fõ' .kqfokqj iïmQr®K jkafka uqo,aj,ska Khm;a .sKqu msh jQ miqj h'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

(iii)- uQr®; wd∞hu - fmd,S wkqmd;slh - ñ, uÜgu - wfmaÈs; WoaOuk wkqmd;slh ^´kEu lreKq follg ,l=Kq 02hs&


- .kqfokq m%udKh ;SrKh flfrk b;d jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka uQr®; wd∞hfï m%udKhhs' uQr®; wd∞hu by< hk úg .kqfokq ls¯fï mrudr®:fhka uqo,a fYaI i|yd lrkq ,nk b,aÆu o" by< hhs'

- fmd,S wkqmd;slh uqo,a fYaI <Û ;nd .ekSfï wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh fmkakqï lrhs' fmd,S wkqmd;sl by< hk úg" uqo,a fYaI ;nd .ekSfï wdjia:ßl ms˙jeh wêl h' tneúka uqo,a i|yd lrk b,aÆu wvq lrk w;r" ta fjkqjg úl,am j;alïj, wdfhdackh flfr®'

- fmd,S wkqmd;slh iufmaÈKh Tiafia uqo,a fYaI i|yd lrk b,aÆug o" n,mdhs' fmd,S wkqmd;slh wkd.;fha ° my< jefg;shs wfmaÈd flfr® kï" tuÛska we;súh yels m%d.aOk jdis ,nd .ekSu i|yd uqo,a fYAI i|yd b,aÆu wvqfldg ms<skm;aj, wdfhdackh jeä lr.kq we;'

- ñ, uÜgu by< hk úg .kqfokqj, jákdlu by< hk neúka jeä jeäfhka uqo,a fYaI <Û ;nd .ekSug is≥ jkq we;'

- wkd.; WoaOuk wkqmd;slh by< h;shs wfmaÈd flfr® kï uqo,a fYaIj, uQr®; w.h wvq úh yels neúka uqo,a fYAI <Û ;nd .ekSug we;s b,aÆu wvq úh yels h' uqo,a fjkqjg uQr®; j;alï b,aÆï ls¯ug keUqre jkq we;'

^´kEu lreKq follg ,l=Kq 02hs&

(iv) - iudydr iemhqug idfmaÈj iudydr b,aÆu by< hdu ksid" NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ,

.Kka by< hdu uÛska fmd≥ ñ, uÜgfuys yg .kakd wLKav by< hdu" b,aÆfuka we≥Kq WoaOukh f,i ye¢kafõ'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- m%ia;d˙l ksrEmKh(

^ksjer† rEm igyklg ,l=Kq 01hs&

- ms˙jefhka ;,aÆ jqKq WoaOuk m%fõYfhka ±lafjkafka" fhojqï ñ, fyj;a ksIAmdok ms˙jeh by< hdu ksid iudydr iemhqu wvq ùfuka NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, by< hdu uÛska fmd≥ ñ, uÜgfï wLKav by< hdula yg .; yels nj h'


m%ia;d˙l ksrEmKh( ms˙jefhka ;,aÆjqKq WoaOukh

^ksjer† rEm igyklg ,l=Kq 01hs&

(v) foaYSh uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<ys wê øjYS,;djla olakg ,eîug fya;=(

- uy nexl=j úiska foaYSh$úfoaYSh úksuh fjf<|fmd<ska úfoaY úksuh ñ, ° .ekSu by< hdu'

- uy nexl=j n,m;%,dNS nexl= ^,xld nexl=j yd cd;sl b;s˙ ls¯fï nexl=j& iuÛ úfoaY úksuh yqjudre .súiqïj,g (SWAP arrangements) t<eöu uÛska tu nexl=j úiska ,nd .;a úfoaY úksuh uy nexl=j úiska ñ, ° .ekSu'

- fm!oa.,sl wxYh úiska idx.ñl Khlr yd fldgia" úfoaY wdfhdaclhka ksl=;a ls¯u ;=<ska Wmhd.;a úfoaY úksuh uy nexl=j úiska ñ, ° .ekSu'

- uy nexl=j úiska m%d:ñl fjf<|fmdf<ka NdKavd.dr ì,am;% ñ, ° .ekSu'

- uy nexl=fõ ,dNfhka fldgila rchg ,nd °u'

- 2013 cQ,s udifha isg n,meje;afjk m˙† uy nexl=fõ jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h m%;sY;dxl 2 lska my< fy<Su'

- nexl= moaO;sh fj;ska fm!oa.,sl wxYh ,nd .;a Kh my< jeàu'

^´kEu lreKlg ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 03hs&

wê øjYS,S;dj wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu i|yd .kq ,enQ l%shd udr®.(

- ffoksl újg fjf<|fmd< lghq;= wLKavj mj;ajd f.k hdu'

- úúg fjf<|fmd< lghq;= i|yd fhd∞ .; yels uy nexl=j i;= rcfha iq/l=ïm;a f;d.h m%udKj;a fkd jQ fyhska w;s˙la; øjYS,;dj wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu i|yd wksl=;a wdh;kj,ska ^W∞( fiajl wr®:idOl wruqo,& Khg .;a iq/l=ïm;a fhd∞ .ekSu'

- ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlu (SDF) y∫kajd °u'

- ld,Sk m%;s ñ, ° .ekSï fjkafoais meje;aùu'

- jd◊c nexl= i;= wê øjYS,;dj Kh ,nd °ï Tiafia fm!oa.,sl wxYhg fhduq ls¯ï jia ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï wkqmd;sl hgf;a ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï i|yd m%fõY ùfï bvlv iSud ls¯u ^uilg 3 jrla mu◊'&

^´kEu lreKlg ,l=Kqq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 03hs&





20la ysñ fõ'





,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'


0 - 5

42%

16 - 20

4%

11 - 15

20%

6 - 10

34%

fuu m%Yakfha fldgia 5 la we;s w;r

(i) fldgfiys myiq;dj Wm˙u jqj o

tys myiq;dj 72% lg iSud ù we;'

myiq;dj wvq u wkq fldgi v ^w& jk

w;r" tys myiq;dj 15% la mu◊' ii, iii, iv, v fldgia 4 ys myiq;d fmd≥fõ

.;aúg 42% g jvd wvq uÜgul mj;S'


15%

37%

26%

41%

72%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

i ii iii iv v

6

Part B

Parts & Sub Parts

Facil

ity I

nd

ex

6 m%Yakfhys fldgia

myiq;dj


Ú i fldgi" 72% l myiq;djla fmkajhs' fuu fldgfika úuid we;af;a uqo,a ksr®jpkh

fldg th ndgr® l%ufha ≥Ialr;d bj;a lr,Sug iu;a jQfha flfia o hkak ms<sn|jhs'

wfmaÈlhskaf.ka 28% lg muK fuu m%Yakh ≥Ialr ùug fya;= ù we;af;a uqo,a ksr®jpkh

lr .ekSfï yelshdj ;snqK;a th ndgr® l%ufha m%n, ≥Ialr;d bj;a l¯ug iu;a jQfha

flfiao hkak meye†<s ls¯fï fkdyelshdj ksihs' tneúka uqo,a Ndú;h ndgr® l%ufha

≥Ialr;d bj;a ls¯ug iu;aj we;s wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqu isiqka ;=< fmdaIKh lrkak'

Ú ii fldgfiys ≥Ialr;dj 59% ls' by< ≥Ialr;d uÜgulg fya;= jQ fuu .egÆj u.ska úuikafka

Khm;a uqo,a fkdjkafka ukao hkakhs' fuys by< ≥Ialr;djg fya;= ù we;af;a Kh m;a hkq

l=ula o hkak iy Kh m;a uqo,a fkdjkafka l=uk idOl ksid o hkak ±k fkd isàu ksid h'

tneúka Kh m;a we;=Ω uqo,a wdfoaYlj, .=Kdx. iy uqo,aj, .=Kdx. meye†<s lrñka Kh m;a

uqo,a fkd ùug fya;= wjOdrKh l< hq;=h'

Ú iii fldgfia myiq;dj 26% ls' fuu fldgi u.ska úuikafka uqo,a b,aÆu ;SrKh lrk idr®j

wdr®:ßl úp,Hhka iy tu úp,Hhkaf.a fjkia ùu uqo,a b,aÆu flfrys n,mdk wdldrh

ms<sn|jh' isiqka jeä fofkl= uqo,a i|yd b,aÆula we;s ùug n,mdk idOl tkï .kqfokq"

wdrÈK" iufmaÈK hk fÉ;kd uqo,a fYAI <Û ;nd .ekSug n,mE fya;= hehs jer† f,i

jgyd f.k we;' tu ksid idr®j wdr®:ßl úp,Hhka iy tajd w;˙ka uqo,a b,aÆu ;SrKh lrk

úp,Hhka iy tu úp,Hhkays fjkia ùu uqo,a b,aÆu flfrys n,mdk wdldrh;a ms<sn|

±kqu yd úYaf,aIK l=i,;d isiqka ;=< jr®Okh l< hq;=h' ms<s;=r jvd fyd¢ka wOHhkh lr

w∞< idr®j wdr®:ßl úp,H y∫kd .kak'

Ú iv fldgi b,aÆfuka we≥Kq WoaOukh yd ms˙jefhka ;,aÆjqKq WoaOukh w;r fjki yd

tu ;;ajhka m%ia;d˙lj ksrEmKh ls¯u ms<sn| ±kqu yd l=i,;d úuiSug fhduq jQ m%Yakhls'

fuys ≥Ialr;dj 63% la ùu u.ska wkdjrKh jkafka wfmaÈlhska jeä fofkl= fï ms<sn|

ksjer† ±kqu yd l=i,;d ,nd fkdue;s njhs' tneúka Wla; ud;Dld ms<sn| ±kqu" m%ia;dr

u.ska meye†<s ls¯fï l=i,;d jr®Okh jk m˙† bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,h ixúOdkh lr

.; hq;=h' m%ia;dr u.ska ms<s;=r b†˙m;a ls¯fï ° ksjer† j wÈ kï fkd ls¯u ,l=Kq wvq

ùug fya;=jls'

Ú v fldgi m%Yakfha 85% la jQ by< u ≥Ialr;dj fmkajhs' fuu fldgi u.ska úuid we;af;a Y%S

,xldfõ uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<ys by< wê øjYS,;djg fya;= iy tu wê øjYS,;dj wjfYdaIKh

lr .ekSug uy nexl=j f.k we;s l%shd udr®. ms<sn|jhs' wfmaÈlhska by< ms˙ilg .egÆj

≥Ialr ù we;af;a Wla; .egÆj ms<sn| ksjer† ±kqu fkd;snqKq neúks' tu ksid Y%S ,xldfõ

uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<ys wê øjYS,;djg fyda W!K øjYS,;djg n,mdk ld,Sk fya;= yd tu

;;ajhka b†˙fha uy nexl=j .;a l%shd udr®. ms<sn| ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;=h' uy nexl=

jdr®;dfõ úfYAI igyka lshùug YsIHhd keUqre jkafka kï ld,Sk f;dr;=re we;=<;a fujeks

m%Yakj,g idr®:l j ms<s;=re iemhsh yelsh'


07 m%Yakh

wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh ^07& (i) - Y=oaO fmd≥ NdKavhl m˙fNdackh iSud l< fkdyel' tn∫ NdKaavhla iemhQ úg

tu NdKavfhka ,efnk m%;s,dN m˙fNdaclhka w;r iSud l< yels fkd fõ' fmd≥

NdKavj, olakg we;af;a iduQysl m˙fNdack ,ÈKhhs' ^,l=Kq 04hs&

- Y=oaO fmd≥ NdKavhl m˙fNdackfha ;r.ld¯;ajhla olakg fkdue;' tla mqoa.,fhla

úiska lrkq ,nk m˙fNdackh ksid ;j;a mqoa.,fhl=g tu NdKavfhka iemfhk

m%udKfhys wvqjla yg fkd .kS' ^,l=Kq 04hs&

- Y=NidOk NdKavhla hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla

m˙fNdackh ls¯fï °" tu m˙fNdackfha m%;s,dNh tu NdKavh m˙fNdackh l<

mqoa.,hdg fuka u" ;j;a ndysr mdr®Yajhkag N=la;s ú¢h yels ùu h' tn∫ NdKavhl

m˙fNdackfha iudc m%;s,dN tys fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN blaujd hhs'

- Y=NidOk NdKav" fjf<|fmd< uÛska iemfhk úg tu NdKav W!K m˙fNdackhlg

md;% ùfï keUqrejla mj;S'

W∞ (- wOHdmkh" fi!LH fiajd ^,l=Kq 02hs&

(ii) - ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha ° ndysr ms˙jeh yg .kakd úg" iïm;a ldr®hÈuj fn∞ fjkalr

,Sfï ,d fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;a jkafka fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg

ndysr ms˙jeh we;=<;a lr fkd .kakd neúks'

- ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha ° ndysr ms˙jeh yg .kakd úg" ksIamdokfha iudc ms˙jeh"

fm!oa.,sl ms˙jeh blaujd hhs' tfy;a fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;SrK .kq ,nkafka fm!oa.,sl

ms˙jeh iy fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dNh muKla ie<ls,a,g .ksñks'

- ndysr ms˙jeh ie,ls,a,g fkd .;a úg" ksIamdokfha ienE ms˙jeh W!K ;lafiarejg

,lajk w;r" fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;SrKh jk iu;=,s; ksuejqu iudchSh jYfhka m%Yia;

ksuejqï uÜgu blaujd hkq we;' tys ° ysÛ iïm;a wê m˙fNdackhg ,la fõ' tneúka

th wldr®hÈu f,i iïm;a fn∞ fjka ls¯ula fmkakqï lrhs'

^,l=Kq 03hs&


- fhda.H m%ia;dr igyk (

S2 ^iudc ms˙jeh&

Ps

Pm

Qs Qm

D

S1 ^fm!oa.,sl ms˙jeh&

ndysr ms˙jeh

ksuejqï ^tall&

ñ, ^re'&

ndysr ms jeh ie<ls,a,g fkd.;a úg" fjf<|fmdf<a iu;=<s; ksuejqu Qm jk w;r"

ndysr ms jeh ie,ls,a,g .;a úg iudchSh jYfhka m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu úh hq;af;a

Qs h' ^ksjer† m%ia:drhg ,l=Kq 02hs&

(iii) - iudkqmd;sl noao ( n≥ moku úYd, ùu;a iuÛ wh lrkq ,nk n≥ wkqmd;slh fkd

fjkiaj mj;skafka kï th iudkqmd;sl noaola fõ'

wd∞hfuka ia:djr m%;sY;hla n≥ jYfhka wh flfr®'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

- wkql%u noao ( n≥ moku úYd, ùu;a iuÛ wh lrkq ,nk n≥ wkqmd;slhka l%ufhka

by< kÛS kï th wkql%u noaola f,i ye¢kafõ'

wdr®:ßl jYfhka jvd Yla;su;a wh" Yla;sfhka wvq whg jvd jeä m%;sY;hla n≥

jYfhka f.j;s' ^,l=Kq 01hs&

- m%;sl%u noao ( n≥ moku úYd, ùu;a iuÛ wh lrkq ,nk n≥ wkqmd;slh l%ufhka

my< jefÜ kï th m%;sl%u noaola f,i ie<fla' wd∞hu by< hk úg n≥ m%;sY;h

my< jegqk;a" ksrfmaÈ n≥ uqo, by< hdug ms<sjk'

^,l=Kq 01hs&

(iv) - noaola mekùu ksid fjf<|fmd< ;=< l=gqïn yd ksIamdok wdh;kj, ;SrK .ekSfï

l%shdj,sh úlD;s ùu uÛska" noao ksid ±¯ug is≥jk uQ,Huh n≥ nrg wu;rj"

;j;a w;sfr®l n≥ nrla wdr®:ßlh u; m;s; fõ kï th n≥ wh ls¯fï wênr f,i

ye¢kafõ'

- noafoa n,mEu ksid ksIamdok wdh;kh iy l=gqïn úiska ksIamdokh yd m˙fNdackh

ms<sn|j lrkq ,nk f;a¯ï fjkia ls¯ug is≥ fõ' W∞yrKhla jYfhka NdKavhla

u; noaola mek jQ miq NdKavfha ñ, by< hk neúka" l=gqïN úiska ñ, ° .kq ,nk

m%udKh iy wdh;k ksmojkq ,nk m%udKh wvq úh yelsh' Y%u wd∞hï u; n≥ mek

jQ úg" imhkq ,nk Y%u m%udKh fjkia ls¯ug keUqrejla mj;S'

- n≥ .ekSu ksid fuf,i ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh úlD;s ùfuka ksIamdolhkag yd

md˙fNda.slhkag wysñjk wdr®:ßl w;s˙la;fha m%udKh wê n≥ nr f,i fmkajd †h

yels h th uQ,Huh n≥ nrg wu;rj yg .kakd w;sfr®l n≥ nrls'

^,l=Kq 03hs&


- wê n≥ nr m%ia;dr igykla weiq˙ka fmkaùu'

m%udKh ^tall&

^noaog miq iemhqu&wê n≥ nr ñ, ^re&

^ksjer† m%ia;drhg ,l=Kq 01hs&

(iv) - YS% ,xldfõ rdcH Kh nfrys úYd,;ajh fndfyda úg fmkakqï lrkq ,nkafka o'foa' ksIamdos;fha m%;sY;hla jYfhks' Kh nfrys ienE ;;a;ajh tuÛska ksjer†j ksrEmKh fkd fõ' W∞yrKhla jYfhka my; o;a; ±laúh yelsh' uqΩ Kh o'foa ksIamd†;h m%;sY;hla f,i(

2010 - 81.9% 2011 - 78.5% 2012 - 79.2% 2013 - 78.3% fuu o;a; foi ne¨ úg i;=gq∞hl m%jK;djla we;ehs lsisfjl=g ks.ukh ls ug ms<sjk'

- tfy;a ieneúka u YS% ,xldj b;d nrm;, wkaoñka Kh nr m%Yakfhka mSvkhg m;aj

isà' tys nrm;, nj ksjer†j wjfndaO lr .; yelafla Kh m˙udj o'foa' ksIamd†;h

iuÛ iei£fuka fkd j wdr®:ßlfha Kh fiajdlrK Od˙;dj fmkakqï lrk rdcH

whNdrfha m%;sY;hla jYfhka .;a úg YS>%fhka jr®Okh fjñka mj;S'

2011 - 530% 2013 - 597% 2012 - 571% 2014 - 618%

- Kh fiajdlrK f.ùï rdcH whNdrfha m%;sY;hla jYfhka .;a ùg o ±lsh yelafla ±ä

lkiaiÆld¯ iajNdjhls' 2013 jr®Ifha ° Kh fiajdlrK .dia;= uqΩ rdcH whNdrfhka

102.2% la úh' fuh b;d nrm;, ;;ajhls' rcfha wksl=;a úhoï mshjd .ekSu flfia

fj;;a" Kh wdmiq f.ùug;a Kh ,nd .ekSug is≥j we;s ;;ajhls' YS% ,xldj ±kgu;a

Kh mdIhlg yiqj we;s nj ;yjqre lrkakls' fuu ;;ajh ksjer† ls¯ug läkï

l%shdudr®. fkd.; fyd;a Kh f.ùï meyer ye¯ï jeks nrm;, wr®nqold¯ ;;a;ajhlg

wdr®:ßlh uqyqK †h yelsh' ^,l=Kq 03hs&




20la ysñ fõ'





,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'


6 - 10

32%

11 - 15

26%

16 - 20

8%

0 - 5

34%


fuu m%Yakfha fldgia 5 la we;s

w;r iii fldgi myiq u m%Yakh

ù we;' tys myiq;dj 69%ls'

myiq;dj wvq u fldgi v ù we;s

w;r" tys myiq;dj 14%ls' i, ii, iv fldgiaj, myiq;d ms<sfj<ska

67%" 40% iy 31% fõ'


14%

31%

69%

40%

67%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

i ii iii iv v

7

Parts & Sub Parts

Facil

ity I

nd

ex

7 m%Yakfhys fldgia

myiq;dj

Ú i fldgi 67% l myiq;djla fmkakqï lrhs' jeä fofkl=g Y=oaO fmd≥ NdKav iy Y=NidOk

NdKav úia;r lr .ekSug yels ù we;' ;j ≥rg;a fuu ixl,am iy Bg .e<fmk ksoiqka úia;r

ls¯fï ±kqu ,nd †h hq;=h'

Ú ii fldgiska úuid we;af;a ksIAmdok l%shdj,sfha ° ndysr ms˙jehla yg .ekSu ksid iïm;a fn∞

fjka ls¯fï ,d fjf<|fmd< wiu;a jkafka flfia o hkakhs' fuu .egÆj iïnkaOfhka

wfmaÈlhska 60% l ≥Ialr;djla fmkakqï lrkafka ksIAmdok l%shdj,sfha ndysr ms˙jehla mj;sk

úg fjf<|fmdf<a wê ksIAmdokhla is≥ ùu ms<sn| ±kqu yd th m%ia;d˙lj ksrEmKh ls¯fï

l=i,;dj fkd;snQ fyhsks'

Ú iii fldgfia myiq;dj 69% ls' fuu fldgiska úuid we;af;a n≥ wkqmd;sl jHqyh wkqj n≥ jr®.

ksr®jpkh ls¯uhs' wfmalaIlhska lsishï m%;sY;hla tu yelshdj fkd fmkajhs' tu ksid wkql%ñl"

m%;sl%ñl" iudkqmd;sl n≥ ksr®jpkh ls¯u" ksoiqka ±laùu ms<sn| l=i,;d jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

Ú iv fldgiska úuikq ,nkafka n≥ wh ls¯ul wê n≥ nr iy th m%ia;d˙lj ksrEmKh lrk wdldrh

ms<sn|jhs' fuys myiq;dj 31% ls' ñka ksrEmKh jkafka wfmaÈlhska nyq;rhlg .egÆj b;d

≥Ialr ù we;s njhs' Bg fya;=j wê n≥ nr ixl,amh úia;r ls¯fï fkdyelshdjhs' tu l=i,;dj

jr®Okh l< hq;= uÜgul mj;S"

n≥ wh ls¯fï wênr fyj;a wê n≥ nr" hk ixl,amh meye†<s ls¯fï ° <uqka m%ia;dr igyk u.ska

fuu ixl,amh b†˙m;a ls¯ug iu;a jqj o" wê n≥ nr ixl,amh úia;r ls¯ug wiu;a ù we;' tu

ksid noafoa wê n≥ nr ksjer†j ksr®jpkh lr .ekSu i|yd fhduq úh hq;=h' ta i|yd ,l=Kq ,nd

°fï mámdáfhys w∞< ms<s;=r wOHhkh ls¯fuka idr®:l ms<s;=rla f.dv k.d .ekSug yelshdj

,efnkq we;'

Ú jeäu ≥Ialr;djla fmkajk fuu fldgfiys ≥Ialr;dj 86% ls' m%Yakfhka úuid we;af;a Y%S

,xldfõ rdcH Kh" ksrfmaÈ yd idfmaÈ m%udKh ms<sn| ±kqu iy th wdr®:ßlh flfrys n,mdk

wdldrh ms<sn| wjfndaOhhs' isiqka ±lajQ m%;spdr i;=gq∞hl fkd jQ neúka rdcH Kh ms<sn|

m%jK;d iy tys m%;súmdl ms<sn| ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;=h' rcfha wd∞hu iy Kh m%udKh"

ms<sn| o;a; u;lfha ;nd .; hq;=h'


08 m%Yakh

wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh ^08& (i) - úfYaI m%d.=KHh l< fÈ;%hkays ksIamdokh is≥jk úg M,∞hs;dj by< k.sk w;r"

th wdr®:ßl jDoaêh fõ.j;a lr .ekSug;a" „jk ;;a;ajh by< kxjd .ekSug;a bjy,a

fõ'

- f.da,Sh ;rÛld¯;ajh iy wvq ms˙jehg wdkhkh ls¯ug yels ùu ksid WoaOuk mSvk we;sùug we;s yelshdj fnfyúka wvq fõ'

- újD; wdr®:ßlhla Tiafia ;dÈKh †hqKq ùug;a" kjH;d m%jr®Okhg;a kj woyia yd wdl,am rg ;=<g m%fõY ùug;a wjia:dj W∞fõ'

- wmkhkdNsuqL ksIamdok fÈa;%fha fiajd kshqla; jQjkag by< jegqma yd wd∞hï ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ie<fia'

- úfoaY fjf<πu u; mkjk n≥ ksid rdcH whNdrh mqΩ,a fõ'

- rg ;=< ksmoúh fkdyels NdKav m˙fNdackh ls¯ug wjia:dj ie,fia'

- úfoaY wdfhdack wdlr®Y”h lr .ekSug o" wkqn,hla iemfha'

^´kEu lreKq y;rlg ,l=Kq 04hs&


(ii) wdrÈKjdohg mÈ wdr®:ßl ;r®l

- <ore lr®udka; wdrÈdlr .ekSu'

- m%m;kh j<lajd .ekSu'

- Wmdh udr®.sl jeo.;alula Wiq,k ksIamdok fÈa;% wdrÈdlr .ekSu'

- fiajd kshqla;sh wdrÈdlr .ekSu'

- foaYSh wdr®:ßlh úúOdx.SlrKh lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj'

- wdKavqfõ whNdr uQ,dY%hla ùu'

- f.jqï fYAIh Yla;su;alr .ekSu'

- iajhxfmdaIs; foaYSh wdr®:ßlhla f.dvkxjd .ekSu'


(iii) - M,∞hS;dj'

- idr®j wdr®:ßl ia:dhS;dj'

- há;, myiqlï'

- mr®fhaIK yd ixjr®Okh i|yd flfrk wdfhdack'

- n≥ jHqyh'

- úksuh wkqmd;fha ia:djr;ajh'

- ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmk l%uh'

- jHdmdr ls¯fï ms˙jeh (Cost of Doing Business) • kshduk l%ufha iajNdjh

• Y%u fjf<|fmd< ysñlu iqrÈs; ùu'

• rdcH m˙md,kfha ldr®hÈu;dj'

• fm!oa.,sl foafmd< ysñlï iqrÈ;ùu'

• kS;sfha wdêm;Hh'

• hymd,kh'

^tla lreKlg ,l=Kq 02 ne.ska ´kEu lreKq follg ,l=Kq 04hs&

(iv) w& fjf<| fYaIh = fjf<| NdKav + uQ,H fkdjk r;%ka

= (800-1,200) + (5 - 55) = -400 + (-50) = -450 = rems' ñ,shk -450 ^,l=Kq 01hs&

^wd& NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYAIh(

NdKav + fiajd = -450 + fiajd

fiajd = uqyq≥ m%jdyk + .=jka m%jdykh + ixpdrl + uQ,H fiajd + ú≥,s ixfoaY

fiajd

fiajd = [30 + 40 + 40 + (-5) + 45] = 150 NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh = -450 + 150 = -300

^,l=Kq 01hs&

^b& m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï fYAIh(

fiajl jegqma + ,dNdxY + fmd,S wd∞hï

= -5 + (-60) + (-35) = -100 m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh = rems' ñ,shk 100

^,l=Kq 01hs&


^B& oaú;shsl wdodhï .sKqfï fYAIh(

= wdKavqfõ ixl%du + fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a fm%aIK

= 15 + 235 = 250

= rems' ñ,shk 250 ^,l=Kq 01hs&

(iv) w& uQr®; o< foaYSh ksIamd†;fha by< ke.Su( - uQr®; o< foaYsh ksIamd†;h by< hk úg" wdkhk we;=Ω NdKav yd fiajd i|yd

uyck;dj úiska lrkq ,nk b,aÆu o jeäfõ' wdkhk b,aÆu jeä jk úg" is≥jkafka úfoaYSh uqo,a ,nd .ekSu i|yd imhkq ,nk foaYsh uqo,a m%udKh jeä ùu hs' úfoaY úksuh ñ,g .ekSug iemfhk foaYSh uqo,a m%udKh jeä jk úg" úfoaY uqo,g idfmalaIj" foaYSh uqof,a jákdlu my< jefÜ' úksuh wkqmd;slh Èh ùula f,i fuh y∫kajkq ,efí'

^,l=Kq 02hs&

^wd& WoaOuk wkqmd;slfha my< jeàula( - rgl WoaOuk wkqmd;slh my< jefgk úg" tu rfÜ wmkhk ;r.ld˙;ajh by<

hkq we;' wmkhk i|yd úfoaYslhkaf.a b,aÆu jeä jk úg" foaYSh uqo,a tall i|yd úfoaYSlhkaf.a b,aÆu o jeä fõ' túg úfoaYSh uqo,g idfmalaIj" foaYSh uqo,a tallfha jákdlu by< hkq we;' úksuh wkqmd;slfha w.h jeä ùula f,i fuh y∫kajkq ,nhs'

^,l=Kq 02hs&




20la ysñ fõ'





,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'


0 - 5

50%

16 - 20

2%

11 - 15

11%

6 - 10

37%


w;r i fldgi jvd;a u myiq

ù we;' tys myiq;dj 63%ls'

myiq;dj wvq u fldgi iv ù we;s

w;r" w" wd" b" B jYfhka tys

fldgia 4 la we;' tajdfha myiq;dj

ms<sfj<ska 10%, 10%, 16% yd 20% fõ' v fldgfiys §w¶ yd §wd¶ hk

fldgiaj, myiq;dj wvq uÜgul

mj;S' th ms<sfj<ska 12% yd 20% fõ'


20%

12%

20%

16%

10%10%

17%

55%

63%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

A B C D A B

i ii iii iv v

8

Parts & Sub Parts

Facil

ity I

nd

ex

8 m%Yakfhys fldgia

w wwd wdb B

myiq;dj


Ú i fldgfiys myiq;dj 63% ls' w∞< .egÆfjka úuid we;af;a wka;r® cd;sl fjf<πfuka rgj,g ,efnk m%;s,dN ms<sn|j h' isiqka hï ms˙ilg fuu .egÆj ≥Ialr ù ;sfnkafka cd;Hka;r fjf<πfuka rglg ,efnk m%;s,dN yd tys ms˙jeh ms<sn| ±kqu m%udKj;a fkd jQ ksihs'

Ú ii fldgiska úuid we;af;a fjf<πfï wdrÈKjdohg mÈj b†˙m;a flfrk ;r®l ms<sn|jhs'

tu .egÆfõ myiq;dj 55% ls' 45% la jQ ≥Ialr;dj flfrys wdrÈKjdohg mÈj b†˙m;a jk ;r®l ms<sn|j ±kqu m%udKj;a fkdùu fya;= ù we;'

Ú iii fldgi cd;Hka;r fjf<πfï ;r.ld¯;ajh ;SrKh ùug n,mdk idOl ms<sn|j úuihs' fuu fldgfiys 83% l ≥Ialr;djg fya;= ù we;af;a cd;Hka;r fjf<πfï ;r.ld¯;ajh yd Bg fya;=jk idOl ksjer†j ú.%y lr .ekSfï ±kqu fkdue;s ùuhs' m%dfhda.sl fya;= iys;j cd;Hka;r fjf<πfï ;r.ld˙;ajh ú.%y lr .ekSfï ±kqu jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

Ú iv fldgiska wfmaÈd lrkafka ° we;s f;dr;=re mokï lrf.k f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha úúO .sKqïj, fYaIhka .Kkh lr .ekSfï l=i,;dj úuiSu hs' fuu fldgfiys ^w&" ^wd&" ^b&" ^B& wkq fldgiaj, myiq;dj ms<sfj<ska 10%, 10%, 16% yd 20% jeks my< uÜgïj, mej;Sfuka fmkS hkafka wfmaÈs; l=i,;dj nyq;r isiqka ;=< fkdue;s njhs' tneúka f.jqï ;=,kfha Wm .sKqïj,g wh;a ixrpl" úfYaIfhka uQ,H fkdjk rka fjf<| .sKqfï ixrplhla f,i f.k" tu .sKqfï fYaIhka ms<sfh, ls¯fï l=i,;d jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

Ú v fldgfiys w& iy wd& wkq fldgia u.ska úuikafka úúO idOl u; kuH úksuh wkqmd;h fjkiajk wdldrh ms<ssn|jhs' tu fldgiaj, ≥Ialr;dj ms<sfj,ska 88% yd 80% jYfhka by< uÜgul mej;Sfuka fmkS hkafka by; bf.kqï M,h ms<sn| isiqka ;=< ukd ±kqula fkdue;s njhs' tneúka fok ,o idOl fjkiajk úg kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia jkafka flfia ±hs ú.%y ls¯fï l=i,;dj isiqka ;=< jr®Okh l< hq;=h'


09 m%Yakh

wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh ^09& (i) ixjr®Okh ms<sn| ñkqula jYfhka m%;sYSr®I wd∞hfï jeo.;alu(

- m%;sYSr®I wd∞hu rgl fN!;sl NdKav yd fiajd m%udKh leá fldg olajk ñkqula jk w;r" ixjr®Okhg w∞< .=Kd;aul fjkialï fmkakqï fkd lrhs'

- m%;sYSr®I wd∞hu rgl wd∞hï jHdma;sfha iajNdjh ksjer†j fmkakqï fkd lrhs' m%;sYSr®I wd∞hï uÜgu tl yd iudk rgj,a foll" wd∞hï jHdma;sh tlsfklg yd;amiska u fjkiaj ;sìh yels h'

- m%;sYSr®I wd∞hu" ixjr®Okhg w∞< ;sridr ixjr®Okh ms<sn| me;slv uqΩukskau fkd i,ld y˙hs' m˙ir ¥IKh" iajNdúl m%d.aOkh Èh ùu ms<sn| f;dr;=re m%;sYSr®I wd∞hï o;a; uÛska ,nd.; fkd yelsh'

- ika;DIaáh" ksoyi" fi!LH" udkj whs;sjdislï jeks wd∞hï fkd jk ixjr®Okfha wjfYaI me;slvj,a ms<sn|j m%;s YSr®I wd∞hu wjOdkh fhduq fkd lrhs'

- fkdúêu;a wxYfha ksIamdokfha jákdlï ksjer†j ms<sìUq fkd jk neúka rfÜ ksIamdok uÜgu jqj o" W!K ;lafiare fldg ±lafõ'

- wka;r®cd;sl ikaikaokhka i|yd m%;sYSr®I wd∞hï uÜgu fhd∞ .ekSfï ° weu˙ldkq fvd,r®j,ska m%ldY flfrk w;r" ta i|yd fhd∞ .efkk kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh rgj, ñ, uÜgï w;r fjkialï ksjer†j ksrEmKh fkd flfrk neúka „jk ;;ajfha fjkialï y∫kd.; yels fkd fõ'

- o˙ø;dj" ú/lshdj jeks ixjr®Okhg w∞< iudc wdr®:ßl úp,Hhkaf.a yeis¯u o" m%;sYSr®I wd∞hï o;a; ;=<ska fy<s fkd fõ'

- m%;sYSr®I wd∞hu iïnkaO úúO úfõpk yd wvqmdvqlï olakg ,enqK;a rgj, wdr®:ßl ixjr®Okh uekSu i|yd ;ju;a nyq, jYfhka tu ñkqu fhd∞ .kS' o< foaYSh ksIamd†;fha jr®Okh fyj;a wdr®:ßl jDoaê wkqmd;slh rgl ixjr®Okhg n,mdk m%n, úp,Hhla fõ' ixjr®Okhg w∞< idlaIr;dj" fi!LH myiqlï" wOHdmkh jeks jeo.;a úp,Hhka /ila m%;sYSr®I wd∞hï uÜgu iuÛ iïnkaO;djla fmkakqï lrhs'


(ii) - my< wd∞hï rgj,a - my< ue† wd∞hï rgj,a - by< ue† wd∞hï rgj,a - by< wd∞hï rgj,a

^tla lreKlg ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 04hs&


(iii) - wdr®:ßl jDoaêh ksid wd∞hï uÜgï by< hk neúkq;a" fN!;sl „jk ;;ajh by< kxjd .ekSu i|yd by< wd∞hï uÜgula wjYH jk neúkq;a" wdr®:ßl jDoaêh ;sridr ixjr®Okh i|yd w;HjYH idOlhla f,i fmd≥fõ ms<s.efka'

- tfia jqj o wdr®:ßl jDoaê l%shdj,sh fya;= fldg wdr®:ßlfha ysÛ iïm;a Wmfhdackh b;d fõ.j;a ùu;a" iajNdúl m%d.aOkh ydhkhlg md;% ùu;a" iudchSh úIu;d mek ke.Sug;a ms<sjk' jr®;udkfha wd∞hï uÜgï fõ.fhka by< hdu" wkd.; wd∞hï úNj;dj my< fy<Sug o" fya;= úh yelsh'

- wdr®:ßl jDoaêh iy ;sridr ixjr®Okh w;r .egqu yeu úg u olakg ,efnkakla o fkd fõ' wdr®:ßl jDoaêh yeu úg u md˙i˙l ydhkhg ;=vq fokafka ke;' wdr®:ßl jDoaê l%shdj,sfhys wdrïNl w†hrhkays ° miqnEula we;s úh yelsh' tfy;a m%;s YSr®I wd∞hï fõ.fhka jr®Okh jk úg tu ;;a;ajh olakg fkd ,efnk w;r m˙irfha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh by< hkq we;'

- md˙i˙l ¥IKh fndfyda úg ck.ykh iu. iDcq iïnkaOhla fmkakqï lrhs' tfy;a ck.ykh wdr®:ßl jDoaêh iu. m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla olajhs' fï wkqj by< wdr®:ßl jDoaê uÜgula m˙irhg ys;lr f,i n,mdhs'

- ;j o" wdr®:ßl jDoaê l%shdj,sh ksid iudcfha wd∞hï uÜgï by< hdu;a" mqoa.,hkaf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d ;Dma;su;a ùu;a ksid" iudc idrOr®u yd m%;sudkhka fjkia úh yelsh' iudc úIu;d yd md˙i˙l .egÆ flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrkq we;' m˙ir ys;ldó NdKav m˙yrKhg mqoa.,hka jv jvd;a fhduq jkq we;' jvd ldr®hÈu m˙ir

ñ;%YS,S ksIamdok Ys,am l%u Ndú;hg .kq we;'

- wdr®:ßl jDoaêh;a iuÛ wd∞hï by< hk úg" ;dÈK" mr®fhaIK yd ixjr®Ok hk fÈa;%hkays jeä jeäfhka wdfhdackh ls ug wjia:dj ie,fia' ;dlaIKh by< hdu ksid m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a Wmfhdackh iSud lrñka m˙irh flfrys we;s lrk whym;a m%;súmdl wju lr .ekSug o ms<sjk'

^´kEu lreKq y;rlg ,l=Kq 04 hs&

(iv) - wd∞hï o˙ø;dj wvq ls¯u (÷ †<s∫ ck.yk m%;sY;h wvlska wvq ls¯u ÷ o˙ø;d wka;r® wkqmd;h wvlska wvq ls¯u

- m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg we;=Ω ùfï wkqmd;slh 100] olajd jeä ls¯u'

- m<uqjk fY%a◊hg we;=Ω lrk isiqkaf.ka miajk fY%a◊h olajd wOHdmkh ,nk YsIH m%;sY;h 100] olajd by< kexùu'

- wjqre≥ 15 - 24 jhia ldKavfha ia;%S$ mqreI fomdr®Yajfha u idÈr;dj 100] olajd by< kexùu'

- m%d:ñl" oaú;Shsl yd ;D;shsl wOHdmkfhys ms˙ñ <uqkag .eyeKq <uqkaf.a wkqmd;h 100] olajd jeä ls¯u'

- <ud urK ixLHdj my< fy<Su(÷ jhi wjqre≥ 5g wvq <uhskaf.a ur®;H;d wkqmd;slh wvq ls¯u' ÷ <ore ur®;H;d wkqmd;slh wvq ls¯u ÷ irïm frda.hg tfrysj tkak;a ,nd .;a jhi wjqre≥ 1lajk <uqkaf.a

wkqmd;slh by< kexùu'

- ud;D fi!LH by< kexùu( ÷ ud;D ur®;H;d wkqmd;slh wvq ls¯u'

÷ fi!LH fiajl iydh ,o ore m%iQ;sj, m%;sY;h 100] olajd by< kexùu'

- uef,a˙hd frda.S urK wkqmd;slh Y=kH ls¯u· Èh frda.S urK wvq ls¯u'^´kEu lreKq 04lg ,l=Kq 04hs&


(v) - idfmaÈ jYfhka by< wdr®:ßl jDoaê wkqmd;slhla mj;ajdf.k hdu' - fiajd wxYfha yg.;a fõ.j;a m%idrKh' - b†ls¯ï lr®udka; fÈ;%fha iS>% jr®Okh' - yuq∞ fiajhg iy rdcH fiajhg lrk ,o n|jd .ekSï by< hdu' - úfoaY /lshd i|yd Y%u ixl%ukh ùï by< hdu' - iajhx /lshd m%jr®Okh i|yd úúO Kh l%u y∫kajd °u'





20la ysñ fõ'





,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'


0 - 5

24%

16 - 20

15%

11 - 15

31%

6 - 10

30%


w;r ii yd iv fldgia idfmaÈj

myiq m%Yak ù we;' tfy;a tajdfha

myiq;dj o 41%ls' myiq;dj wvq u

fldgi i fldgi ù we;s w;r" tys

myiq;dj 15%la mu◊' iuia;hla

f,i .;a úg fuu m%Yakh

wh≥ïlrejka wvq idOk uÜgula

fmka jQ m%Yakhls'

iii yd v fldgiao idfmaÈj wvq

myiq;dj iys; fldgia fõ'


33%

41%

27%

41%

15%

0

10

20

30

40

50

i ii iii iv v

9

Parts & Sub Parts

Facil

ity I

nd

ex

9 m%Yakfhys fldgia


Ú i fldgfiys myiq;dj 15% la jQ my< u uÜgfï mj;S' fuu .egÆj f;dard.;a wfmaÈlhska

w;r by< ≥Ialr;djg fya;= jQfha tal mqoa., wd∞hu ixjr®Okh ñkqï ls¯fï ksr®Kdhlhla

f,i w.h ls¯fï fkd yelshdjhs' ta ms<sn| ±kqu isiqka ;=, jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

Ú ii fldgfiys myiq;dj 41% ls' f,dal nexl=j ta ta rgj, m%;sYSr®I wd∞hu mokï lr .ksñka

rgj,a jr®.SlrKh ms<sn|j úuid we;s .egÆj isiqkag ≥Ialr;d we;s ls¯ug fya;= ù we;af;a

úúO ksr®Kdhl Tiafia rgj,a jr®. ls¯fï ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk fkdù we;s neúks'

Ú iii fldgi mokï ù we;af;a wdr®:ßl jDoaêh yd ;sridr ixjr®Okh hk ixl,am ú.%y lrñka

tajd w;r iy iïnkaO;dj b†˙m;a ls¯u ms<sn|jhs' fuu fldgfiys myiq;dj 27% la ùu

u.ska ksrEmKh jkafka wfmaÈlhska jeä fofkl=g tlS ±kqu yd úYaf,aIK yelshdj

m%udKj;a fkd jk njhs'

Ú iv fldgfiys myiq;dj 41% ls' fuu fldgi u.ska wfmaÈd lrkafka iyi% ixjr®Ok

wNsu;dr®: i|yka lrñka tajd w;=frka Y%S ,xldj m%.;shla w;a lr.;a wNsu;dr®: ljfr®±hs

±laùuhs' wfmaÈlhska jeä m%;sY;hla Wla; bf.kqï M,h m%udKj;a m˙† imqrdf.k ke;'

tneúka iyi% ixjr®Ok wNsu;dr®: kï ls¯ug;a" Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOfhka tys m%.;sh ú.%y

ls¯ug;a ±kqu ,nd †h hq;=h'

Ú v fldgi Y%S ,xldfõ ú/lshd wkqmd;h my< jeàug fya;= jQ lreKq úuihs' .egÆfõ

≥Ialr;dj 67% la ùu u.ska fmkakqï lrkafka Wla; ud;Dldj iïnkaOfhka isiqkaf.a ±kqu

hdj;ald,Sk úh hq;= njhs'

10 m%Yakh

wfmaÈs; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq °fï mámdáh ^10& (i) fjf<| fkdjk foaYSh wdr®:ßl l%shdldrlï - b†ls¯ï ^há;, myiqlï ixjr®Okh& - m%jdykh iy ikaksfõokh - wNHka;r fjf<πu ^is,a,r yd f;d. fjf<πu& - fydag,a iy wdmk Yd,d - rdcH m˙md,kh

^tla lreKlg ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 05hs&


(ii) - .Dyia; j.lSï ±¯u fjkqfjka ldka;djka Y%u n,ldfhka bj;a ùu' ^orejka yd jeäysáhka /l n,d .ekSu&

- wdrÈdld¯ fkajdisl myiqlï fkd;sîu'

- rdcld¯ ia:dkhg hEug taug m%jdyk myiqlï fkd ;sîu'

- rdcld¯ ld, iSudjlg wkq.; ùu wmyiq ùu

- ;djld,slj fiajfhka bj;a jQ miq kej; /lshdjla fidhd .; fkd yels ùu'

- ldka;djka i|yd /lshd wjia:d iSud iys; fÈa;%hka lSmhlg muKla iSud ùu' úfYaIfhka fm!oa.,sl wxYfhys ia;%S" mqreI iudc Ndjh u; jegqma úIu;d olakg ,eîu'

^´kEu lreKq mylg ,l=Kq 05hs&

(iii) - úfoaY fjf<πu u; mkjk ,o n≥" wdr®:ßl ksr®ndOlrKhka iuÛ bj;a ù hdu'

- f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha idud‚lfhla f,i ;Sre n≥ iïnkaOj mej;s ndOl .Kkdjla ,sys,a ls u'

- iDcq úfoaY wdfhdack jvd;a wdlr®IKh lr .ekSu i|yd n≥ ksoyia ls¯fï yd n≥ iyk m%odkh ls¯u'

- n≥ moku mqΩ,a ls¯ulska f;drj wvq n≥ wkqmd; y∫kajd °u'

- rcfha flá ld,Sk wruqo,a wjYH;d i|yd n≥ moaO;shg ks;r ks;r is≥ lrk fjkialï ksid n≥ moaO;sfha wúksYaÑ; nj;a yd ixlSr®K;ajhla we;s fldg ;sîu'

- úYd, wúêu;a wxYhla mej;Su ksid n≥ meyer ye¯ug yd n≥ uÛ ye¯ug we;s yelshdj úYd, ùu'

- n≥ m˙md,kfha wldr®hÈu;djh'

- n≥ f.ùug mgyeks iajrEmfha wdl,am uyck;dj iy iud.ñl wxYhka ;=< olakg ,eîu'

- wka;r®cd,h Tiafia NdKav ñ, ° .ekSï by< hdu'


(iv) - rdcH Kh nr by< uÜgul mej;Su

- wh jeh ysÛh by< uÜgul mej;Su'

- fjf<| fYAIfha ysÛh m%idrKh ùu'

- rdcH whNdrfha ukao.dó jr®Okh

- foaYSh b;=reï my< uÜgul mej;Su'

- wdr®:ßl m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| wúksYaÑ;;dj'

- udkj iïm;a ixjr®Okhg ys;lr jQ wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla olakg fkd,eîu'

- rdcH m˙md,k jHqyh wldr®hÈu ùu'

- hymd,kh ;yjqre ù fkd;sîu'





0 - 5

69%

16 - 20

1%11 - 15

4%

6 - 10

26%

wh≥ïlrejkaf.ka 18]la fuu m%Yakh i|yd

ms<s;=re imhd we; ^m%ia;drh 2&' fuu m%Yakh

i|yd ,l=Kq 20la ysñ fjhs'





,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;'

fuu m%Yakfha fldgia 4la we;s w;r i fldgi jvd;a u wmyiq ù we;' tys

myiq;dj 8%ls' myiq;dj jeä u fldgi

ii fõ' tys myiq;dj 32%ls' iii jk iy iv jk fldgia o wvq myiq;djla f.k we;s

w;r tajdfha myiq;d 26% yd 24% ne.sks'

iuia;hla f,i .;aúg wvq u myiq;dj

iys; m%Yakhhs'

10 jk m%Yakfhys fldgi

24%26%

32%

8%

0

10

20

30

40

i ii iii iv

10

Parts & Sub Parts

Fa

cil

ity

In

dex


myiq;dj

40

30

20

10

0

8%

32%

26% 24%

ii iv iii

Ú i fldgi fuu m%Yakfha ≥Ialr;dj by< u fldgihs' th 92% la ;rï by< w.hls' .egÆfjka úuid we;s Y%S ,xldfõ wdr®:ßl jDoaêfhys uQ,dY% yd uE; jr®Ij,° jDoaêhg m%n, f,i ∞hl jQ wxYh f,i fjf<| fkd jk foaYSh wdr®:ßl l%shdldrlï iy wdr®:ßl jDoaêh flfrys tys ∞hl;ajh ms<sn|j ±kqu m%jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

Ú ii fldgfiys myiq;dj 32% ls' w∞< .egÆfjka úuikafka Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u yuq∞j ;=< ia;%S iyNd.s;ajh my< uÜgul mej;Sug fya;= ms<sn|jhs' tu fya;=" isiqka jeä ms˙ila ±kqj;aj fkd isàu ksid .egÆfõ ≥Ialr;dj by< w.hla .kS'

Ú uE; jr®Ij, YS% ,xldfõ n≥ whNdrh o< foaYSh ksIamd†;fha m%;sY;hla f,i my< uÜgul mej;Sug fya;= iii jk fldgiska úuihs' fuu fldgfiys ≥Ialr;dj 74% la jeks by< uÜgul mej;Sug fya;= jQfha YS% ,xldfõ rdcH wd∞hfï jHqyh yd tys ld,Sk fjkiaùï iy Bg fya;= ms<sn| ±kqu m%udKj;a fkd ùuhs'

Ú iv jk fldgfiys myiq;dj 24% ls' tu fldgfika úuikafka ue† yd †.= ld,Skj by< wdr®:ßl jDoaêhla w;a lr .ekSug ndOl f,i YS% ,xld wdr®:ßlfha olakg ,efnk uQ,sl ≥r®j,;d ljfr® o hkakhs' wfmaÈlhska jeä fofkl= ksjer† ms<s;=re iemhSug wfmdfydi;a jQ fyhska YS% ,xldfõ wdr®:ßl jDoaê wkqmd;slh by< kexùug mj;sk ndOl ms<sn| ±kqu isiqka ;=< jr®Okh l< hq;=h'

fuu m%Yakhg ° we;s ms<s;=re úur®IKh ls¯fï ° meye†<s jkafka isiqkaf.a wu;r lshùï b;d wvq uÜgul mj;sk njhs' idudkH f;dr;=re wkqj fuu ud;Dld bf.kSug isiqka mdi,a fkd hdu o" fya;=jls' tfiau isiqka uy nexl= jdr®;dj m˙YS,kh b;d my< uÜgul ;sîu o" ;j;a fya;=jls'

YS% ,xld wdr®:ßlh iïnkaO jr®;udk f;dr;=re fiùug isiqka óg jvd uykais .; hq;=h'


2.2.3 ˚˚ m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| iuia; ks¯CIK" ks.uk yd fhdackd (fuu we.hSï jdr®;dj ieliSfï° Ndú; lrk ,o f;dr;=re ixúOdkh ls fuka" ˚˚ m;%fha tla tla m%Yakfhys f;dard.ekSfï m%;sY;h yd myiq;dj ±lafjk my; i|yka m%ia;drh iy j.=j f.dvke.sh yelsh'

m%Yak wxlh

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

f;dard .ekSfï m%;sY;h

97 93 64 22 29 83 69 31 21 18

myiq;dj % 51 52 60 40 49 37 45 36 32 23

f;

dard.

ekSu

yd

my

iq;

dj

m%Yak wxlh

f;dard .ekSfï m%;sY;h

myiq;dj

w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h - 201521 - wdr®:sl úoHdj - ˚˚ m;%h

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Selectio

Facility

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Selectio

Facility

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Selectio

Facility

fuu II m;%h §w¶ iy §wd¶ jYfhka fldgia follska hqla; fõ' wxl 1 isg 5 f;la m%Yak §w¶ fldgig o wxl 6 isg 10 f;la m%Yak §wd¶ fldgig o wh;a h' wfmaCIlhka úiska §w¶ fldgfika wju jYfhka m%Yak folla o §wd¶ fldgfika wju jYfhka m%Yak folla o jk fia m%Yak f;dard .ksñka m%Yak mylg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= úh'

§w¶ fldgfia m%Yak my w;=frka jeäfhka u f;dard.ekSug ,laj we;af;a wxl 1 iy 2 m%Yak jk w;r §wd¶ fldgfia m%Yak my w;=frka jeäfhka u f;dard .ekSug ,laj we;af;a wxl 6 iy 7 m%Yak fõ' tajd f;dard.kq ,eîfï m%;sY; ms<sfj<ska 97%, 93%, 83% iy 69% fõ' B<Ûg jeä u f;dard.kq ,eîug m;aj we;af;a 3 jk m%Yakhhs' úl,am m%Yak yhla w;=frka jeä u f;dard.kq ,eîug ,laj we;s tu m%Yakhg wfmaCIlhskaf.ka wvlg jeä (64%) ixLHdjla ms<s;=re imhd we;' úIh ksr®foaYfhys fuu m%Yakj,g mdol jQ f;aud iy úIh lreKq" b.ekaùï bf.kqï ls%hdj,sh ;=< jeä wjOdkhg ,la jQ yd isiqka w;r jvd;a ckms%h jQ tajd h' tneúka tu m%Yakj, myiq;d idfmaCI jYfhka by< w.h .; hq;=h' m%Yak f;dard .kq ,eîfï m%;sY;j, wjfrdayK mámdáfhys uq,ska u msysgk m%Yak wkqms<sfj<ska wxl 1, 2, 6, 7 iy 3 fõ' tfy;a myiq;dj, tu mámdáfhys uq,ska u msysgk m%Yak wkqms<sfj<ska 3, 2, 1, 7 iy 6 fõ' wxl 1, 2 iy 6 m%Yak jeäfhka f;dard .kq ,en we;s kuq≥" tajdg imhk ,o ms<s;=re t;rï i;=gq∞hl fkd jk nj;a jeäfhka ,l=Kq Wmhd .ekSug iu;a ù fkdue;s nj;a fuu f;dr;=rej,ska .uH fõ' tneúka isiqkaf.a jeä wjOdkhg ,lajk fujeks m%Yakj,ska by< ,l=Kq ,nd.ekSu i|yd b.ekaùï - bf.kqï ls%hdj,sfha° isiqkg uÛ fmkaùu jvd;a idr®:l m%;sM, ,eîug ufydamld¯ fõ'

jeä u f;dard.ekSu we;s wxl 1 m%Yakfhys jqj o myiq;dj 51%lg iSud ù ;sîu o wdr®:ßl úoHdj úIhfhys m%.;sh wfmaCId lrkakkaf.a wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= lreKls' iaj wNsfma%rKfhka hq;=j m%Yakhlg ms<s;=re imhkakl=g" idudkH jYfhka m%Yakhg ysñ uqΩ ,l=Kqj,ska jeä m%;sY;hla Wmhd .ekSug yelsjk wdldrhg ;u ms<s;=r ksjer† úIh lreKq weiqfrka ixúOdkh lr b†˙m;a ls¯ug o uÛ fmkajkq ,eìh hq;=h'

wvqfjka u f;dard .kq ,en we;af;a wxl 10 m%Yakh jk w;r tys myiq;dj o 23%l wju w.hlg iSud ù we;' Bg mdol ù we;s úIh lreKq flfrys mka;s ldur b.ekaùï-bf.kqï ls%hdj,sh ;=< m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq ù ke;s nj fmfka'

II m;%fha tla tla m%Yakh ie,l+ úg myiq;u m%Yakfha myiq;dj jqjo 60%lg iSudùu;a wxl 1, 2 yd 3 yer wfkla m%Yak yf;ys u myiq;dj 50%g jvd wvqùu;a fuu úIhh yd iïnkaO ishÆ u mdr®Yajlrejkaf.a wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;= lreKls' tfuka u II m%Yak m;%fhys iuia; myiq;dj o 42.5%lg iSud ù we;' fuu f;dr;=re weiqfrka wjOdrKh flfrkafka b.ekaùï-bf.kqï ls%hdj,sh wkdjrK m¯CIK flfrys fhduqùfï;a b,lal .; m%;sldr®h jev igyka fkdmudj ls%hd;aul lrkq ,eîfï;a jeo.;a wjYH;djhs'


˚˚˚ fldgi

3'0 ms<s;=re iemhSfï ° ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq yd fhdackd (

3'1' ms<s;=re iemhSfï ° ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq (

fmd≥ Wmfoia

Ú m%Yak m;%fha we;s uQ,sl Wmfoia lshjd fyd|ska f;areï .; hq;=h' tkï tla tla fldgiska fldmuK m%Yak ixLHdjlg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= o" l=uk m%Yak wksjdr®hh o" fldmuK ld,hla ,efí o hk lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= w;r m%Yak fyd|ska lshjd ksrjq,a wjfndaOhla we;s lrf.k m%Yak f;dard .; hq;=h' tlu m%Yakh fldgia

folla f,i tlg ,sheù we;s úg" fldgia folg u ms<s;=re iemhSu flfr® wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h'

Ú I m;%fha m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSfï° jvd;a ksjer† tla ms<s;=rla f;dard .; hq;=h' ;j o meye†,sj tla l;sr ,l=Kla muKla W;a;r m;%fha fh†h hq;=h'

Ú II m;%fha w& yd wd& fldgiaj, m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSfï° iEu m%Odk m%Yakhla u wÆ;a msgqjlska wdrïN l< hq;=h'

Ú ksjer† yd meye†,s w;a wl=rej,ska ms<s;=re ,súh hq;=h'

Ú wh≥ïlref.a úNd. wxlh iEu msgqjl u wod< ia:dkfha ,súh hq;=h'

Ú m%Yak wxl yd fldgia wxl ksjer†j ,súh hq;=h'

Ú ksYaÑ; flá ms<s;=re ,sùug wjYH wjia:dj,° °r®> úia;r we;=<;a fkdls¯u fukau úia;rd;aul ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= wjia:dj,° flá ms<s;=re iemhSu o fkdl< hq;=h'

Ú m%Yakh wid we;s wdldrh wkqj ;r®ldkql+,j yd úYaf,aIKd;aulj lreKq b†˙m;a l< hq;=h'

Ú ms<s;=re ,sùfï° r;= iy fld< mdg mEka Ndú; ls¯fuka je<lsh hq;=h'

Ú m%Yakhg w∞< ,l=Kq m%udKh yd ld,h w;r mj;sk iïnkaOh wkqj ld,h l<ukdlrKh lr.; hq;=h'


úfYaI Wmfoia (

* wdr®:ßl úoHd úIhfha Ndú; jk md˙NdIsl fh≥ï Ndú; l< hq;=h' W∞ ( m˙fNdackh

* wjYH ;ekays° ixLHd;aul j.=" m%ia;dr" iQ;% yd iólrK u.ska ms<s;=re meye†,s l<

hq;=h' m%ia;dr igyka we`°fï° ksjer† m˙udKhlg we£ug;a" wCI ksjer†j kï

ls¯ug;a ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'

* .Kkh ls¯ïj,° tla tla mshjr meye†,sj i|yka l< hq;=h' w∞< wjia:dj,°

ksjer† j tall i|yka l< hq;=h'

* wjYH ;ekays° ksjer† ixfla; Ndú; l< hq;=h'

* w∞< rEm igyka w¢k úg fr®Ld ksjer†j kï ls¯u yd m%jdyj, †Ydj ksjer†j

±laùu l< hq;=h'


m%ia;dr i|yd fmd≥ Wmfoia (

* o;a;j,g wkqj m%ia;dr we£fï° m%ia;dr lv∞is fhd∞ .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' m%ia;dr fld, Ndú; fkd ls¯u ksid ksjer† j .Kkh ls¯ï l< fkd yels ùfuka wh≥ïlrejkag

,l=Kq wysñ jk nj W;a;r m;% m¯Èd ls¯fï ° fmkS hhs'

* wÈr ksjer†j kï fkdls¯u yd m%ia;dr kï fkdls¯u ,l=Kq wvq ùug fya;=jls'

W∞-( ks' ye' udhsï jl%fha wÈ kï lrk úg X yd Y f,i muKla kï lr we;akï

,l=Kq †h fkd yel' th X NdKavh yd Y NdKavh f,i igyka l< hq;=h'

* m%ia;dr we£fï ° wka;#LKav ksjer†j kï fkd ls¯u ,l=Kq wvq ùug fya;=jls'

W∞-( iemhqï jl% we£fï ° th RK wka;#LKavhlska wdrïN fõ kï" th ta m˙†

m%ia;drfha ±laúh hq;=h'

W∞-(

P S

Q 1 -1 0

iudydr úhoï fr®Ldfõ o" iajdëk úhoï m%udKh m%ia;dr igyfka ksjer†j ±laúh hq;=h'

W∞-( E

E

eg-: 100

Y = E

Y 0

* wÈj, ixLHd o;a; igyka ls¯fï ° m˙udKh wkqj ,l=Kq ls¯u b;d jeo.;ah'

≥r flá lr kï ls¯u wdr®:ßl úoHd m%ia;drj, ksjer† fkd fõ'

W∞-( E

5

10

400 450 500

15 S

Y

* idr®j wdr®:ßl iu;=,s;h fmkaùfï ° wd∞hï yd iudydr úhoï ,l=Kq lrk úg wÈ

foflys°u o;a; ^b,lalï& iudk jk m˙† ,l=Kq lr" iu wd∞hï úhoï fr®Ldj we¢h

hq;=h' tfiau iajdh;a; úp,Hh jk wd∞hu wksjdr®hfhka u ;sria wÈfha igyka l<

hq;=h'

W∞-(

E

100200

100 200 300

300 Y = E

Y


* idr®j wdr®:ßl iu;=,s;h fmkaùfï ° .s,sySï ±lafjk jl%h RK wka;#LKavhlska wdrïN fõ kï" th ksjer†j ±laúh hq;=h'

W∞-(

Y

E

800

-100

J

w

0

* ks'ye' udhsï jl% w¢kq ,nk úg wÈ fol iamr®Y jk m˙† we£u b;du;a u jeo.;a

fõ tfia fkdue;s úg th ksIamdok yelshd udhsula fkd fõ'

3'2' bf.kqï yd b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| woyia yd fhdackd (

* ixl,am ms<sn| j ksjer† yd ksYaÑ; ±kqu ;sìh hq;= w;r" ixl,am ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl

Ndú; m%.=K l< hq;=h'

* wdr®:ßl yd iudchSh lreKqj, ld,Skj yg.kakd fjkiaùï yd m%jK;d ms<sn| j

i;=gq∞hl wjfndaOhla ,nd .; hq;=h'

* fï i|yd YS% ,xld uy nexl=j" ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomdr®;fïka;=j" uqo,a

wud;HdxYh jeks wdh;kj,ska ksl=;a flfrk jdr®;d yd m%ldYk m˙YS,kh ls¯ug

yqreúh hq;=h' tuÛska ;u ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk lr .; hq;=h'

we.hSï jdr®;dj · 2.2.3. ˚˚ m%Yak m;%hg ms

Documents

Transcript of we.hSï jdr®;dj · 2.2.3. ˚˚ m%Yak m;%hg ms