Week 2 - Learning Theory Paper Final
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Humanistic Learning Theory
Overview
The Learning Theory addressed in this paper is that of Humanism. In researching the various
learning theories over the last few years I have become increasing familiar with the Behaviorism,
Constructivism, and Cognitivism however, Humanism has never truly been addressed. Humanism can be
most simply stated as the need to learn is innate. In other words, learning is not an observable response
to particular stimuli, (Smith & Ragan, 2005) as Behaviorists would contend, or a matter of mapping the
structure of the world to the learner (Jonassen, 1991) in terms of Constructivism, nor is it the mere
transformation of information within the brain (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) as Cognitivism maintains. It
is my observation that Humanism is the amalgamation of all these learning theories as they all describe
ways in which the human learning experience can be achieved, recognizing that humans instinctively
learn.
Contributors
The principal Humanistic Learning theorists were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Maslow
placed great emphasis on choice, creativity, values and self-realization. Maslow is most well-known for
his hierarchy of needs for which all human motivation is based. The first four physiological needs, such
as water, air, food, and sleep must be satisfied before the higher growth needs of safety, belongingness,
esteem, and self-actualization can be of influence. Carl Rogers was a champion of facilitated learning.
His principles included the notion that another person cannot be directly taught rather the learning
must be facilitated. He also strongly promoted the belief that learning could not take place if the self
was in any way threatened or threats were perceived (Barrett-Lennard, 1998). In terms of these basic
suppositions the Humanistic Learning theory falls into the rationalism epistemological philosophy
grounded in rational reflection of ones own needs, desires, and fulfillment.
Major Principles of Humanistic Learning
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The major principles of the Humanistic Learning theory are based on the following assumptions; human
nature is inherently good, individuals are capable of making major personal choices since they are free
and autonomous, the potential for human development is unlimited, growth and development are
guided closely by self-concept, individuals are inclined toward self-actualization, individuals define their
own reality, persons are responsible not only to themselves but to others. Within this framework one
can undoubtedly understand that the Humanistic approach to education is to develop self-actualized
people. Individuals who upon enter a learning situation do so with good intentions, fully capable of
making choices appropriate guided by their own concept of self and others, intending to develop and
aspire to a more superior state of being.
It the intention of a Humanistic education is a lifelong undertaking in an effort to cultivate
persons who can live content, compassionate, and meaningful lives. The Humanistic Learning theory
would include the advancement of emotive abilities, the materializing of affective desires, the deepest
expression of aesthetic qualities and the empowerment of self-control and self-direction.
Application
In terms of illustrating a classroom situation utilizing the Humanistic Learning theory I will draw
upon my person experience as a technical trainer in the field of Information Technology. Although the
Humanistic Theory applies to elementary, secondary and adult educational settings I will address an
adult educational environment.
In this type of Humanistic educational environment it important to address the quantity and
quality of prior knowledge. Thus prior to any education, there would be initial ice breaker taking place in
the form of either an informal question and answer session or a more formalized questionnaire to give
the facilitator a general sense ofthe learners familiarity with the subject matter. This exercise also helps
to establish a positive learning environment where the participants (learners) can begin to express their
desires, needs, and expectations. And the director (facilitator) can begin to illustrate true empathy,
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understanding, respect, acceptance, and authenticity to the plight of the learner. It is within this
framework that the Humanistic Learning theory takes on its true potential.
Once this sense of mutual respect and consideration has transpired the development of
instructional plan or order of instruction can be identified using the materials required to meet the
course objectives. This approach may require the admission of remedial information not necessarily
covered in the existing material, the reordering of lessons to cover the material in a more meaningful
approach, or the admission of more complex material to compensate for a high level of prior
knowledge. Now that the sequence of material has been established the facilitator starts the transfer of
knowledge constantly monitoring the learners comprehension. This monitoring is critical to the
Humanistic Learning theory as it assures that the facilitator and the learners maintain a mutually
respectful relationship in which the learners seek to aspire and the facilitator seeks to influence. At the
conclusion of each unit of learning as well as at the conclusion of the course the facilitator must evaluate
on an individual basis the level to which the learner realized their specific goals and aspirations from this
learning experience. With this basic framework of recognition of the learners accomplishment and the
learners aspirations in an empathetic and nurturing environment the brilliance of the Humanistic
Learning theory can come to fruition.
References:
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). "Chapter: Human memory: A proposed system and its
control processes". In Spence, K. W., & Spence, J. T. The psychology of learning and
motivation (Volume 2). New York: Academic Press. pp. 89195
Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1998) Carl Roger's Helping System. Journey and substance, London: Sage.
Ertmer, P. A. and Newby, T. J. (1993), Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism: Comparing
Critical Features from an Instructional Design Perspective.Performance Improvement
Quarterly, 6: 5072. doi: 10.1111/j.1937-8327.1993.tb00605.x
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From behaviorism to humanism: Incorporating self-direction in learning concepts into theinstructional design process. In H. B. Long & Associates,New ideas about self-directed
learning. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and HigherEducation, University of Oklahoma, 1994
Jonassen, D. (1991). Objectivism vs constructivism: Do we need a new philosophical
paradigm? Educational Technology, Research and Development, 39(3), 5-13.
" Maslows Hierarchy of Needs."Learning-Theories.Com, Knowledge base and webliology . 2007.
Retieved February 18, 2013, fromhttp://www.learning-theories.com/
Smith, M. K. (1999) 'The humanistic to learning', the encyclopedia of informal education,
www.infed.org/biblio/learning-humanistic.htm, Last update: May 29, 2012.
http://www.learning-theories.com/http://www.learning-theories.com/http://www.learning-theories.com/http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-humanistic.htmhttp://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-humanistic.htmhttp://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-humanistic.htmhttp://www.learning-theories.com/