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Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1
The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine
1010thth edition editionDavi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
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Chapter 5Digestive System
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2
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Chapter Goals
• Name the organs of the digestive system Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and and describe their locations and functions.functions.
• Define combining forms for organs and Define combining forms for organs and know the meaning of related terminology.know the meaning of related terminology.
• Describe signs, symptoms, and disease Describe signs, symptoms, and disease conditions affecting the digestive system.conditions affecting the digestive system.
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Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4
Chapter 5Lesson 5.1
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Introduction
The digestive or gastrointestinal systemThe digestive or gastrointestinal system
performs four main functions:performs four main functions:
• ingestioningestion
• digestiondigestion
• absorptionabsorption
• eliminationelimination
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Introduction: Ingestion and Digestion• IngestionIngestion—food material taken into mouth—food material taken into mouth
• DigestionDigestion—food is broken down, mechanically —food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.gastrointestinal tract.
Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients. nutrients.
• Proteins → amino acidsProteins → amino acids• Sugars → glucoseSugars → glucose• Fats → fatty acids or triglyceridesFats → fatty acids or triglycerides
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Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7
Introduction:Absorption• Digested food passes into the bloodstream Digested food passes into the bloodstream
through lining cells of the small intestine. through lining cells of the small intestine.
• Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.
• Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food.in food.
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Introduction:Elimination• The body eliminates solid waste materials that The body eliminates solid waste materials that
cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
• The large intestine concentrates feces. The large intestine concentrates feces.
• The wastes pass out of the body through the The wastes pass out of the body through the anus. anus.
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Organs of the Digestive System
• The gastrointestinal tract begins with the The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity.oral cavity.
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Oral Cavity
Major parts of the oral cavityMajor parts of the oral cavity
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Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Major parts of the oral cavityMajor parts of the oral cavity
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Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental Upper permanent teeth within the dental archarch
→
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Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental Upper permanent teeth within the dental archarch
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Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Anatomy of a toothAnatomy of a tooth
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Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Anatomy of a toothAnatomy of a tooth
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Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Salivary glandsSalivary glands
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Pharynx
DeglutitionDeglutition
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Pharynx (cont’d)
DeglutitionDeglutition
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Esophagus/Stomach
Parts of the stomachParts of the stomach
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Esophagus/Stomach (cont’d)
Parts of the stomachParts of the stomach
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The Digestive Tract
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Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22
The Digestive Tract (cont’d)
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Small Intestine
Villi in the lining of the small intestineVilli in the lining of the small intestine
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Large Intestine
Parts of the large intestineParts of the large intestine
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Large Intestine (cont’d)
Parts of the large intestineParts of the large intestine
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreaspancreas
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d)
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreasParts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d)
Besides producing bile, the liver:Besides producing bile, the liver:• Helps maintain normal blood glucose levelsHelps maintain normal blood glucose levels
• Manufactures blood proteins necessary for Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clottingclotting
• Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bileReleases bilirubin, a pigment in bile
• Removes toxins and poisons from the bloodRemoves toxins and poisons from the blood
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. What happens if bilirubin cannot 1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?bloodstream?
A.A. GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesisB.B. EmulsificationEmulsificationC.C.HyperbilirubinemiaHyperbilirubinemiaD.D.GlycogenolysisGlycogenolysis
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
The pancreas and its functionsThe pancreas and its functions
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Food Pathway through the GI Tract
Food enters Food enters through the through the oral cavity and oral cavity and exits through exits through the anusthe anus
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Food Pathway through the GI Tract (cont’d)
Food enters Food enters through the through the oral cavity and oral cavity and exits through exits through the anusthe anus
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QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which term is the first part of the 2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine?large intestine?
A.A. CecumCecumB.B. DuodenumDuodenumC.C. JejunumJejunumD.D.PylorusPylorus
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
3. Which term means swallowing?3. Which term means swallowing?
A.A. MasticationMasticationB.B. DeglutitionDeglutitionC.C.EmulsificationEmulsificationD.D.PeristalsisPeristalsis
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Vocabulary• absorptionabsorption
• amino acidsamino acids
• amylaseamylase
• anusanus
Passage of materials through the Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstreambloodstream
Small building blocks of proteins; Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digestedreleased when proteins are digested
Enzyme secreted by the pancreas Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starchand salivary glands to digest starch
Terminal end or opening of the Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of bodydigestive tract to the outside of body
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• appendixappendix
• bilebile
• bilirubinbilirubin
• bowelbowel
Blind pouch hanging from the cecumBlind pouch hanging from the cecum
Digestive juice made in the liver and Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile saltspigments, cholesterol, and bile salts
Pigment released by the liver in bilePigment released by the liver in bile
Intestine Intestine
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• canine teethcanine teeth
• cecumcecum
• coloncolon
• common common bile ductbile duct
Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteetheyeteeth
First part of the large intestineFirst part of the large intestine
Consists of the ascending, Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid transverse, descending, and sigmoid segmentssegments
Carries bile from the liver and Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochuscalled the choledochus
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• defecationdefecation
• deglutitiondeglutition
• dentindentin
• digestiondigestion
Elimination of feces from the digestive Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anustract through the anus
SwallowingSwallowing
Primary material found in teeth; Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in and a protective layer of cementum in the rootthe root
Breakdown of complex foods to Breakdown of complex foods to simpler formssimpler forms
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• duodenumduodenum
• eliminationelimination
• emulsificationemulsification
• enamelenamel
First part of the small intestine; First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches longmeasures 12 inches long
Act of removal of materials from Act of removal of materials from the bodythe body
Physical process of breaking up Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller large fat globules into smaller globulesglobules
Hard, outermost layer of a toothHard, outermost layer of a tooth
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• enzymeenzyme
• esophagusesophagus
• fatty acidsfatty acids
• fecesfeces
Chemical that speeds up reactions Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names between substances; enzyme names end in –aseend in –ase
Tube connecting the throat to the Tube connecting the throat to the stomachstomach
Substances produced when fats are Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipidsdigested; a category of lipids
Solid wastes; stoolSolid wastes; stool
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• gallbladdergallbladder
• glucoseglucose
• glycogenglycogen
• hydrochloric hydrochloric acidacid
Small sac under the liver; stores Small sac under the liver; stores bilebile
Simple sugarSimple sugar
Starch; glucose is stored in the Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cellsform of glycogen in liver cells
Substance produced by the Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for stomach; necessary for digestion of fooddigestion of food
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• ileumileum
• incisorincisor
• insulininsulin
• jejunumjejunum
Third part of the small intestineThird part of the small intestine
One of four front teeth in the dental One of four front teeth in the dental archarch
Hormone produced by endocrine cells Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liverglycogen formation by the liver
Second part of the small intestineSecond part of the small intestine
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• lipaselipase
• liverliver
• lower esophageal lower esophageal sphincter (LES)sphincter (LES)
Pancreatic enzyme needed to Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fatsdigest fats
Large organ located in the RUQ of Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds½ to 3 pounds
Ring of muscles between the Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; esophagus and stomach; cardiac cardiac sphinctersphincter
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• masticationmastication
• molar teethmolar teeth
• palatepalate
• pancreaspancreas
ChewingChewing
Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of from the middle on either side of the dental archthe dental arch
Roof of the mouthRoof of the mouth
Organ under the stomach; produces Organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymesinsulin and enzymes
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• papillae papillae
((singular: singular: papilla)papilla)
• parotid glandparotid gland
• peristalsisperistalsis
• pharynxpharynx
Small, nipple-like elevations on the Small, nipple-like elevations on the tonguetongue
Salivary gland within the cheek, just Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the earanterior to the ear
Rhythmic contractions of the tubular Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organsorgans
Throat, the common passageway for Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from food from the mouth and for air from the nosethe nose
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• portal veinportal vein
• proteaseprotease
• pulppulp
• pyloric pyloric
sphinctersphincter
Large vein bringing blood to the Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestinesliver from the intestines
Enzyme that digests proteinEnzyme that digests protein
Soft tissue within a tooth, Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood containing nerves and blood vesselsvessels
Ring of muscle at the end of the Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over itpasses over it
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• pyloruspylorus
• rectumrectum
• rugaerugae
• salivasaliva
Distal region of the stomach, opening to Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenumthe duodenum
Last section of the large intestine, Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the connecting the end of the colon and the anusanus
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomachthe stomach
Digestive juice produced by salivary Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylaseglands; contains the enzyme amylase
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• salivary glandssalivary glands
• sigmoid colonsigmoid colon
• sphinctersphincter
• stomachstomach
Parotid, sublingual, and Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glandssubmandibular glands
Fourth and last, S-shaped segment Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectumempties into the rectum
Circular ring of muscle that Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a constricts a passage or closes a natural openingnatural opening
Muscular organ that receives food Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagusfrom the esophagus
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• triglyceridestriglycerides
• uvulauvula
• villi (villi (singular: singular: villus)villus)
Fat molecules composed of three Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipidsglycerol; subgroup of lipids
Soft tissue hanging from the Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palatemiddle of the soft palate
Microscopic projections in the wall Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstreamnutrients into the bloodstream
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Terminology – Combining FormsParts of the Body
• an/oan/o• append/o, append/o,
appendic/oappendic/o• bucc/obucc/o• cec/ocec/o• celi/oceli/o• cheil/ocheil/o• cholecyst/ocholecyst/o• choledoch/ocholedoch/o
anusanusappendixappendixcheekcheekcecumcecumbelly,abdomenbelly,abdomenliplipgallbladdergallbladdercommon bile ductcommon bile duct
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Terminology – Combining FormsParts of the Body (cont’d)
• col/ocol/o coloncolon• colon/ocolon/o coloncolon• dent/ident/i toothtooth• duoden/oduoden/o duodenumduodenum• enter/oenter/o intestines, usually small intestines, usually small
intestineintestine• esophag/oesophag/o esophagusesophagus• faci/ofaci/o faceface• gastr/ogastr/o stomachstomach• gingiv/ogingiv/o gumsgums
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Terminology – Combining FormsParts of the Body (cont’d)
• gloss/ogloss/o tonguetongue
• hepat/ohepat/o liverliver
• ile/oile/o ileumileum
• jejun/ojejun/o jejunumjejunum
• labi/olabi/o liplip
• lapar/olapar/o abdomenabdomen
• lingu/olingu/o tonguetongue
• mandibul/omandibul/o lower jaw, mandiblelower jaw, mandible
• odont/oodont/o toothtooth
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Terminology – Combining FormsParts of the Body (cont’d)
• or/oor/o mouthmouth
• palat/opalat/o palatepalate
• pancreat/opancreat/o pancreaspancreas
• peritone/operitone/o peritoneumperitoneum
• pharyng/opharyng/o throatthroat
• proct/oproct/o anus and rectumanus and rectum
• pylor/opylor/o pyloric sphincterpyloric sphincter
• rect/orect/o rectumrectum
• sialaden/osialaden/o salivary glandsalivary gland
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Terminology – Combining FormsParts of the Body (cont’d)
• sigmoid/osigmoid/o sigmoid colonsigmoid colon
• stomat/ostomat/o mouthmouth
• uvul/ouvul/o uvulauvula
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Terminology – Combining FormsSubstances
• amyl/oamyl/o starchstarch
• bil/ibil/i gall, bilegall, bile
• bilirubin/obilirubin/o bilirubin (bile pigment)bilirubin (bile pigment)
• chol/echol/e gall or bilegall or bile
• chlorhydr/ochlorhydr/o hydrochloric acidhydrochloric acid
• gluc/ogluc/o sugarsugar
• glyc/oglyc/o sugarsugar
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Terminology – Combining FormsSubstances (cont’d)
• glycogen/oglycogen/o glycogen, animal starchglycogen, animal starch
• lip/olip/o fatfat
• lith/olith/o stonestone
• prote/oprote/o proteinprotein
• py/opy/o puspus
• sial/osial/o saliva, salivarysaliva, salivary
• steat/osteat/o fatfat
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Terminology – Suffixes
• -ase-ase enzymeenzyme
• -chezia-chezia defecation, elimination of defecation, elimination of wasteswastes
• -iasis-iasis abnormal conditionabnormal condition
• -prandial-prandial mealmeal
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d)
Three types of anastomosesThree types of anastomoses
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means inflammation of 4. Which term means inflammation of the lip?the lip?
A.A. CholecystitisCholecystitisB.B. CeliacCeliacC.C.AppendicitisAppendicitisD.D.CheilitisCheilitis
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Chapter 5Lesson 5.2
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Pathology of the Digestive System
Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms
• AnorexiaAnorexia – lack of appetite – lack of appetite
• AscitesAscites – abnormal accumulation of fluid in – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomenthe abdomen
• Borborygmus Borborygmus ((plural: plural: borborygmiborborygmi) – ) – rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tractmovement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract
• Constipation Constipation – difficulty in passing stools– difficulty in passing stools
• DiarrheaDiarrhea – frequent passage of loose, watery – frequent passage of loose, watery stoolsstools
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Pathology of the Digestive System (cont’d)
• Dysphagia Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing– difficulty in swallowing
• Eructation Eructation – gas expelled from the – gas expelled from the stomach through the mouthstomach through the mouth
• Flatus Flatus – gas expelled through the anus– gas expelled through the anus
• Hematochezia Hematochezia – passage of fresh, bright – passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectumred blood from the rectum
• Jaundice (icterus) Jaundice (icterus) – yellow-orange – yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the bloodthe blood
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Pathology of the Digestive System (cont’d)
• MelenaMelena – black, tarry stools; feces – black, tarry stools; feces containing digested bloodcontaining digested blood
• Nausea Nausea – unpleasant sensation in the – unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to stomach associated with a tendency to vomitvomit
• Steatorrhea Steatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, – fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matterfoul-smelling fecal matter
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Pathologic ConditionsOral Cavity and Teeth
• Aphthous stomatitisAphthous stomatitis – inflammation of – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcersthe mouth with small, painful ulcers
• Dental cariesDental caries – tooth decay – tooth decay
• Herpetic stomatitisHerpetic stomatitis – inflammation of the – inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virusmouth by infection with the herpes virus
• Oral leukoplakiaOral leukoplakia – white plaques or – white plaques or patchespatches
• Periodontal diseasePeriodontal disease – inflammation and – inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bonesurrounding bone
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Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract
• Achalasia Achalasia –– failure of the lower failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relaxrelax
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Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract
• Esophageal cancerEsophageal cancer – malignant tumor – malignant tumor of the esophagusof the esophagus
• Esophageal varicesEsophageal varices – swollen, varicose – swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus veins at the lower end of the esophagus
• Gastric carcinomaGastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of – malignant tumor of the stomachthe stomach
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Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract
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Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d)
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)(GERD) – solids and fluids return to the – solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomachmouth from the stomach
• Peptic ulcerPeptic ulcer – open sore or lesion of – open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenumor duodenum
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Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d)
• Hernia Hernia – protrusion of an organ or part – protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally through the muscle normally containing itcontaining it
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Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract Small and Large Intestines
• Anal fistula Anal fistula – abnormal tube-like – abnormal tube-like passageway near the anuspassageway near the anus
• Colonic polyposis Colonic polyposis – polyps protrude – polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the from the mucous membrane of the coloncolon
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Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal TractSmall and Large Intestines (cont’d)
• Colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer – adenocarcinoma of the – adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both colon or rectum or both
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Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal TractSmall and Large Intestines (cont’d)• Crohn disease Crohn disease – chronic inflammation – chronic inflammation
of the intestinal tractof the intestinal tract
• Diverticulosis Diverticulosis – abnormal side – abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wallwall
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Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal TractSmall and Large Intestines (cont’d)• Dysentery Dysentery – painful, inflamed intestines– painful, inflamed intestines
• Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids – swollen, twisted, varicose – swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal regionveins in the rectal region
• Ileus Ileus – failure of peristalsis with resulting – failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestinesobstruction of the intestines
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) –– inflammation of the colon and small inflammation of the colon and small intestineintestine
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Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal TractSmall and Large Intestines (cont’d)• Intussusception Intussusception – telescoping of the – telescoping of the
intestinesintestines
• IBS IBS – irritable bowel syndrome – group of – irritable bowel syndrome – group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tensionstress and tension
• Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis – chronic inflammation of – chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcersthe colon with the presence of ulcers
• Volvulus Volvulus – twisting of the intestines on itself– twisting of the intestines on itself
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Pathologic Conditions Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas• Cirrhosis Cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the – chronic degenerative disease of the
liverliver
• Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer – malignant tumor of the – malignant tumor of the pancreaspancreas
• Pancreatitis Pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas– inflammation of the pancreas
• Viral hepatitis Viral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver – inflammation of the liver caused by a viruscaused by a virus
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Pathologic Conditions Liver Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d)
• Cholelithiasis Cholelithiasis – gallstones in the gallbladder – gallstones in the gallbladder
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Suffixes
• -ectasis, -ectasia -ectasis, -ectasia ____________________
• -emesis -emesis ____________________
• -pepsia-pepsia __________ __________
• -phagia-phagia ____________________
• -plasty-plasty ____________________
• -ptysis-ptysis __________ __________
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Suffixes
• -ectasis, -ectasia -ectasis, -ectasia dilation, widening dilation, widening
• -emesis -emesis vomitingvomiting
• -pepsia-pepsia digestion digestion
• -phagia-phagia eating, swallowing eating, swallowing
• -plasty-plasty surgical repair surgical repair
• -ptysis-ptysis spitting spitting
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Suffixes (cont’d)
• -rrhage, -rrhagia-rrhage, -rrhagia ____________________
• -rrhaphy-rrhaphy ____________________
• -rrhea -rrhea ____________________
• -spasm-spasm ____________________
• -stasis -stasis ____________________
• -stenosis -stenosis ____________________
• -tresia -tresia ____________________
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Suffixes (cont’d)
• -rrhage, -rrhagia-rrhage, -rrhagia bursting forth (of blood)bursting forth (of blood)
• -rrhaphy-rrhaphy suturesuture
• -rrhea -rrhea flow, discharge flow, discharge
• -spasm-spasm involuntary contraction involuntary contraction of muscles of muscles
• -stasis -stasis stopping; controllingstopping; controlling
• -stenosis -stenosis narrowing, tighteningnarrowing, tightening
• -tresia -tresia opening opening
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Suffixes (cont’d)
• Suffixes that are also used alone as Suffixes that are also used alone as separate terms:separate terms:
Emesis (emetic) Emesis (emetic) Spasm Spasm Stasis Stasis StenosisStenosis
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term means difficulty in 1. Which term means difficulty in swallowing?swallowing?
A.A. DysphasiaDysphasiaB.B. DysphagiaDysphagiaC.C.DysplasiaDysplasiaD.D.PolyphagiaPolyphagia
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. Which term means to control or 2. Which term means to control or stop bleeding?stop bleeding?
A.A. HemostasisHemostasisB.B. HematomaHematomaC.C.HemoptysisHemoptysisD.D.CholestasisCholestasis
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Combining Forms and Terminology
• bucc/obucc/o ____________________
• cec/ocec/o ____________________
• celi/oceli/o ____________________
• cheil/ocheil/o ____________________
• chol/echol/e ____________________
• cholangi/ocholangi/o ____________________
• cholecyst/ocholecyst/o ____________________
• choledoch/ocholedoch/o ____________________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology
• bucc/obucc/o cheekcheek
• cec/ocec/o cecumcecum
• celi/oceli/o abdomenabdomen
• cheil/ocheil/o liplip
• chol/echol/e gall, bilegall, bile
• cholangi/ocholangi/o bile duct (vessel)bile duct (vessel)
• cholecyst/ocholecyst/o gallbladdergallbladder
• choledoch/ocholedoch/o common bile ductcommon bile duct
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)
• col/ocol/o ____________________
• colon/ocolon/o ____________________
• dent/ident/i ____________________
• duoden/oduoden/o ____________________
• enter/oenter/o ____________________
• esophag/oesophag/o ____________________
• gastr/ogastr/o ____________________
• gingiv/ogingiv/o ____________________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)
• col/ocol/o coloncolon
• colon/ocolon/o coloncolon
• dent/ident/i toothtooth
• duoden/oduoden/o duodenumduodenum
• enter/oenter/o intestinesintestines
• esophag/oesophag/o esophagusesophagus
• gastr/ogastr/o stomachstomach
• gingiv/ogingiv/o gumsgums
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)
• gloss/ogloss/o ____________________
• gluc/ogluc/o ____________________
• glyc/oglyc/o ____________________
• hepat/ohepat/o ____________________
• herni/oherni/o ____________________
• ile/oile/o ____________________
• jejun/ojejun/o ____________________
• labi/olabi/o ____________________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)
• gloss/ogloss/o tonguetongue
• gluc/ogluc/o sugarsugar
• glyc/oglyc/o sugarsugar
• hepat/ohepat/o liverliver
• herni/oherni/o herniahernia
• ile/oile/o ileumileum
• jejun/ojejun/o jejunumjejunum
• labi/olabi/o liplip
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)
• lingu/olingu/o ____________________
• lip/olip/o ____________________
• lith/olith/o ____________________
• odont/oodont/o ____________________
• or/oor/o ____________________
• palat/opalat/o ____________________
• pancreat/opancreat/o ____________________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)
• lingu/olingu/o tonguetongue
• lip/olip/o fatfat
• lith/olith/o stonestone
• odont/oodont/o toothtooth
• or/oor/o mouthmouth
• palat/opalat/o palatepalate
• pancreat/opancreat/o pancreaspancreas
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)
• proct/oproct/o ____________________
• pylor/opylor/o ____________________
• rect/orect/o ____________________
• sialaden/osialaden/o ____________________
• splen/osplen/o ____________________
• steat/osteat/o ____________________
• stomat/ostomat/o ____________________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)
• proct/oproct/o anus and rectumanus and rectum
• pylor/opylor/o pyloric sphincterpyloric sphincter
• rect/orect/o rectumrectum
• sialaden/osialaden/o salivary glandsalivary gland
• splen/osplen/o spleenspleen
• steat/osteat/o fatfat
• stomat/ostomat/o mouthmouth
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term means enlarged liver?3. Which term means enlarged liver?
A.A. AcromegalyAcromegalyB.B. CardiomegalyCardiomegalyC.C.HepatomegalyHepatomegalyD.D.HepatitisHepatitis
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Laboratory Tests andClinical Procedures
• Laboratory testsLaboratory testsLiver function tests (LFTs):Liver function tests (LFTs): tests for tests for
enzymes and bilirubin in bloodenzymes and bilirubin in bloodStool culture:Stool culture: test for microorganisms in test for microorganisms in
stoolstoolStool guaiac test or Hemoccult test:Stool guaiac test or Hemoccult test: test test
to detect blood in fecesto detect blood in feces
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which of the following tests for the 4. Which of the following tests for the clear fluid that remains after blood clear fluid that remains after blood has clotted (serum)?has clotted (serum)?
A.A. Stool guaiacStool guaiacB.B. HemoccultHemoccultC.C.Stool cultureStool cultureD.D.LFTsLFTs
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Laboratory Tests andClinical Procedures
• Clinical proceduresClinical proceduresX-raysX-rays
• Lower gastrointestinal series Lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)(barium enema)
• Upper gastrointestinal seriesUpper gastrointestinal series• Cholangiography Cholangiography • Computed tomography (CT Computed tomography (CT
scan)scan)
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Laboratory Tests andClinical Procedures (cont’d)
• Clinical proceduresClinical procedures
Ultrasound examinationUltrasound examination• Abdominal ultrasonographyAbdominal ultrasonography• Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
Magnetic resonance techniquesMagnetic resonance techniques• Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)(MRI)
Nuclear medicine testNuclear medicine test• Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid
scan (HIDA scan)scan (HIDA scan)
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Laboratory Tests andClinical Procedures (cont’d)
• Other proceduresOther proceduresGastric bypass or bariatric surgery:Gastric bypass or bariatric surgery:
reduces stomach sizereduces stomach sizeGastrointestinal endoscopy:Gastrointestinal endoscopy: visual visual
examination of the GI tractexamination of the GI tractLaparoscopy:Laparoscopy: visual examination of the visual examination of the
abdomen abdomen Liver biopsy:Liver biopsy: removal of liver tissue for removal of liver tissue for
microscopic examinationmicroscopic examinationNasogastric intubation:Nasogastric intubation: insertion of a insertion of a
tube through the nose into the stomachtube through the nose into the stomachParacentesis (abdominocentesis):Paracentesis (abdominocentesis):
puncture to remove fluid from abdomenpuncture to remove fluid from abdomen
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QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which procedure is a surgical 5. Which procedure is a surgical puncture to remove fluid from the puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen?abdomen?
A. LaparoscopyA. LaparoscopyB. LaparotomyB. LaparotomyC. AbdominectomyC. AbdominectomyD. AbdominocentesisD. Abdominocentesis
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Abbreviations • alk phosalk phos
• ALT, ASTALT, AST
• BEBE
• BMBM
• BRBPRBRBPR
• CDCD
• CTCT
• EGDEGD
• ERCPERCP
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Abbreviations • alk phosalk phos
• ALT, ASTALT, AST
• BEBE
• BMBM
• BRBPRBRBPR
• CDCD
• CTCT
• EGDEGD
• ERCPERCP
Alkaline phosphataseAlkaline phosphatase
Alanine transaminase, aspartate Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminasetransaminase
Barium enemaBarium enema
Bowel movementBowel movement
Bright red blood per rectumBright red blood per rectum
Celiac diseaseCeliac disease
Computed tomographyComputed tomography
EsophagogastroduodenoscopyEsophagogastroduodenoscopy
Endoscopic retrograde Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographycholangiopancreatography
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Abbreviations (cont’d)• EUSEUS• FOBTFOBT• G tubeG tube• GBGB• GERDGERD• GIGI• HBVHBV• IBDIBD• LACLAC• LFTsLFTs
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Abbreviations (cont’d)• EUSEUS• FOBTFOBT• G tubeG tube• GBGB• GERDGERD• GIGI• HBVHBV• IBDIBD• LACLAC• LFTsLFTs
Endoscopic ultrasonographyEndoscopic ultrasonographyFecal occult blood testFecal occult blood testGastrostomy tube; also stomach tube, PEG Gastrostomy tube; also stomach tube, PEG tubetubeGallbladderGallbladderGastroesophageal reflux diseaseGastroesophageal reflux diseaseGastrointestinalGastrointestinalHepatitis B virusHepatitis B virusInflammatory bowel diseaseInflammatory bowel diseaseLaparoscopic-assisted colectomyLaparoscopic-assisted colectomyLiver function testsLiver function tests
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Abbreviations (cont’d) • MRIMRI
• NG tubeNG tube
• NPONPO
• PEG tubePEG tube
• PEJ tubePEJ tube
• PTHCPTHC
• PUDPUD
• TPNTPN
• T tubeT tube
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Abbreviations (cont’d) • MRIMRI• NG tubeNG tube• NPONPO• PEG tubePEG tube• PEJ tubePEJ tube• PTHCPTHC• PUDPUD• TPNTPN• T tubeT tube
Magnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance imagingNasogastric tubeNasogastric tubeNothing by mouthNothing by mouthPercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubePercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubePercutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tubePercutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tubePercutaneous transhepatic cholangiographyPercutaneous transhepatic cholangiographyPeptic ulcer diseasePeptic ulcer diseaseTotal parenteral nutritionTotal parenteral nutritionTube placed in the bile duct for drainage Tube placed in the bile duct for drainage into a small pouch on the outside of the into a small pouch on the outside of the bodybody
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Review Suffixes-ase-ase __________________________
-centesis-centesis __________________________
-chezia-chezia __________________________
-ectasia-ectasia __________________________
-ectasis-ectasis __________________________
-ectomy-ectomy __________________________
-emesis-emesis __________________________
-emia-emia __________________________
-genesis -genesis __________________________
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Review Suffixes (cont’d)
• -ase -ase enzymeenzyme• -centesis -centesis surgical puncture to surgical puncture to
remove fluidremove fluid• -chezia -chezia defecation; elimination of defecation; elimination of
wasteswastes• -ectasia -ectasia stretching; dilation; stretching; dilation;
expansionexpansion• -ectasis-ectasis stretching; dilation; stretching; dilation;
expansionexpansion• -ectomy -ectomy removal; excision; removal; excision;
resectionresection• -emesis -emesis vomitingvomiting• -emia -emia blood conditionblood condition• -genesis -genesis producing; formingproducing; forming
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Review Suffixes (cont’d)
-graphy-graphy __________________________
-iasis-iasis __________________________
-lysis-lysis __________________________
-megaly-megaly __________________________
-orexia-orexia __________________________
-pathy-pathy __________________________
-pepsia -pepsia __________________________
-phagia -phagia __________________________
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Review Suffixes (cont’d)
• -graphy -graphy process of recordingprocess of recording• -iasis -iasis abnormal conditionabnormal condition• -lysis -lysis breakdown; separation; breakdown; separation;
destruction; destruction; looseningloosening
• -megaly -megaly enlargementenlargement• -orexia -orexia appetiteappetite• -pathy-pathy disease; emotiondisease; emotion• -pepsia-pepsia digestiondigestion• -phagia -phagia eating; swallowingeating; swallowing
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Review Suffixes (cont’d)
-prandial-prandial _____________ _____________
-plasty-plasty __________________________
-ptosis-ptosis __________________________
-ptysis-ptysis __________________________
-rrhage-rrhage __________________________
-rrhagia-rrhagia __________________________
-rrhaphy-rrhaphy __________________________
-rrhea-rrhea __________________________
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Review Suffixes (cont’d)
• -prandial-prandial meal meal • -plasty-plasty surgical repairsurgical repair• -ptosis-ptosis droop; sag; prolapse; droop; sag; prolapse;
fallfall• -ptysis-ptysis spittingspitting• -rrhage-rrhage bursting forth (of blood)bursting forth (of blood)• -rrhagia-rrhagia bursting forth (of blood)bursting forth (of blood)• -rrhaphy-rrhaphy suturesuture• -rrhea-rrhea flow; dischargeflow; discharge
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Review Suffixes (cont’d)-scopy-scopy __________________________
-spasm-spasm __________________________
-stasis-stasis __________________________
-stenosis-stenosis __________________________
-stomy-stomy __________________________
-tomy-tomy __________________________
-tresia-tresia __________________________
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Review Suffixes (cont’d)• -scopy-scopy visual examinationvisual examination• -spasm-spasm sudden contraction of sudden contraction of
musclesmuscles• -stasis-stasis stop; control; placestop; control; place• -stenosis-stenosis tightening; stricturetightening; stricture• -stomy-stomy new opening (to form a new opening (to form a
mouth)mouth)• -tomy-tomy process of cuttingprocess of cutting• -tresia-tresia openingopening