Week 1 Elements of Grammar

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E_English Grammar Course

Unit 1

Lecture 1. Morphemes - Words


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Issues

1. Introduction to Grammar

2. Morphemes and Words

3. Ways of word formation

4. Parts of speech

5. Parts of a sentence

6. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences


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Introduction to Grammar

Grammar

In global sense

In narrow sense

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Grammar

In global sense

In narrow sense

equals competence, a body of knowledge that a

native speaker has about his/her language which

enables him/her to speak and understand it.

includes word and sentence structure rules,

pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences,

and discourse organization rules.

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Grammar

In global sense

In narrow sense

refers only to the information of the word and sentence

structures.

consists ofmorphology, the study of words and word

formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses,

and sentences.

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Morphemes and Words

discourse

sentence

phrase

word

morpheme

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Morphemes and Words

discourse

sentence

phrase

word

morpheme

I actually felt tired of

sitting doing nothing.

And I hated enjoying

the unemployment

benefit. I found myself

useless. Then I decided

to look or a job.

I found

myself

useless.

hatedenjoying

tired,

job,

myself

use,

-less,

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Lexical itemmeaning

LEXICAL ITEM = A basic unit of meaning

A single word

(E.g.: man, boy)

Less than a word

(E.g.: terrin terror)

More than one word

(E.g.: to rain dogs and cats)

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Lexical itemmeaning

LEXICAL ITEM MEANING&

Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship.

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Morpheme - Word

MORPHEME = A minimal meaningful unit

E.g.: re/try

boy/s

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Morpheme - Word

WORD = An independent meaningful unit.

E.g.: try

boy

turn

return

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Occurrence

Types

Free

(words)

Bound

(affixes)

Grammatical Function words:

prepositions, pronouns,

conjunctions....

inflectional

(suffixes)

Lexical Content words:

Nouns, verbs, adverbs,

adjectives

derivational

(prefixes, suffixes)

Types of morphemes2

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Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes

Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes

modify the meaning of an item

but not change its parts of

speech.

can change meaning of the

stem and typically, they

change the part of speech.

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are changes in words toexpress their semantic and

syntactic relationships to other

words in the sentence.

E.g.: s in Bush saysindicates the present tense and

the subject is third person and

singular.

indicate semantic relationshipswithin words.

E.g.: the morpheme ful in

beautiful has no connectionwith other morphemes beyond

the word.

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are regularly distributed. Theyoccur with all or most

members of a word class.

E.g.: s (3rd person singularpresent) occurs with most

verbs.

do not occur across wholeclasses.

E.g.: not all verbs take the

derivational suffix al asrefuse,propose.

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typically occur away from theroot.

E.g.: the plural morpheme s

occurs at the end of a word,after all other morphemes.

occur close to the root, beforeinflectional morphemes.

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-s: 3rd person sig present-ed: past tense

-ing: present participle

-en: past participle

-s: Plural

-s: possessive

-er:comparative

-est: superlative

There are a large number ofderivational morphemes,

which can be prefixes or

suffixes.

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Prefixation: adding a prefix to the base

E.g.: Non-stop

Predict

Morphological processes of word formation

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Suffixation: adding a suffix to the base

E.g.: Economist

Grammatical


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Conversion: a change of word-classes

without affix.

E.g.: Import (n), (v)

Abstract (n), (adj)


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Clipping: shortening a word

E.g.: Phone from telephone

Graph from photograph

Flu from influenza


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Reduplication: word formation from two or

more either identical or slightly

different elements.

E.g.: Goody-goody

Tick-tockSeesaw

Wishy-washy

Tip-top


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Blending: word formation from two

separate forms.

E.g.:Motelfrom motor and hotel

Smogfrom smoke and fog.


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Acronym: word formation from initial

letters of a series of words.

E.g.: TVfrom television

FAQ from frequently

asked question.


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Others Coinage

Borrowing


Backformation

Sound + stress interchange

Sound imitation

E.g.: aspirin

E.g.: robot

E.g.: opt (option)

E.g.: aspirin

E.g.: aspirin

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Parts of speech

Parts of speech

Closed systemOpen class

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Parts of speech

Parts of speech


4

comprises functional words such as

articles, demonstratives,pronouns

prepositions, conjunctions, and

interjections

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Parts of speech

Parts of speech


4

Features: unextendable number of members

reciprocally exclusive

reciprocally defining

unstressed in spoken language

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Parts of speech

Parts of speech


4

comprises notional/ lexical words

such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and

adverbs

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Parts of speech

Parts of speech


4

Features:

extendable number of members

combinability

having certain syntactic functions stressed words in spoken language

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Parts of a sentence

Parts of a sentence

Subject Predicate

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Operator

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Parts of a sentence

Parts of a sentence

Subject Predicate

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OperatorWhat is being discussedtheme.

E.g.:Her parents visit her sick uncle

everyday.

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Parts of a sentence

Parts of speech

Subject Predicate

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Operator

What is being said about the subjectrheme.

E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle

everyday.

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Parts of a sentence

Parts of speech

Subject Predicate

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OperatorWhat helps to change a sentence into:- interrogative

E.g.:Do her parents visit her everyday?

- negative

E.g.: Her parents do notvisit her everyday.

- emphatic

E.g.: Her parents do visit her everyday.

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Parts of a sentence

Parts of speech

Subject Predicate

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Operator

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Lexical verbs

AuxiliariesPrimary

Modal

include BE & HAVE

E.g.: I am a student and I have a part time job.

include BE & HAVE

E.g.: I am cooking.

include will, shall,

should, can, might, etc.

E.g.: I can cook.

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

SubjectVerb

Object

Complement

Adverbial

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

SubjectVerb

Object

Complement

Adverbial

Intensive

Extensive

+ Cs (1)

+ A (obli)(2)

intransitive

(3)

transitive

mono-transitive

(4)

di-transitive (5)

complex-transitive

(6,7)

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

Subject

Verb

Object

Complement

Adverbial

He is lovely. SVCs (1)

intensive

He is out of the office. SVA (obli)

(2)

He is crying. SV (3) intransitive extensive

He broke the vase. SVO (4) transitive

He sent me an e-mail. SVOO (5)

He found the play

boring.

SVOCo (6)

He put the vase on

the table.

SVOA (obli)

(7)

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

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Subject

Verb

Object

Complement

Adverbial

Stative

Dynamic

Not progressive form

Progressive form

E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very good.

E.g.: She is tasting the food hes cooked.

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

Subject

Verb

Object

Complement

Adverbial

indirect (Oi)

direct (Od)

E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a postcard (Od).

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

Subject

Verb

Object

Complement

Adverbial

E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs)

considers me his best friend(Co).

Object Complement (Co)

Subject Complement (Cs)

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

Subject

Verb

Object

Complement

Adverbial

E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday. (Aopt)

His birthday is on Tuesday. (A obli)

obligatory

optional

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Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax

Phrase Clause

6

Sentence

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Syntax

Phrase Clause

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Sentence

Adverb phrase

Adjective phrase

Verb phrase

Noun phrase

Prepositional phrase

E.g.:All these books are mine.

E.g.: John has been looking forJane.

E.g.: Tom is a very interestingman.

E.g.: He ran quite fast.

E.g.: Hes lecturing on the new technology.

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Syntax

Phrase Clause

6

SentenceIn terms of Clauses

elements & verb patterns

In terms of kinds of verb

phrases

In terms of functions of

the clause

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Syntax

Phrase Clause

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phrases


the clause

SVA: John is at home

SVCs: John is a doctor.

SVO: John has cured many serious patients.

SVOO: He gives his patients the sameprescription.

SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file.

SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish.

SV: Hes going out

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Syntax

Phrase Clause

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phrases


the clause

Finite clause

E.g.: He tookher out of the blue.

Non-finite clause

E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents.

Verbless clause

E.g.: I f possible, come to see us.

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Syntax

Phrase Clause

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phrases


the clause Subordinate

Superodianate

E.g.: She said that you hit her first.

subordinate

superordinate

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Syntax

Phrase Clause

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Sentence

Complex compound

Complex

Compound

SimpleE.g.: All these books are mine.

E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking.

E.g.: He didnt want to talk to whoever he met in

the London workshop.

E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the

child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes

and looked at the stranger.

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Week 1 Elements of Grammar

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