Week 6 PowerPoint LectureWeek 6 PowerPoint Lecture

Objectives:Objectives:4.04 Evaluate water resources:4.04 Evaluate water resources:

Storage and movement of groundwater.Storage and movement of groundwater. Ecological services provided by the oceanEcological services provided by the ocean Environmental impacts of a growing human population.Environmental impacts of a growing human population. Causes of natural and manmade contamination.Causes of natural and manmade contamination. 4.05 Investigate and analyze environmental issues and 4.05 Investigate and analyze environmental issues and

solutions for North Carolina's river basins, wetlands, and solutions for North Carolina's river basins, wetlands, and tidal environments:tidal environments:

Water quality.Water quality. Shoreline changes.Shoreline changes. Habitat preservationHabitat preservation

Movement of Water on Movement of Water on EarthEarth

Water cycleWater cycle - - the continuous the continuous movement of movement of water between the water between the atmosphere, land, atmosphere, land, and oceansand oceans

Water covers more than 2/3 of Earth’s Water covers more than 2/3 of Earth’s surfacesurface

Earth’s water is constantly changing from Earth’s water is constantly changing from one form to another.one form to another.

Forms of waterForms of water In the atmosphere, water In the atmosphere, water

occurs as an invisible gas occurs as an invisible gas called called water vaporwater vapor. Liquid . Liquid water also exists in the water also exists in the atmosphere as small particles atmosphere as small particles in clouds and fog.in clouds and fog.

Condensation Condensation - - the change of the change of state from a gas to a liquidstate from a gas to a liquid

When water vapor rises in the When water vapor rises in the atmosphere, it expands and atmosphere, it expands and cools.cools.

As the vapor becomes cooler; As the vapor becomes cooler; some of it condenses, or some of it condenses, or changes into tiny liquid water changes into tiny liquid water droplets, and forms clouds.droplets, and forms clouds.

Forms of Water, Forms of Water, continuedcontinued

Precipitation - Precipitation - any form of water any form of water that falls to Earth’s surface from the that falls to Earth’s surface from the clouds; includes rain, snow, sleet, and clouds; includes rain, snow, sleet, and hailhail

About 75% of all precipitation falls on About 75% of all precipitation falls on Earth’s oceans. Oceans play a key Earth’s oceans. Oceans play a key role in helping to maintain overall role in helping to maintain overall water quality. The remaining water quality. The remaining precipitation falls on land and precipitation falls on land and becomes runoff or groundwater.becomes runoff or groundwater.

Eventually, all of this water returns to Eventually, all of this water returns to the atmosphere by the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, condenses, and evapotranspiration, condenses, and falls back to Earth’s surface to begin falls back to Earth’s surface to begin the cycle again.the cycle again.

Forms of Water, Forms of Water, continuedcontinued

Evapotranspiration - Evapotranspiration - the total the total loss of water from an area, loss of water from an area, which equals the sum of the which equals the sum of the water lost by evaporation water lost by evaporation from the soil and other from the soil and other surfaces and the water lost by surfaces and the water lost by transpiration from organisms transpiration from organisms

About 86% of this water About 86% of this water evaporates from the ocean.evaporates from the ocean.

Water vapor also enters the Water vapor also enters the air by air by transpirationtranspiration, the , the process by which plants and process by which plants and animals release water vapor animals release water vapor into the atmosphere.into the atmosphere.

Water BudgetWater Budget

In Earth’s water budget, In Earth’s water budget, precipitation is the income. precipitation is the income. Evapotranspiration and Evapotranspiration and runoff are the expenses.runoff are the expenses.

The water budget of Earth as The water budget of Earth as a whole is balanced because a whole is balanced because the amount of precipitation is the amount of precipitation is equal to the amount of equal to the amount of evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration and runoff.runoff.

However, the water budget However, the water budget of a particular area, called of a particular area, called the the local water budgetlocal water budget, is , is usually not balanced.usually not balanced.

Water Budget, Water Budget, continuedcontinuedFactors That Affect the Water BudgetFactors That Affect the Water Budget

Factors that affect the local water budget Factors that affect the local water budget include temperature, vegetation, wind, and include temperature, vegetation, wind, and the amount and duration of rainfall.the amount and duration of rainfall.

The factors that affect the local water The factors that affect the local water budget vary geographically.budget vary geographically.

The local water budget also changes with The local water budget also changes with the seasons in most areas of Earth.the seasons in most areas of Earth.

Water Budget, Water Budget, continuedcontinued

Water UseWater Use On average, each person in the On average, each person in the

United States uses about 95,000 L United States uses about 95,000 L (20,890.5 gal) of water each year.(20,890.5 gal) of water each year.

As the population of the United As the population of the United States increases, so does the States increases, so does the demand for water.demand for water.

About 90% of the water used by About 90% of the water used by cities and industry is returned to cities and industry is returned to rivers or to the oceans as rivers or to the oceans as wastewater.wastewater.

Some of this wastewater contains Some of this wastewater contains harmful materials, such as toxic harmful materials, such as toxic chemicals and metals. chemicals and metals.

Water BudgetWater Budget, continued, continued

Can we make more fresh Can we make more fresh water? water?

Desalination - Desalination - a process of a process of removing salt from ocean waterremoving salt from ocean water but…but…it is expensive and is it is expensive and is

impractical for supplying water to impractical for supplying water to large populations.large populations.

Water BudgetWater Budget, continued, continued

Conservation of WaterConservation of Water

Scientists have identified two ways to Scientists have identified two ways to ensure that enough fresh water is ensure that enough fresh water is available today and in the future.available today and in the future. conservation or the wise use of water conservation or the wise use of water

resources.resources. protect the water supply is to find protect the water supply is to find

alternative methods of obtaining fresh alternative methods of obtaining fresh water.water.

What are groundwater and What are groundwater and aquifers?aquifers?

Groundwater Groundwater the water that is beneath Earth’s surfacethe water that is beneath Earth’s surface groundwater is an important source of groundwater is an important source of

freshwater in the United States.freshwater in the United States.

Aquifer Aquifer a body of rock or sediment that stores a body of rock or sediment that stores

groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater and allows the flow of groundwatergroundwater

the ease with which water flows through an the ease with which water flows through an aquifer is affected by many factors, including aquifer is affected by many factors, including porosity and permeability.porosity and permeability.

Properties of AquifersProperties of AquifersPorosity - Porosity - the percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that the percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that

consists of open spaces.consists of open spaces.

Permeability - Permeability - the ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through the ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or poresits open spaces, or pores. . For a rock to be permeable, the open spaces For a rock to be permeable, the open spaces must be connected. must be connected.

How does water enter an aquifer?How does water enter an aquifer?

Gravity pulls water down through Gravity pulls water down through soil and rock layers until the water soil and rock layers until the water reaches impermeable rock.reaches impermeable rock.

Water then begins to fill, or Water then begins to fill, or saturate, the spaces in the rock saturate, the spaces in the rock above the impermeable layer.above the impermeable layer.

As more water soaks into the As more water soaks into the ground, the water level rises ground, the water level rises underground and forms two underground and forms two distinct zones of groundwater.distinct zones of groundwater.

Zones of AquifersZones of AquifersZone of Saturation - Zone of Saturation - the layer of an aquifer in which the pore space the layer of an aquifer in which the pore space

is completely filled with water is completely filled with water The term The term saturated saturated means “filled to capacity.”means “filled to capacity.” The zone of saturation is the lower of the two zones of The zone of saturation is the lower of the two zones of

groundwater.groundwater.

Water table - Water table - the upper surface of underground water; the upper the upper surface of underground water; the upper boundary of the zone of saturationboundary of the zone of saturation

Notice where the zone of saturation and water table are on Notice where the zone of saturation and water table are on the diagram below.the diagram below.

Zones of Aquifers, Zones of Aquifers, continuedcontinued

Zone of Aeration - Zone of Aeration - the zone that lies between the the zone that lies between the water table and Earth’s surfacewater table and Earth’s surface

Water is drawn up from the zone of saturation Water is drawn up from the zone of saturation into the capillary fringe by capillary action. into the capillary fringe by capillary action. Capillary actionCapillary action is caused by the attraction of is caused by the attraction of water molecules to other materials, such as soil.water molecules to other materials, such as soil.

Where is the zone of aeration relative to the zone of Where is the zone of aeration relative to the zone of saturation on the diagram below?saturation on the diagram below?

Topography and the Water Topography and the Water TableTable

The depth of the water table below the ground surface depends on The depth of the water table below the ground surface depends on surface topography, the permeability of the aquifer, the amount of surface topography, the permeability of the aquifer, the amount of rainfall, and the rate at which humans use water.rainfall, and the rate at which humans use water.

In a few areas a layer of impermeable rock lies above the main In a few areas a layer of impermeable rock lies above the main water table. Water collects on top of this upper layer and creates a water table. Water collects on top of this upper layer and creates a second water table, which is called a second water table, which is called a perched water tableperched water table..

Can you locate the perched water table in the graphic below?Can you locate the perched water table in the graphic below?

Conserving GroundwaterConserving Groundwater Although groundwater is Although groundwater is

renewable, its supply is limited renewable, its supply is limited by its long renewal time. by its long renewal time. Groundwater collects and Groundwater collects and moves slowly, and the water moves slowly, and the water taken from aquifers may not be taken from aquifers may not be replenished for hundreds or replenished for hundreds or thousands of years.thousands of years.

Communities often regulate the Communities often regulate the use of groundwater to help use of groundwater to help conserve this valuable resource. conserve this valuable resource.

Some communities recycle used Some communities recycle used water. This water is purified and water. This water is purified and may be used to replenish the may be used to replenish the groundwater supply.groundwater supply.

How does water reach the Earth’s How does water reach the Earth’s

surface?surface? Groundwater reaches Earth’s surface Groundwater reaches Earth’s surface

through wells and springs.through wells and springs.

A A wellwell is a hole that is dug to below the level is a hole that is dug to below the level of the water table and through which of the water table and through which groundwater is brought to Earth’s surface.groundwater is brought to Earth’s surface.

A A springspring is a natural flow of groundwater to is a natural flow of groundwater to Earth’s surface in places where the ground Earth’s surface in places where the ground surface dips below the water table.surface dips below the water table.

Ordinary wells Ordinary wells work only if they penetrate highly permeable work only if they penetrate highly permeable sediment or rock below the water table.sediment or rock below the water table.

If the rock is not permeable enough, groundwater cannot If the rock is not permeable enough, groundwater cannot flow into the well quickly enough to replace the water that flow into the well quickly enough to replace the water that is withdrawn.is withdrawn.

Ordinary springsOrdinary springs are usually found in rugged terrain where are usually found in rugged terrain where the ground surface drops below the water table.the ground surface drops below the water table.

These springs may not flow continuously if the water table These springs may not flow continuously if the water table in the area has an irregular depth as a result of variable in the area has an irregular depth as a result of variable rainfall.rainfall.

Ordinary Wells and Springs Ordinary Wells and Springs

Artesian Wells and SpringsArtesian Wells and Springs

Artesian formationArtesian formation - a sloping layer of - a sloping layer of permeable rock sandwiched between permeable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock and two layers of impermeable rock and exposed at the surfaceexposed at the surface

Because the water is under pressure, Because the water is under pressure, when a well or hole is drilled through when a well or hole is drilled through the caprock, water quickly flows up the caprock, water quickly flows up through the well and may even spout through the well and may even spout from the surface.from the surface.

An An artesian wellartesian well is a well through is a well through which water flows freely without being which water flows freely without being pumpedpumped

When cracks occur naturally in the When cracks occur naturally in the caprock, water from the aquifer flows caprock, water from the aquifer flows through the cracks. This flow forms through the cracks. This flow forms artesian springsartesian springs..

Hot SpringsHot Springs Groundwater is heated when it Groundwater is heated when it

passes through rock that has been passes through rock that has been heated by magma. heated by magma.

Hot groundwater that is at least 37Hot groundwater that is at least 37°°C C and that rises to the surface before and that rises to the surface before cooling produces a cooling produces a hot springhot spring..

When water in a hot spring cools, the When water in a hot spring cools, the water deposits minerals around the water deposits minerals around the spring’s edges. spring’s edges.

The deposits form steplike terraces The deposits form steplike terraces of calcite called of calcite called travertinetravertine..

In the picture to the right, note Growler In the picture to the right, note Growler and Morgan Hot Springs. The photo and Morgan Hot Springs. The photo is of Morgan Hot Springs.is of Morgan Hot Springs.

GeysersGeysers Hot springs that periodically erupt from Hot springs that periodically erupt from

surface pools or through small vents surface pools or through small vents are called are called geysersgeysers. .

A geyser consists of a narrow vent that A geyser consists of a narrow vent that connects one or more underground connects one or more underground chambers with the surface.chambers with the surface.

Release of the water near the top of Release of the water near the top of the vent relieves the pressure on the the vent relieves the pressure on the superheated water farther down.superheated water farther down.

The eruption continues until most of The eruption continues until most of the water and steam are emptied from the water and steam are emptied from the vent and chambers.the vent and chambers.

Click here for an animated view of geysClick here for an animated view of geysersers – – read the descriptions as you goread the descriptions as you go

What is happening to our What is happening to our water?water?

The U.S. population is growing rapidly. Does this affect our The U.S. population is growing rapidly. Does this affect our water supply? Visit the following website: water supply? Visit the following website: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/urbanquality.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/urbanquality.html

Read the information under each topic listed below to Read the information under each topic listed below to determine how our water supply is affected. Use the determine how our water supply is affected. Use the learned information to answer questions on your Week 6 learned information to answer questions on your Week 6 Guided Notes Guided Notes Population growthPopulation growth Urban runoffUrban runoff NitrogenNitrogen PhosphorousPhosphorous Sewage overflowsSewage overflows Toxic metalsToxic metals

What is happening to our water What is happening to our water in North Carolina?in North Carolina?

Now let’s specifically look at our state. Visit the Now let’s specifically look at our state. Visit the following website: following website: http://www.environmentnorthcarolina.org/issueshttp://www.environmentnorthcarolina.org/issues

Click on the subtitles under Click on the subtitles under Clean WaterClean Water

Defend our CoastDefend our Coast Protect our RiversProtect our Rivers

PreservationPreservation Preserve the Outer BanksPreserve the Outer Banks Preserve our Ocean LegacyPreserve our Ocean Legacy

Use the learned information to answer questions on your Use the learned information to answer questions on your Week 6 Guided Notes Week 6 Guided Notes

BibliographyBibliography

Pictures and information gathered from:Pictures and information gathered from:

http://nd.water.usgs.gov/ukraine/english/pictures/watercycle.html

http://water.state.co.us/wateradmin/maps.asp

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/services/ee/images/recycle.gif

http://www.groundwater.water.ca.gov/images/recharge.gif

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs101-02/images/hsys.jpg

Allison, DeGaetano, Pasachoff, Allison, DeGaetano, Pasachoff, Holt Earth ScienceHolt Earth Science. 2008, . 2008, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New YorkHolt, Rinehart and Winston, New York