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NEBOSH IGC Summary week 1

Element 1:- Foundations in Health and Safety

Health: - absence of diseases, PLUS physical, mental & social wellbeing.

Safety: - Absence of uncontrolled hazards, unacceptable or significantrisk.

Welfare: - Looking after peoples basic needs; providing welfarefacilities such as : food, water, accommodation & bathrooms

Environmental protection: - measure used to prevent harm to theenvironment of the workplace & to the surroundings of the organisation& the whole world including air, water, land and natural resources,flora,fauna and human beings and their inter-relationships.

Hazard: - Something with the potential to cause loss or harm of anykind such as: injury to people / damage to equipment.

Example: Electricity, Welding machine, Noise, or Vibration

Risk: - Combination of the likelihood of harm to occur and the severityof that harm this harm could be injury to people or damage toequipment (Risk = Likelihood X Severity)

Example: Working at heights, Confined space entry or Welding

Accident: - An unwanted, unplanned event which results in aLoss of any kind such as: injury to people, damage to equipment

Example: An employee tripped over a cable, fell down & broke his leg.

Occupational Accident: - An unwanted & unplanned event whichresults in a Loss or harm of any kind such as: injury to people, damageto equipment AND IT HAPPENED OUT OF OR IN THE COURSE OFWORK.

Example: An employee tripped over a cable INSIDE THE WORKPLACEfell down and broke his leg.

Incident/Near miss: - An unwanted & unplanned event that had thepotential to result in a loss of any kind such as: injury to people ordamage to equipment, BUT it didnt result in ANY kind of loss.

Example: An employee tripped over a cable, fell down BUT without anyinjuries or any loss happening at all.

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Dangerous Occurrence/HiPo: - An unwanted, unplanned event thathad a HIGH potential to cause a SEVERE loss of any kind such as:severe injury, death to people or severe damage to equipment BUT itdidnt result in ANY kind of loss what so ever.

Example: big load dropping from a crane just missing a large group ofworkers without any injuries to them & without any damage to the loador the crane.

Why manage health & safety (Reasons for maintaining goodstandard of health & safety in any organisation) MLF

o Moral reasons: Duty of care : it is the duty / responsibility of the employer toprotect the employees from any harm by providing safe workplace (to improve morale / motivation and to Reduce / prevent

suffering of the employees caused by accidents and ill health as 2million employees die every year from occupational accidents &ill-health and hundreds of millions suffer injuries and diseases)

o Legal & Social reasons: - Its a legal requirement & social expectation to manage health &

Safety- To avoid prosecutions & legal actions against the Company

Such as fines, penalties & emprisonment

o Financial reasons:

To reduce / prevent COSTS of accidents such as:1- Stopping the work / lost working time / work delays2- Loss of products & raw material3- Compensation payment to the injured person4- Repairs & replacement of damaged equipment,5- Replacement & retraining injured workers6- Medical expenses e.g first aid, hospitalization & surgical

operations7- Legal expenses e.g. lawyers fees, fines & penalties8- Sick leave payment

9- Extra wages, overtime payments, temporary workers10- Cleaning & repairing the site / plant11- Decreased productivity due to the decreased morale of

the employees12- Cost & time of accident investigation13- Increase of insurance premiums,14- Loss of business reputation losing future contracts,

Customers & clients

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Latency Period:

Over the next 25 years; 250,000 UK employees are expected to diefollowing asbestos exposure.So, the latency period is the period of time between the initial exposureto the hazardous substance (asbestos) and when the effect takes placee.g. cancer or death

Laws: - Civil and Criminal

Aims (Objectives):-

Civil law: - to compensate an individual / organisation for loss sufferedsuch as injury, death or damage to property

Criminal law: - To punish individuals / Organisation for behaving in away that society has decide is unacceptable, punishment could be fines,penalties imprisonment or even death

Fault Liability civil law (3 standard conditions required to win acase of negligence against an employer)

1- Duty of care owed by the defendant (employer) to the claimant( the injured party / employee): its the duty of the company tocare about their workers and protect them from harm by providingsafe work place

2- This duty of care was breached: the company didnt provide

reasonable care / enough protection for their workers e.g. didntprovide the required PPE such as googles3- This breach caused the loss: an evidence (such as medical

report) should prove that the loss suffered was caused by thatbreach

No Fault Liability civil law:

Its assumed that the employer is liable and compensation is paidaccordingly.

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Frameworks for regulating the Health & Safety (3 legal models)1- European model (Goal Setting)2- American model (Prescriptive)3- Common model by the ILO (producing conventions &

recommendations)

Reasons for Variation of level of enforcement between countries(Reasons for difference in legal implementation)

o Different legal systems & standardso Different laws & legislationso Varying degree of reporting to enforcing authoritieso Different penalties for violationso Religious beliefs, level of education & cultural issueso Funding & other resources of enforcement authorityo Competence & number of enforcerso

Degree of monitoringo Political pressureo Corruption in the society

Sources of Information:

Internal o Risk assessments & JSAo Policies & procedureso Audit / Inspection reportso Health and safety committeeo Health & Safety practitioners e.g. advisorso Health & Safety representativeso Workers & supervisorso Maintenance logso Training recordso Accident, incident & ill health records

Externalo Government bodieso National safety organisationso Suppliers, Designers and manufacturerso Consultants, experts and specialistso Insurance companieso Trade unionso Interneto Laws & local legislationso International standards e.g. OSHA, HASAWA, EU (European

Union) and publications by HSE (Health & Safety Executive)

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Element 2:- Health & Safety managementsystems 1 - Policy

o Components (elements) of the health & safety managementsystem

o Successful Management Systems: HSG 65 / OHSAS 18001

POPIMAR

1) Policy:- - A business plan for health & safety to prevent / reduce loss inthe organisation- Consisting of 3 sections (Statement of intent, Organisation &

Arrangements)

2) Organising:- o Identify Channels of communication within the organisation (chain

of command: who is reporting to whom)o Identify the health & safety roles & responsibilities of everyone in

the company e.g. job descriptions (5Cs: Competence,Commitment , Control, Co-operation, Communication)

3) Planning 4) Implementation: - Identify hazards, assessing risks,and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled, and Setstandards against which performance can be measured.

This should be implemented & enforced all over the organisation

5) Monitoring (Measuring performance):- to determine the extentto which health & safety policy and its objectives are beingimplemented, Monitoring should be both reactive e.g. Accidentinvestigation and proactive e.g. Audits

6) Audit:- Systematic examination of the whole health & safetymanagement system to ensure UAE , using 3 evidences:inspections (physical observation), documents checks & staffinterviews

7) Review:- Analysing data gathered through monitoring to seewhether performance is adequate or not, developing the actionplan and recommendations needed for improvements

Also see the diagram

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What is a health and Safety policy: - A business plan for health &safety to prevent / reduce loss in an organisation.

The policy is consisting of 3 sections or elements

1) Statement of intent:- Its a legal requirement to have a writtenstatement establishing the importance of health and safety in theorganisation; one side of A4 page, usually dated and must besigned by the most senior manager:

Showing the management commitment to continualimprovement of health & safety

Providing the general health & safety objectives of theorganisation

2) Organisation: - Identify the health & safety roles and responsibilities of

everyone in the organisation ; who does what (e.g. Jobdescriptions) Identify the channels of communication within the

organisation ; who is reporting to whom (e.g. organisationalchart)

3) Arrangements: - How the policy will be implemented :The practical means for achieving the Health & Safety objectivesidentified in the policy statement.

Contents of Arrangements Section

Risk assessmentsInspections & audits (Frequency & the form used)Emergency response plan (Evacuation / emergency procedures & drills)Permit to workConfined space entryDrivingHot workSafe use of DSEManagement of contractorsSafety of visitorsHazardous chemicals policySubstance abuse / alcohol & drugs policyWorking at heightsTrainingPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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When to review the Policy / Reasons to review the policy(The 4 points)

1- If the policy is no longer valid e.g. after a major or repeatedaccident or ill health

2- Following a significant change e.g. new activity, new workingmethod, new technology used or new tool / equipment, newinformation becomes available, new management (CEO) andnew legislation in the country.

3- As a result of monitoring or reviewing performance i.e. ifrecommended by an Audit, enforcer or insurance company.

4- Periodically; after a reasonable period of time e.g. annually.

Causes of Ineffective policy

o No management commitmento No objectives set to implement policyo Health and safety not given priorityo Resources not provided to implement action e.g. financial, time,

or competent peopleo Aims and objectives not understood by employeeso Too much emphasis on employee responsibilitieso No measurement that objectives are being meto Management unaware of their health and safety roleo No management training to achieve the policy objectiveso No review for the policy (whether periodically or when needed

after any change)

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Element 3:- Health & Safety managementsystems 2 - Organising

Duties of Employers (Duty of care)1- Duty of care: Providing Safe working environment i.e. safe access

and egress , Safe systems of work , Safe plant and equipment2- Providing it is (Information , Training , Instructions & Supervision)3- Consultation with the employees (getting feedback)4- Providing Welfare facilities e.g. food, drinking water, bathrooms ,

& accommodation5- Providing adequate Emergency procedures & equipment6- Providing Suitable PPE and not charging the employees for them

Duties of employees1- Duty of care towards themselves and towards their colleagues i.e.

not to put themselves or their colleagues at risk.

2- Attend training sessions provided by the employer and follow theirinstructions.3- Cooperate actively with each other & with their employer AND

Report any incident or accident happening in the workplace.4- Using the welfare facilities in a good way and keep them in a

good condition.5- Follow the emergency procedures and participate in any practices

or drills planned by the employer.6- Using the PPE and the equipment in the same way they were

trained for, maintain them and keep them in a good condition.

Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and Supplierso Ensure equipment & substances are safe and without risks when

being usedo Deliver the product on time and per the clients specificationso Carry out any necessary tests, researches and update the cliento Provide information e.g. Manuals & MSDSo Provide training and maintenance if needed and take reasonable

steps to provide further information if new serious risks appear

Responsibilities of Health & Safety Advisorso Be competent enough to do their job (properly trained & qualified)o Maintain adequate information systems, training, risk assessmento Be able to interpret the law applying to their organisation in order

to give the legal advice to the managemento Establish and maintain procedures for reporting, investigating,

recording and analysing accidents and incidentso Have good relationships inside & outside the organisation (with

enforcing authorities, insurance company, contractors,consultants, clients, customers, media & members of public)

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Management of Contractors (5 steps)1- Select the suitable contractor : considering factors such as 2- Plan the job: deciding the scope of work , duration of the job,

number & type of equipment and tools used in the job, duration ofthe job & policies and standards used in the job)

3- Control contractor on site: by keeping open channels ofcommunication with the contractor such as radio, phone calls,emails or having a client representative on site with thecontractor.

4- Checking contractors work: measuring the performance of thecontractor by carrying out regular audits & inspections bycompetent people.

5- Review contractors performance: Producing action plan withrecommendations for improvements, assigned to responsiblepersons to be followed up within a time frame.

Factors considered when selecting the suitable Contractoro Experience in the type of work and industryo Competence of the workerso Suitable references / Reputation among previous & current

customerso History of Enforcemento Quality and content of Health & Safety policyo Accident and ill-health recordso Records of equipments maintenanceo Membership of trade/professional bodieso Arrangements for selecting their sub-contractorso Risk assessments and safe system of work for the activitieso Insurance

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Health & Safety culture is The product of individual and group values,attitudes, competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine thecommitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organisation'shealth and safety programmes

Benefits of a positive culture

Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedureIncreased staff moraleReduced staff complaintsReduced staff turnoverReduced absenteeismReduced sickness and accident rates

Factors that may lead to Negative culture

Job insecurityReorganisationPoor example set by managementPoor management decision makingInadequate supervisionPoor working conditions

Internal influences on Health and safety

CompetenceCommitment and Control

Co-operationCommunicationProduction/service demands

External Influences on Health and Safety

Society expectationsPolitical prioritiesLegislation and enforcementNational or International agenciesPressure groups

Insurance CompaniesWorkers unionsStakeholdersEconomic conditions

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Good Health & Safety performance is depending mainly on Hardware (Safe equipment) Software (Safe working procedures - SSOW) Human factor (Safe competent worker)

Human behaviour is influenced & affected by Organizational factors (health & safety culture of the company,

management commitment, Policy & adequate resources) Job Factors (Type of work, hazards, time pressure, work load,

time, duration & frequency of the job) Individual factors

Individual Factors Physical characters (Age, height, health condition, disability And

sensory defects) Social & cultural characters (Language, level of education, health

& safety culture and religious believes) Psychological characters

Psychological characters

Attitude: - The way an individual believes they will respond in agiven situation

Aptitude: - The natural predisposition towards an ability

Perception: - The way in which a person interprets and makessense of presented information from their surroundings using the5 senses

Factors which may affect perceptiono Sensory defects e.g. hearing loss or uncorrected poor eyesighto The nature of the hazard (hidden or obvious)o it is / competence of the workerso Previous experienceo Feeling of being in control / overconfidence / over familiarityo Peer group pressureo Confidence in otherso Personal characteristics such as age or disabilitieso Poor environmental factors such as poor lightingo Being under the influence of Drugs or alcoholo Fatigue & Exhaustiono Distractions / lack of concentration

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Promoting Safe behaviourDisciplineRewardInforming & Involving the employeesFacilitateTrain

To Promote safe behaviour / improve culture / improveperformance / motivate workforce etc.

o Showing the management commitment (Leading by example)o Ownership of health and safety at every levelo Effective communication and consultationo it is for all levels of employeeo Involving the employees in different health & safety activities to

gain knowledge & experienceo

Balance between health & safety and productiono Establishing a no blame cultureo Identify clear health & safety responsibilities for everyoneo Setting SMART health & safety objectives for all of the employeeso Learning from experience through monitoring and reviewo Providing the required resourceso Job security (satisfaction)o No blame cultureo Establishing suggestions / complaints schemeo Rewarding scheme / bonuso Discipline (NOT MOTIVATING)

CompetenceKnowledge (Qualifications)Abilities (Skills)TrainingExperience

PLUS knowing their limitations

Checks to assess competenceQualifications & Membership of professional/trade organisations

Level of trainingUndertaking written or practical assessmentsSeeking references, recommendations or evaluations

When is additional training needed?Same 4 points mentioned in page 8

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Methods of communication

WrittenNewslettersEmailsMeetings minutesPolicies / Standards / codes of practice / Written work instructionsMemosNotices & notice boards

Oral / VerbalTeam briefingsInduction and other training sessionsSafety committee meetingsTool box talksVerbal instructions

Visual / GraphicPostersSignsVideosHand signals

Written CommunicationAdvantages Disadvantages

. Written record (documented)

. Can be referred to

. Can convey complex ideas

. Provide analysis

. Many people in different locations

. Can clarify or confirm oral

. Forms basis of contracts

. May not be read

. may be too complex with jargon

. Time to produce and expensive

. Tends to be formal and distant

. Does not provide feedback

. Difficulty to modify

. Does not allow for interaction &exchange of views

Oral communication Advantages Disadvantages

. Direct

. Close physical proximity

. Allows for interaction

. Provides instant feedback

. May be more effective

. Allows for contribution

. No written record

. Difficult to control

. May reduce the quality ofdecision making through lack oftime

. Attitude

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Visual communication (Posters)

Advantages- Low cost- Flexible & could be displayed all over the workplace- Brief & easily understood by everyone- Overcoming language barriers- Used to enforce written instructions- Constant reminder- Grab peoples attention if well designed with colours, photos, or

sketches- Employees could be involved in making the posters

Disadvantages- Need to be changed on regular basis to maintain attention- May become soiled or defaced e.g. weather conditions

- Can become out of date- May be seen as trivialising serious matters- May alienate people- Provide no direct way for feedback- Could be used by some managers to replace proper training- Could be used by management to shift responsibility to workforce

Barriers to oral / verbal communication

The receivero Sensory impairment (hearing loss)o Learning difficultieso Lack of experienceo Lack of motivationo PPE Interference (ear plugs)

The sender / message o Too much jargon, technical or advanced termso Ambiguity of the messageo Too complex / long / boring messageo Incompetence of the sendero Different language or accento Low / monotonous voiceo Lack of feedback

The placeo High noise levelso Distractions

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Rights of Safety Representatives (ILO Convention) C155

o Have full access to all parts of the workplaceo To be able to communicate with all of workerso Protection from dismissal & other prejudicial measures for

practicing their jobo To contribute to the decision making process in the committeeo Free to contact enforcement agencieso Contribute to negotiations in health and safety matters in the

companyo Given appropriate training to become competento Given reasonable time to exercise their health and safety

functions

Safety Committees Agenda

Study of recent accident/incident reports & statisticsExamination of audit & inspection reportsVisits & reports from enforcing authoritiesReports from workers representativesSuggestions & complaints raised by the workforceAssist in the development of policies / proceduresMonitoring the effectiveness of trainingMonitoring safety communicationsProvide link with the enforcing authorityHealth & safety objectives and targetsRecent changes in local legislation or company policies

Rewards & monthly health and safety ceremonyFactors to ensure effective Safety Committee

Right number & mix of membersAdequate authorityRight knowledge and expertise (competent members)Good communicationsSuitable level of formality with effective chairingInput from outside specialistsLimited individual input

Identified and agreed prioritiesAvoid trivial mattersProactive & reactive meetingsDocumented minutes distributed to the workforceFollow up for the previous meetings recommendations

Ineffective Committee = opposite of the above

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Why young workers are at more risko Lack of enough experience and trainingo Not fully developed yet (mentally & physically)o More likely to take risk (perceiving risk as exciting more than

dangerous)o Easily responding to peer group pressureo Being over enthusiastic, highly active & full of energy

Contents of Induction training programme for new employeeso Health and safety policyo Culture of organisationo Emergency response plano Reporting procedureso Hazards of the workplaceo Alcohol & substance abuse policyo Welfare facilitieso

High risk & restricted areaso PPEo Job related trainingo Organisational chart & chain of commando Key personnel (fire warden, first aider, health & safety

representative, health & safety manager)

Factors affecting the level of supervision for new employeesWorkers competenceAgePersons attitude and aptitude

Employees communication skillsNature and complexity of the task including the hazardsThe equipment & tools used in the jobThe work environment (weather conditions & environmental factors)Work conditions (as example if its lone working)Any special needs they may havePolicy of the company & the work proceduresLocal legislationsInternational standards

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Personal factors that might place an individual at greater risk ofharm while at work

- Poor attitude to work- Low motivation- Poor Physical capabilities e.g. disability or pregnancy- Medical problems (ill health or sensory defects)- Age related factors (young or very old age)- Poor perception of risk- Drugs or alcohol problems- Fatigue & Exhaustion- Incompetence (poor Levels of training or experience)

Factors to consider when preparing a Health and safety training- Identify the training needs -- Identify the training objectives- The target audience & their competence

- Training methods & the competence of the lecturer- How to evaluate effectiveness of training - -- Number of trainees- Location- Time available- Training aids & facilities required- Suitability of training facilities, room size etc. - Course rules and administration- The skills required by trainer (competence)- Evaluations

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Element 4:- Health & Safety managementsystems 3 Planning & Implementation Importance of planning & setting SMART objectives:

SMART Objectives & Targets

S pecific Measurable Agreed Realistic (Achievable) Time frame

Risk Assessment is a logical process of collecting information &making judgments against standards to establish whether or not risks

are adequately controlled

Or Risk Assessment is Evaluating & analyzing the risks arising fromhazards, and checking the existing control measures & identifyingadditional controls if needed

5 Steps of Risk Assessment

1- Define the activity & identify the hazards:Sources used to identify hazards- Task observation

- Accident, ill-health & near miss records- Experts & workers carrying out the assessed task- Workplace inspections, Job safety analysis (JSA)- Local legislations & legal standards- Company policies & work procedures

2- Decide who might be harmed and how:- Consider both employees & non-employees (contractors,

visitors & members of the public)- Consider groups at special risk (pregnant women, young and

old workers & disabled workers)

3- Evaluate, analyze the risk and check the existing precautions& control measures:- Estimate, analyze & rank the risk considering both likelihood

and Severity of the harm using risk assessment matrix (5X5)- Check the existing control measures & decide whether they are

adequate or additional precautions are needed

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4- Record the findings:Everything should be recorded & documented; such as

- The details of the assessors- Date, time & location of the assessment,- Description of the assessed activity & types of hazards- People who might be harmed- Level of the risk and control measures that should be taken

5- Review the assessment and revise if necessary:- After any change such as new equipment used in the activity or

a new legislation or periodically

Factors to ensure suitable & sufficient risk assessmento Completed by competent risk assessors (team work)o Be proportionate to the level of the risko Ensure that all aspects of work activity are coveredo

Cover the non routine activitieso Take account of the way the work is organisedo Identify all of the significant hazards and riskso Evaluate the risks properlyo Identify the adequate practical control measureso Enable priorities to be seto Low residual risk

Competence of Risk Assessors (KATE)o Knowledge of process or activity being assessed & hazards

involvedo Technical knowledge of the plant or equipmento Good communication skills and report writing skillso Ability to interpret legislation and guidanceo Good attitude to health & safetyo Practical training & Experience in risk assessment techniques &

hazard identificationo Know their limitations

Composition of Risk Assessment team The risk assessment should be carried out through a team of

competent people, brain storming from the people working in the

activity being assessed, this team should be supervised by acompetent health & safety advisor

When assessment should be reviewed

Same 4 points mentioned in page 8

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General Hierarchy of Control ERIC PD

Eliminate: Remove the hazard or avoid the whole activity e.g. get rid of kerosenefrom the workplace or avoid entering the confined space by doing the

job from outside using long tools

Reduce: Decrease the job by decreasing the duration & frequency of exposure tothe hazard or reducing the amount of the hazardous substance or thenumber of workers exposed to the hazard

Isolate:Putting barriers between the worker & the hazard

o Isolate the worker from the hazard by building a ventilated controlroom so the worker will be doing the work from inside the room

isolated from the hazardo Isolate the hazard from the worker by total enclosure of themachine e.g. inside a glove box

Control:o Engineering controls: technical modifications of the machine ,

preventive maintenance , LEV (local exhaust ventilation) orextractor fans

o Administrative controls: administration tools such as it is , permitto work system , job rotation and frequent breaks

PPE: Discipline: Clear rules & Strict system where any violation or error must beinvestigated and the suitable disciplinary action should be taken e.g.warning letter No exceptions

Benefits of PPEOften low costCan be used as short term measure

Portable for worker away from baseDisposable PPE reduces risk of infectionRemarkably decrease in the severity of the accident

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Why PPE should be last resort / last option / last line of defence Limitations of PPE:

o Does not eliminate the hazardo Only protects the wearero Always fail to dangero May introduce new hazardso Relies on the worker to use ito Usually uncomfortable & affecting sensationo Will be ineffective & provide NO protection if wrong size, if used

while damaged, if not well maintained, if not suitable for thehazard or not worn correctly

o Management may not enforce wearingo May lead to complacency or false sensation of safetyo Also its a legal requirement to start with the other control

measures (ERIC)Factors affecting the selection of PPE

Type of hazardsType of equipmentMade to suitable standardsComfortCompatibility with other PPEAge & characters of the wearerStorageTrainingCostTime neededFactors affecting wearing of PPE

SizeHealth of workerPeriod of useComfortMaintenanceTrainingInterference with other types of PPEMain types of PPE

Head protection (Crash helmet,Helmet with chin strap, bump cap& hair net)

Eye protection (Safety glasses, goggles & face mask)

Foot protection (Steel toe cap, Anti pierce, Anti static & Chemicalresistant) Hand and arm protection (gloves made of kevlar, stainless steel,

leather, rubber, latex, Neoprene, cotton & PVC (Poly VinylChloride)

Body protection (Chemical & heat resistant suit, Reflective vest,Overalls & Aprons)

Respiratory protection (Respirators & Breathing apparatus)

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Control measures / Precautions for working in a confined space

o Avoid entry by modifying the confined space so entry not requiredOR have work done from outside using long tools or robots

o Issue permit to worko Competent staffo Appoint a supervisor (watcher)o Isolate source of energyo Ensure suitable size of entry & safe access / egresso Gas purgingo Continuous testing of the atmosphere (Gas & oxygen levels)o Special tools such as non-spark hammerso Suitable environmental conditions such as adequate lighting &

good ventilationo PPE such as breathing apparatus, gloves & safety shoeso Ensure good means communications between the watcher & the

workers inside the confined spaceo Limit working timeo Emergency procedures in place

Lone workers Those who are working by themselves without closeor direct supervision e.g. in remote areas.

Factors to be considered during lone workingWork locationType of work & hazards in this workThe equipment & tools used

Manual handling riskCompetence / sex of the workerEmergency facilitiesLack of SupervisionMeans of communicationWeather & environmental conditionsSecurity level

Precautions to ensure the safety of lone workersit is : Information on hazards, Training on how to deal with hazardsMeans of Communication

Regular visits by supervisorsFirst aid kits, Emergency procedures & Automatic warning devicesCheck the worker has returned home safelyPPE

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Limitations of inspectionsSome hazards are not visibleSome hazards or unsafe practices are not always present / seenObservations may not be mentioned in the inspection sheetManagement may not pay attention to what is mentioned in the sheet

People who may carry out inspectionsManagers & supervisorsHealth and Safety advisorsHealth and Safety representativesEnforcement officersInsurance company

Health & Safety Audit

Is a systematic critical examination of the whole health and safetymanagement system.

To identify strengths & weaknesses THEN Action plan should be madewith suitable reccommendations to correct any non-conformity.

Aim of the audit is to ensure that the management system is UAE: UsedAdequateExisting

Using THREE evidences : 1- Inspection (physical observation)2- Documents checks3- Staff interviews

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Internal Audits External Audits

Advantages Disadvantages

Cheaper Easier to arrange Less threatening

More expensive More time required to

organise More threatening

Disadvantages Advantages

Influenced by internalrelationships

Not taken seriously May be biased,

Assumptions mayinfluence conclusions

Less knowledge of internalrelationships

Increased formality Independent of internal

competition Assumptions are less likely

Audits Inspections

Tests the existence,adequacy and use of safety

management systems Includes physicalinspection, interviews anddocumentation checks

Identifies organisationalfailures which are rootcauses of accidents and ill-health

Very proactive

Identifies hazards that are notcontrolled to a standard

Physical inspection only

Identifies unsafe conditions andsome unsafe actions which areimmediate causes of accidents

largely reactive as they lead toquick fix of immediate causesrather than corrective action of

root causes

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Reasons to investigate / report / record accidents & incidentso Prevent future accidents by identifying and eliminating the root

causes.o Demonstrate concern about peoples health and safety.o Improve workers morale (motivation).o Identify weaknesses in management system, review

assessments & Prevent business losses.o Comply with the law as its a legal requirement to investigate /

report / record accidents & incidentso Collect data & information needed to defend criminal cases &

compensation claims.o Collect data & information needed for statistics & benchmarking

Why consider near missesNear misses indicate that the potential for serious accidents is presentand what happened this time without any loss could result next time in

any harm or loss, so the near miss should be investigated and properaction should be taken to prevent its reoccurrence and prevent it frombecoming an accident in the future.

Domino Theory:- It has been suggested that the events leading up toan accident are like a row of dominos and by removing dominos theaccident will not occur.

Direct / Immediate cause of an accidentObvious direct reasons that caused the accident (Unsafe acts and/orunsafe conditions)

Root / Underlying / Basic cause of an accidentThe failures in management systems or procedures that have led to theaccident (Individual factors and/or job factors)

Actions following Accident:

Immediate / Initial / Short term actionso Apply first aid / medical treatment for injured person & transfer to

the hospital if neededo Make the area safe to prevent any further accidents in the same

placeo Secure the area to preserve the scene for investigation and keep

all of the evidenceso Take photographs for the accident scene & identify witnesses to

be interviewed as soon as possibleo Initiate the emergency response plan ; notify the location

manager, the health & safety manager, the local authorities ifneeded and the family of the injured person (next of kin)

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Longer Term actionso Complete the final investigation report highlighting the root

causes & any breaches for the law or the company policyo Interview the witnesses and include their statements in the

investigation reporto Examine & review the related documents such as risk

assessments, training records & safe working procedureso Report details to the insurance companyo Produce safety alert with the learning lessons to be distributed all

over the organization

Information in accident reporto Details of the injured personso Details & the extent of the injury or losso Details of Equipment & tools involved in the accident and any

damage occurredo

Time, date & location where the accident happenedo Description of the accident (how it happened)o Related documents to be attached e.g. risk assessment & SSOWo Evidenceso Photos & sketches of the accident scene & detailso Details of the witnesses & copies of their statementso Possible direct & root causes of the accidento Any breach of the law or the company polices or work procedureso Details of the members of the accident investigation teamo Recommendations & action plan

Composition of Investigation teamo Supervisors and line managers from department where accidentoccurred

o Location manager / line managero A senior manager from another departmento Employees experienced in the work activityo Health and Safety practitionero Health and Safety Representativeo Specialists / external consultants / technical expert e.g. Engineerso Enforcement authorityo Insurance company

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Week 1 Summary_May 2012 (2)

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Transcript of Week 1 Summary_May 2012 (2)