Week 1 Flow And Error 10

FMHS Semester 2 Week 1 1

FMHS Semester 2Academic writing

Textual flowand other important matters


References 1 Begleiter, ML, Training for Genetic Counsellors.

Nature Review Genetics (2002) 3: 557-61. Saharr M.A., et al, Educating Genetic

Counsellors in Australia: Developing an International perspective. Journal of Genetic Counselling (2005) 14: 283-294

Baker, Schuette, Uhlmann (eds) A Guide to

Genetic Counseling. (Wiley-Liss, New York, 1998)


References 2 British Medical Association (eds), Human

Genetics: Choice and Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 1998).

Harper, Practical Genetic Counselling

(Butterworth-Heinemann, 5th edition 1998).

Kingston, ABC of Clinical Genetics, (BMJ

Publishing Group, London, 2002).


References 3 Skirton H, Kerzin-Storrar L, Genetic Counsellors:

a registration system to assure competence to practise in the United Kingdom. Community Genetics 6: 182-3.

Weil, Psychosocial Genetic Counseling (Oxford

University Press, New York, 2000) World Health Organization. Guidelines on ethical

issues in medical genetics and the provision of genetics services. Geneva: WHO, 1995.


Textual flow: new information, old information

A. By looking at an individual’s family history, a clinician can tell if the person is likely to have a gene mutation that may contribute to disease. A disease might run in their family if a blood relative developed the disease at a young age, if several family members have the disease or if the condition is rare. Certain diseases may be also be associated with people from particular ethnic groups. If one family member already has the disease, that person should be tested first. This helps show which genes, if any, are associated with the disease.


General to specific

A. By looking at an individual’s family history, a clinician can tell if the person is likely to have a gene mutation that may contribute to disease. A disease might run in their family if a blood relative developed the disease at a young age, if several family members have the disease or if the condition is rare. Certain diseases may be also be associated with people from particular ethnic groups. If one family member already has the disease, that person should be tested first. This helps show which genes, if any, are associated with the disease.


Less successful text

B. By looking at an individual’s family history, a clinician can tell if the person is likely to have a gene mutation that may contribute to disease. If a blood relative developed the disease at a young age, if several family members have the disease or if the condition is rare, a disease might run in their family. People from certain ethnic groups may also be more likely to develop certain diseases. First it is important to test any family members who already have the disease. If any genes are associated with the disease, they can be shown by this method.


Textual flow Exercise1

At first sight, there may seem to be little in common between genetics and counselling. (1) __________ is a highly technical science. (2) __________, on the other hand, is often regarded as an exercise in communication, intuition and emotional support. (3) __________ very contrast serves to explain the importance of genetic counselling.


Textual flow Exercise1

Individual genetic (4) __________ clients will often have questions and concerns about a genetic illness that could be important for themselves or their families. (5) __________ may not only require information that is technically correct, but also some assistance to understand the information provided and to appreciate its relevance to their own circumstances, choices and feelings.


FMHS: Textual flow

1. Genetics2. Counselling3. This4. counselling5. They


Textual flow: cohesive devices

B. Lasers have found widespread application in medicine. For example, they play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally suited for laser surgery because most of the eye tissue is transparent. Because of this transparency, the frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue so that the beam "cuts" inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue-even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are also more effective than other methods in treating some causes of blindness. However, the interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.


Less successful text A. Lasers have found widespread application in

medicine. Lasers play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally suited for laser surgery. Most of the eye tissue is transparent. The frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue. The beam "cuts" inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue-even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are effective in treating some causes of blindness. Other treatments are not. The interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.


Common errors

1.a) Therefore, a study was commissioned on the

affect of low dietary intake of calcium.

b) Therefore, a study was commissioned on the effect of low dietary intake of calcium.


Common errors

2.a) Procedures that use even fewer and smaller

incisions than laparoscopy are being developed.

b) Procedures that use even less and smaller incisions than laparoscopy are being developed.


Common errors

3.a) There should be no significant risk to the health

and safety of any individual when normal good laboratory practise in handling chemicals is observed.

b) There should be no significant risk to the health and safety of any individual when normal good laboratory practice in handling chemicals is observed.


Common errors

4.a) The work of several researchers in New

Zealand, including Danson (2005), Van Holpsen (2005) and Hewitt et al. (2006), has shown that statins reduce the activity of these molecules.

b) The work of several researchers in New Zealand, including Danson (2005), Van Holpsen (2005) and Hewitt et al. (2006), have shown that statins reduce the activity of these molecules.


Common errors

5.a) Further investigation is usually needed to

identify the specific location of the tumour, such as a brain scan.

b) Further investigation, such as a brain scan, is usually needed to identify the specific location of the tumour.


Common errors

6.a) Structurally, tooth enamel comprises of millions

of enamel rods or prisms.

b) Structurally, tooth enamel is composed of millions of enamel rods or prisms.


Common errors

7.a) Each of the results correspond to a single cycle

per patient.

b) Each of the results corresponds to a single cycle per patient.


Common errors

8.a) The finding that such behaviour change is

sustained for many years, confirmed by parallel studies in five other countries, have important implications for the cost-effectiveness of behaviour change interventions.

b) The finding that such behaviour change is

sustained for many years, confirmed by parallel studies in five other countries, has important implications for the cost-effectiveness of behaviour change interventions.


Common errors

9.a) Preclinical studies indicated that 94%-99% of

the drug passed completely through the intestinal tract.

b) Preclinical studies indicated that 94%-99% of the drug past completely through the intestinal tract.


Common errors

10.a) Modern pregnancy tests still operate on the

same principal: testing for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

b) Modern pregnancy tests still operate on the same principle: testing for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).


Common errors

11.a) After considering the remote benefit and the

possible surgical risks, the patient decided to have no more surgical intervention.

b) After considering the remote benefit and the possible surgical risks, surgical intervention was discounted by the patient.


Common errors

12.a) Every discussion and consultation by MRI staff

about a patient is conducted in a discreet and confidential manner.

b) Every discussion and consultation by MRI staff about a patient is conducted in a discrete and confidential manner.

Week 1 Flow And Error 10

Education

Transcript of Week 1 Flow And Error 10