Name: Document Packet Week 14: Middle Ages: The Crusades and Black Death Date:

In this packet you will have all the documents for the week. This document packet must be in class with you every day. We will work with these documents every day.

WEEK 14 DAY 1 DOCUMENTS: 14.1.1 Whole Class

The CrusadesDuring the Middle Ages, Europeans had only one significant unifying aspect of life.  The Catholic Church permeated every aspect of society.  Waging war with another feudal lord was often viewed as an economic venture where loyalties were easily broken if the price was right.  Battling for the Church was an entirely different thing, animosities and rivalries were forgotten if the Church needed defending. 

For about 200 years, Western Europe under the sway of the Catholic Church, attempted to retake the Holy Land away from the Muslims. The largest target was the holy city of Jerusalem, however, other areas were fought over, such as the city of Constantinople. Jerusalem remains a religiously significant and contested site today with Islam, Judaism, and Christianity all having a vested interest. The Christians were never able to effectively take, and then maintain control, however, many changes occurred as a result of the Crusades.

The majority of feudal lords were killed, which allowed the few remaining to gain more power, eventually resulting in the rise of nation-states and absolute monarchs. Also, cultural diffusion occurred between the Arab and European worlds. New ideas and trade goods flowed between the two areas which eventually brought Europe to the forefront of world affairs.

Revival of European TradeEuropean interest in goods from the east was stimulated by returning Crusaders who brought back many things. As the Crusades ended, ships that were once used to carry soldiers to the Middle East, now carried trade goods. Merchants from rich Italian city states, such as Venice and Florence, dominated this trade. Goods from the Middle East would arrive in Venice, before following newly established trade routes to the rest of Europe. Along these new trade routes, trade fairs were established in towns with larger populations, or at major crossroads. Over time, merchants and craftsman settled in these towns, and some grew to be cities of several thousand people. This fundamentally altered the way people lived in Europe, and marked the beginning of the end of feudalism and the Middle Ages.The Black DeathThe bubonic plague was a highly contagious disease that was transmitted by the fleas that lived on rats.  People infected would experience swellings and black bruises before

eventually dying in extreme pain.  In the early 1300s, China experienced a breakout of the plague.  As a result of the expansion of trade during this time period, the plague was carried west into the Middle East and Europe. The plague killed about 35 million people in China, about a third of the population of Europe, and at its peak, killed 7,000 people a day in Cairo, Egypt.  The death of so many people disrupted trade for some time.  Areas that had been very prosperous before the plague, struggled to survive for years as trade was slowly reestablished. 

1) Explain what happened during the Crusades.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Explain how cultural diffusion and trade was an indirect result of the Crusades.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) What was the Black Death?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) How did the Black Death spread?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5) What are 2 results of the Black Death?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6) Create a BLPT card for The Crusades and The Black Death.

WEEK 14 DAY 2 DOCUMENTS: 14.2.1 Whole Class/Partner Work

Day 2 Document 1 14.2.1

1 Based on this document, identify two ways the Black Death spread throughout Europe. [2]

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14.2.2

. . . The late-medieval depression began well before the coming of the Black Death (1348–1349). The fundamental trends of demographic and economic decline were not set off by the plague, but they were enormously aggravated by it. Carried by fleas that infested black rats, the bubonic plague entered Europe along trade routes from the East and spread with frightening speed. The death toll cannot be determined with any precision. The best estimate would probably be to of Europe’s population. In many crowded towns the mortality rate may well have exceeded 50 percent, whereas isolated rural areas tended to be spared. Consequently, the most progressive, most enterprising, and best-trained Europeans were hit the hardest. Few urban families can have been spared altogether. Those who survived the terrible years 1348–1349 were subjected to periodic recurrences of the plague over the next three centuries. Fourteenth-century medical science was at a loss to explain the process of infection, and fourteenth-century urban sanitation was so primitive as to only encourage its spread. Some people fled their cities, some gave way to religious frenzy or stark hedonism [lack of moderation], and some remained faithfully at their posts, hoping for divine protection against the pestilence [disease]. But none can have emerged from the ordeal unaffected. . . .

2 According to this document, what was one impact of the Black Death on European society? [1]______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 According to this document, what was one impact of the Black Death on European society? [1]______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

. . . The plight of the lower and most of the middle classes was even more pitiful to behold. Mostof them remained in their houses, either through poverty or in hopes of safety, and fell sick bythousands. Since they received no care and attention, almost all of them died. Many ended theirlives in the streets both at night and during the day; and many others who died in their houseswere only known to be dead because the neighbours smelled their decaying bodies. Dead bodiesfilled every corner. Most of them were treated in the same manner by the survivors, who weremore concerned to get rid of their rotting bodies than moved by charity towards the dead. Withthe aid of porters, if they could get them, they carried the bodies out of the houses and laid themat the doors, where every morning quantities of the dead might be seen. They then were laid onbiers [coffin stands], or, as these were often lacking, on tables. . . .

Not to pry any further into all the details of the miseries which afflicted [struck] our city, I shalladd that the surrounding country was spared nothing of what befell Florence. The villages on asmaller scale were like the city; in the fields and isolated farms the poor wretched peasants andtheir families were without doctors and any assistance, and perished in the highways, in theirfields and houses, night and day, more like beasts than men. Just as the townsmen becamedissolute and indifferent to their work and property, so the peasants, when they saw that deathwas upon them, entirely neglected the future fruits of their past labours both from the earth andfrom cattle, and thought only of enjoying what they had. Thus it happened that cows, asses,sheep, goats, pigs, fowls and even dogs, those faithful companions of man, left the farms andwandered at their will through the fields, where the wheat crops stood abandoned, unreaped andungarnered [not gathered]. Many of these animals seemed endowed with reason, for, after theyhad pastured all day, they returned to the farms for the night of their own free will, without beingdriven. . . .

Oh, what great palaces, how many fair houses and noble dwellings, once filled with attendantsand nobles and ladies, were emptied to the meanest servant! How many famous names and vastpossessions and renowned estates were left without an heir! How many gallant men and fairladies and handsome youths, whom Galen, Hippocrates and Æsculapius themselves would havesaid were in perfect health, at noon dined with their relatives and friends, and at night suppedwith their ancestors in the next world! . . .

14.2.3

Henry Knighton, a 14th-century author, wrote about the effects of the Black Death in England between 1348–1350.

3 Based on this document, state two effects of the Black Death on the economy of England. [2](1)___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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. . . Ox hides fell to a wretched price, namely 12d., and yet a pair of gloves would cost 10d., 12d.,or 14d., and a pair of breeches 3s. or 4s. In the mean time the king sent word into every shire[county] that mowers and other workmen should take no more than they had before [the outbreakof the plague], under the penalties laid down in the order, and thereupon made a statute.Nevertheless the workmen were so puffed up and contrary-minded that they did not heed theking’s decree, and if anyone wanted to hire them he had to pay what they asked: either his fruitand crops rotted, or he had to give in to the workmen’s arrogant and greedy

14.2.4

1) What was the economic impact of the Crusades?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Merchants in Venice and other northern Italian cities built large fleets to carry crusaders to the Holy Land. They later used those fleets to open new markets in the crusaders’ states. Even after the Muslims had recaptured the city of Acre, Italian merchants kept these trade routes open. Our words sugar, cotton, rice, and muslin, which were borrowed from Arabic, show the range of trade goods involved.

WEEK 14 DAY 3 DOCUMENT 14.3.1

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DOCUMENT 14.3.2

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DOCUMENT 3 PAIR WORK 14.3.3

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DOCUMENT 4 INDIVIDUAL WORK 14.3.4

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Week 14 Day 4: Grouping and Ordering Black Death & Crusades 14.4.1

In your groups arrange the documents into different groups. You should have at least 2 different groups of at least 3 documents EACH. Your groupings can be based on anything that you can support. When you have made your groups list them below. Then answer the questions about your choices.

Group 1: Group 3:

Group 2: Group 4:

1) What is the main idea that holds each of the groupings together?

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2) What did you see that made you combine the documents into each group?

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3) Write the main idea for each grouping.

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4) Do any of them overlap or fit together in some way?

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5) Do they address similar elements or similar points of view?

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If you have finished and there is time left create a new order of groups for your documents. List your groups below and then answer the questions. Remember these groups must be different than your previous groups.

Group 1: Group 3:

Group 2: Group 4:

1) What is the main idea that holds each of the groupings together?

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2) What did you see that made you combine the documents into each group?

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3) Write the main idea for each grouping.

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4) Do any of them overlap or fit together in some way?

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5) Do they address similar elements or similar points of view?

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Week 14 Day 5: Current Day Connections Black Death & Crusades 14.5.1

This is a new section to our week. In this section you will read a newspaper article FROM TODAY’S NEWS and connect it to our topic. There are vocabulary words missing that you need to fill in while we are reading the article.

Europe cringes at Bush 'crusade' against terroristsBy Peter Ford, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor / September 19, 2001

PARIS

As Europeans wait to see how the United States is planning to retaliate for last week's attacks on Washington and New York, there is growing anxiety here about the tone of American war rhetoric.President Bush's reference to a "crusade" against terrorism, which passed almost unnoticed by Americans, rang alarm bells in Europe. It raised fears that the terrorist attacks could spark a 'clash of civilizations' between Christians and Muslims, sowing fresh winds of hatred and mistrust."We have to avoid a clash of civilizations at all costs," French foreign minister Hubert Vedrine said on Sunday. "One has to avoid falling into this huge trap, this monstrous trap" which he said had been "conceived by the instigators of the assault."On Sunday, Bush warned Americans that "this crusade, this war on terrorism, is going to take awhile." He and other US officials have said that renegade Islamic fundamentalist Osama bin Laden is the most likely suspect in the attacks.His use of the word "crusade," said Soheib Bensheikh, Grand Mufti of the mosque in Marseille, France, "was most unfortunate", "It recalled the barbarous and unjust military operations against the Muslim world," by Christian knights, who launched repeated attempts to capture Jerusalem over the course of several hundred years.Bush sought to calm American Muslims' fears of a backlash against them on Monday by appearing at an Islamic center in Washington. There he assured Americans that "the face of terror is not the true faith of Islam. That's not what Islam is all about."But his earlier comments, declaring a war between good and evil, shocked Europeans. "If this 'war' takes a form that affronts moderate Arab opinion, if it has the air of a clash of civilizations, there is a strong risk that it will contribute to Osama bin Laden's goal: a conflict between the Arab-Muslim world and the West," warned the Paris daily Le Monde on Tuesday in an editorial."Bush is walking a fine line," suggested Dominique Moisi, a political analyst with the French Institute for International Relations, the country's top foreign policy think tank. "The same black and white language he uses to rally Americans behind him is just the sort of language that risks splitting the international coalition he is trying to build."This confusion between politics and religion...risks encouraging a clash of civilizations in a religious sense, which is very dangerous," he added.On Monday, Taliban deputy leader Mohammed Hasan Akhund warned his fellow Afghans to prepare for 'Jihad' - holy war - against America, if US forces attack Afghanistan.While almost every world leader agrees with Washington that the terrorists who destroyed the World Trade Center were evil, not all of those leaders - especially in the Middle East - identify the United States with good.British prime minister Tony Blair has gone out of his way this week to make it clear that the battle against terrorists is a battle not between Christians and Muslims, but between civilized values and

fanaticism. In that battle, he said Monday "the vast majority of decent law-abiding Muslims" opposed fanaticism.It is their support for Washington's war that could be undermined by the sort of language on the president's lips, warns Hussein Amin, a former Egyptian ambassador who now lectures on international affairs. "The whole tone is that of one civilization against another," he finds. "It is a superior way of speaking and I fear the consequences - the world being divided into two between those who think themselves superior" and the rest.Moderate Muslim opinion could also easily be swayed against America, predicted Ghayasuddin Siddiqui, head of the Muslim Parliament in Britain, an umbrella group for Muslim organizations. "If they end up killing innocent civilians it will be very unfair," Dr. Siddiqui said. "The problems will arise if people see that justice has not been done."French President Jacques Chirac, who arrived in Washington Tuesday, and Mr. Blair, who will see Bush Thursday, are expected to offer Europe's solidarity, but to stop short of offering Washington a blank check. If European help is needed, Europeans want to be in on the planning, officials here say.

1) Write a summary of this article. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Write a counter argument for this sentence and explain why: Fighting terrorism is a battle between Christians and Muslims and therefore it is appropriate to call it a Crusade. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WEEK 14 DAY 6: Writing Skills Black Death & Crusades 14.6.1

Independent Work: Write two paragraphs (minimum 8 sentences each) about the Black Death and The Crusades. You must use at least 4 documents to support your information. Your paragraphs should include direct and indirect results of BOTH the Crusades AND the Black Death.

Write a counter argument for the following sentence: “President Bush was right to use the word ‘Crusade’ when he was talking about 9/11 terrorists.” Use your knowledge of The Crusades and our day 5 article to write a paragraph (minimum 8 sentences) that proves this statement wrong.

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