Week 2: Chapter 3 Molecules of Life. Outline Chemistry of Carbon –Role of Carbon –7 Functional...
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Transcript of Week 2: Chapter 3 Molecules of Life. Outline Chemistry of Carbon –Role of Carbon –7 Functional...
Outline• Chemistry of Carbon
– Role of Carbon– 7 Functional Groups– Examples Molecules– Polymer Concept
• Sugars and Polysaccharides• Lipids• Amino Acids and Proteins• Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Functional Groups
C
CC
CC
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
CH3
OH
HO
C
CC
CC
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
CH3
CH3
OH
O
Estrogen
Testosterone
Six Functional Groups
• Hydroxyl• Keto• Methyl • Carboxyl• Amino Group• Phosphate Group
• Structure?• Hydrophilic?
MacromoleculesBio - Polymers
Monomers(Subunits)
Dimers Polymers
Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose
Maltose Starch
Dehydration/Hydrolysis Reactions
Hydrolysis
H2O
(b) Breaking a polymer chain
Longer polymer
(a) Building a polymer chain
OH H
Short polymer
Dehydrationreaction H2O
OH H
Monomer
Biomacromolecules as Polymers
C
C C
C
C
O C
OH
OHOH
OH
HO
Starch Polymer
Glucose
OH
C
C C
C
C
O COH
OH
HO
Glucose
C
C C
C
C
O C
OH
OHOH
OH
O
Glucose
Maltose
OH
C
C C
C
C
O COH
OH
HO
C
C C
C
C
O C
OH
OH
OH
O
C
C C
C
C
O C
OH
OH
OH
O
C
C C
C
C
O C
OH
OH
OH
O
C
C C
C
C
O C
OH
OHOH
OH
O
4 Biomolecules
Biomolecule Polymer Monomer
Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Monosaccharide
Fat Triglyceride Fatty Acid
Protein Polypeptide Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid DNA and RNA Nucleotides
Functions related to chemical structure
Effect of Triglycerides on Health
• Saturated Fats – LDL raised
• Polyunsaturated – LDL unchangedHDL lowered
• Monounsaturated – LDL and HDL unchanged
• Polyunsaturated omega-3- reduces heart disease
Steriods
C
CC
CC
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
CH3
OH
HO
C
CC
CC
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
CH3
CH3
OH
O
Estrogen
Testosterone
Cholesterol
Lipid Functions
• Membranes – phospholipids, steroids
• Energy Storage – triglycerides• Hormones - steroids
(a) Primarystructure
(b) Secondary structure
Amino acids
Pleated sheet
Alpha helix
(c) Tertiarystructure
Polypeptide
(d) Quaternarystructure
A protein withfour polypeptidesubunits
Hydrogenbond
Protein Folding
Figure 3.19
Normal red blood cell
Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin
1 2 3 45 6 7. . . 146
1 2 3 4 5 6 7. . . 146
SE
MS
EM
Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu
Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu
Figure 3.15
MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS
Structural Proteins(provide support)
Storage Proteins(provide amino
acids for growth)
Contractile Proteins
(help movement)
Transport Proteins(help transport
substances)
Enzymes(help chemical
reactions)
Nucleic Acid Functions
• ATP - nucleotide energy carrier in cell
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – genetic material
• RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – gene expression machinery