Weed Analysis of Mallikarjun Hills of Walwa From Sangli District Of Maharashtra, India

Weed analysis of Mallikarjun Hills of Walwa from Sangli district of

Maharashtra, India

Keywords: Weed analysis, Mallikarjun Hills, Walwa, Sangli district, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT: Weeds are the plants, which grow where they are unwanted. They flourish along with cultivated crops and compete for water, soil nutrients, light and space. Thus, reduce crop yield. The investigation was carried out to inventories the weed species from Mallikarjun Hills of walwa and their neighboring from Sangli district. The study area revealed that, there are 115 species of weeds representing 83 genera belonging to 31 families with 3 sub-species and 7 varieties. It has been estimated that, 85 species of Dicotyledones under 27 families (87.09%) and 30 species of Monocotyledones under 4 families (26.08%). The herbaceous weed is dominant with 99 species (86.08%), shrubs with 14 species (12.17%) and climbers with 2 species (1.73%).

138-145 | JRPS | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 2

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Author:

Ilahi Mujawar.

Institution:

Department of Botany,

K.R.P. Kanya

Mahavidyalaya, Islampur

Dist: Sangli.

Corresponding author:

Ilahi Mujawar.

Email:

[email protected]

Phone No:

8087121135.

Web Address: http://www.plantsciences.info documents/PS0042.pdf.

Dates: Received: 05 Nov 2012 Accepted: 14 Nov 2012 Published: 12 Dec 2012

Article Citation: Ilahi Mujawar. Weed analysis of Mallikarjun Hills of Walwa from Sangli district of Maharashtra, India. Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 138-145

Original Research

Journal of Research in Plant Sciences

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Journal of Research

in Plant Sciences An International Scientific

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An International Scientific Research Journal

mailto:[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Weeds are very important for agricultural crops.

Vegetation types area effected by road development,

grazing, logging, fire and other disturbances are more

susceptible to weed invasion (Blackbrun, 2008). They

evolved probably along with the crops and are thought of

negative value because of troublesome in agricultural

practice and become cumbersome. Harvesting may be

difficult when wild spiny weed like Xanthium indicum

cause itching to the labor while field bindweed

convolvulus arvensis, Merremia gangetica bind the crop

plants together, may increase in the labor cost. Weed

species grow faster, spread rapidly, reproduce in high

numbers and produce large quantity of seed which

enable them to establish a kingdom of their own within a

short period (Dangwal et al., 2010). They reduce the

quantity and quality of produce and cause economic loss

to the farmers. The reduction in various crop yield and

produce efficiency form 34.3% to 89.8% including rice

(30.35%), wheat (15-30%), maize, sorghum, pulses

(18-85%), sugarcane (38.8%), and Cotton (44.5%)

(Gupta, 2003). There were also frequent causes

of complete crop failure due to weeds particularly

in rice and vegetable crops (Mukhopaddyay, 1991;

Jain and Chube, 1969). Weeds reduce human

efficiencies by causing dermatis allergies

(Parthenium hysterophorus), Hay fever and asthma

by pollens (Ambrosia artimisiifolia, Parthenium

hysterophorus). Some weeds provide alternate host and

vector of Malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, dengue

fever (Petern, 1955) and other health hazards. They

shows allelochemicals effect and inhibit the growth and

germination of wheat (Porwal, and Gupta, 1986). They

act as energy drains in the entire managed ecosystem

such as, agriculture fields, forests, horticulture etc.

(Tahir, 2012). However, besides such adverse effect,

several weeds have been beneficial and used for food,

fodder, medicine and other miscellaneous purposes

(Patil, 2010; Kshirsagar et al., 2012; Ilahi Mujawar,

2012). A survey has been taken into account to explore

the weed flora of present study area and documented.

The efforts have been made to the inventory of weed

flora through field survey, collection, identification and

documentation from Mallikarjun Hills and their allied

regions of Walwa taluka in Sangli district of

Maharashtra.

Study area

Sangli district is the eastern part of Western

Maharashtra. Present study area lies between

16°, 57’ 26.75” North and 74° 18’ 13.60” East Elevation

2472 Feet in Walwa taluka of Sangli District. It includes

small to medium mountain hills (800-1000-2472 feet

from plain area) and their nearby cultivated area. The

average rain fall is 56-65 cm. (550-650 mm) with hot and

dry climate while temperature ranges between 25°C to

40°C. The soil is red laterite to loamy, most of the soil in

studies area is deep black soil in Warna and Krishna

river basin while other area have reddish brown to coarse

shallow soil. Most of the area under cultivation is due to

irrigation facilities. Major crop is sugarcane followed by

jowar, maize, wheat, rice and pulses including

groundnut, soybean chick pea, arher and mungo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study pertains to common weeds in

cultivated crops. The plant collections were carried out in

different seasons round the year for five years from

present studied area and their neighboring villages

regularly. The interviews were conducted and

informations was collected from local farmers, farm

laborers, and agriculturist about the weed species. The

field data was entered in the field note book. The

specimens were identified in the Laboratory with the aid

of taxonomic literature from regional, state and local

floras including, (Bentham and Hooker (1862-1883);

Cooke, 1958; Sharma et al., 1996; Singh and

Karthikeyan, 2000; Singh et al., 2001, Yadav and

Sardesai, 2002). The collected and identified specimens

Mujawar, 2012

139 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 138-145

were pressed and prepared into herbarium, following the

drying method of Jain and Rao, 1960; Rao and Sharma,

1990. All specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of

Department of Botany, K.R.P. Kanya Mahavidyalaya,

Islampur, District Sangli.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Weed vegetation

Weeds are competitive and adaptable to all the

adverse environments. In general weeds cause 5% loss to

agricultural production in most developed countries, 10%

loss in less developed countries and 25% loss in least

developed countries. Of the total annual loss agricultural

produce from weeds is 45% in India. (Gupta, 2003).

Under present investigated area were hundreds of hector

of cultivable area infested with Cynodon dactylon,

Cyperus rotundus, Parthenium hysterophorus,

Alternanthera tenella, Xanthium indicum Cassia tora,

C. occidentalis and other weeds, thus not being regularly

under cultivation. Brown coarse soil is heavily

infested with Commelina diffusa, C. forsskalaei,

Cyanotis fasciculata, Murdannia nudiflora ,

Tonningia axillaris and some grasses including,

Aristida adscensionis, Brachiaria eruciformis,

Cynodon dactylon , Digitaria stricta , and

Heteropogon contortus that grows as a weed in field, and

less suitable for cultivation.

Sugarcane is a major cash crop from this region

followed by soyabean, groundnut, jowar and pulses.

Major area in irrigated part near Krishna and Warna river

basin shows water logged condition therefore,

some of the wasteland waterlogged weeds

like Asclepias curassavica, Corchorus olitorius,

Cyperus rotundus, Mimosa pudica, Bacopa monnieri,

Dopat rum junceum, Po l ygonum g labra,

P. plebejum, Typha angustifolia, Alternanthera pungens

and A. tenella noxious weed very troubled the sugarcane

crop inter cultivation and also compete for water and

minerals. Therefore, farmers create inter cultivation

problems and loss in net yield. In some villages, crop

field is highly infested with weeds species like, Cassia,

Abelmoschus, Crotalaria, Ageratum, Parthenium,

Lagasca, Trichodesma, Leucas, Xanthium, Amaranthus,

Cynotis and become trubale some for inter cultivation

and even for harvesting of the crops like pulses and

jowar. Unirrigated crop fields were highly influenced by

some members of Commelinaceae, Fabaceae and

Poaceae weed. Therefore, labor cost is increased for their

eradication from field. There is a need to use water

dripping system to ovoid the water logging and salting of

soil in sugarcane crop.

Although some of the weeds are beneficial and very

useful in the traditional medicines, pharmaceutical

products, food and forage to domesticating animals

(Patil et al., 2010; Ilahi Mujawar, 2012). Cassia tora,

Mujawar, 2012

Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 138-145 140

Table 1 Showing group wise distribution, total number and % age.

Dicotyledones 27 74.41 65 76.41 85 73.91 2 2.35 6 7.05

Monocotyledones 4 12.90 20 23.52 30 26.08 1 3.33 1 3.33

Grou

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Va

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% a

ge

Habit Total no. of species % age

Herbs 99 86.08

Shrub 14 12.17

Twinning herb 02 1.73

Table 2 showing Habit wise distribution of

weeds and % age

Mujawar, 2012


Sr.no. Name of plant Family Flowering/fruiting Habit

1. Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Feb.-June. Herbs

2. Cleome viscose L. Cleomaceae Aug.-June. Herbs

3. Polygala arvensis Wild. Polygalaceae June-Feb. Erect herbs

4. Polygala erioptera DC. Polygalaceae June.-Jan. Erect herbs

5. Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Throughout year Herbs

6. Portulaca quadrifida L. Portulacaceae Sept.-Feb. Herbs

7. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet. Malvaceae Mudra Erect shrub

8. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. Subsp.

tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Hornem) Borss.

Malvaceae Sept.-Feb. Herb

9. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Malvaceae Throughout year Erect herbs

10. Sida acuta Burm. Malvaceae Sept.-Feb. Herbs

11. Corchorus olitorius L. Tiliaceae July-Jan. Herbs

12. Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotz. Oxalidaceae Aug.-Jan. Herbs

13. Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Throughout year Herbs

14. Oxalis dehradunensis L. Oxalidaceae Dec.-May. Herbs

15. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae Mar.-Oct. Fleshy herb

16. Cardiospermum helicacabum L. Sapandaceae July-Dec. Climbing

tendrilar herbs

17. Alysicarpus heyneanus Wight and Arn. Fabaceae Aug.-Dec. Diffuse herbs

18. Crotalaria hebecarpa (DC.) Rudd. Fabaceae July-Feb. Herbs

19. Crotalaria medicaginea Lam.var.

medicaginea.

Fabaceae Aug,-Dec. Herbs

20. Cullen corylifolia (L.) Medik. Fabaceae Sept.-Jan. Herbs

21. Desmodium dichotomum (Willd.) DC. Fabaceae Sept.-Feb. Herbs

22. Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv. Fabaceae July-Dec. Herbs

23. Indigofera glandulosa Wendl. Var.

glandulosa

Fabaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs

24 Vigna trilobata (L.) Verd. Fabaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs

25. Zornia gibbosa Span. Fabaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs.

26. Cassia auriculata L. Caesalpinaceae Jan.-July. shrubs

27. Cassia occidentalis L. Caesalpinaceae Jan.-Mar, Shrubs

28. Cassia tora L. Caesalpinaceae Aug.-Dec. Shrubs

29. Cassia uniflora Mill. Caesalpinaceae Aug.-Dec. Shrubs

30. Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae July-Dec. Shrubs

31. Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne. Lythraceae Oct.-Jan. Herbs

32. Ludwigia hyssopifolia (Don) Exell Garcia. Onagraceae Sept,-Dec. Herbs

33. Glinus oppositifolius (L.) DC. Molluginaceae Sept.-Jan. Herbs

34. Mullugo pentaphylla L.var. pentaphylla. Molluginaceae Sept.-Jan. Herbs

35. Hedyotis auricularia L. Rubiaceae Sept.-Nov. Herbs

36. Neanotis montholoni (Hook.f.) Lewis. Rubiaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs

37. Spermacoce articularis L. Rubiaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs

38. Spermacoce pusilla Wall Rubiaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs

39. Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Aug.-Apr. Herbs

40. Ageratum houstonianum Mill Asteraceae Aug.-Apr. Herbs

41. Eclipta prostrate (L.) L. Asteraceae Nov.-Mar. Herbs

42. Glossocardia bosvallea (L. f.) DC. Asteraceae July-Dec. Herbs

43. Lagascea mollis Cav. Asteraceae Throughout year Herbs

44. Launacea procumbens (Roxb.) Ram and

Raj.

Asteraceae Oct.-Feb. Herbs

45. Parthenium hysterophorusL. Asteraceae Sept.-Feb. Herbs

46. Sphaeranthus indicus L. Asteraceae Nov.-Mar. Herbs

47. Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Throughout year Herbs

48. Xanthium indicum Koen. Asteraceae Sept.-Nov. Shrubs

Table 3 Showing List of Weed plants. (Sequence of Families followed by Bentham and Hooker (1862-83) but

large, unnatural families split up following Hutchinson (1973) while weed species are arranged as per alphabet)

Mujawar, 2012


49. Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G. Don. Apocynaceae July-Oct. Herbs

50. Asclepias curassavica L. Asclepiadaceae Throughout year Shrub

51. Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. Boraginaceae Aug.-Feb. herbs

52. Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae July-Mar. Climbing herbs

53. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Throughout year Herbs

54. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker. Convolvulaceae Dec.-Apr. Twining herbs

55. Merremia gangetica (L.) Cuford. Convolvulaceae Oct.-Jan. Prostrate Herbs

56. Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Oct.-Mar. Herbs 57. Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Aug.-Jan Herbs

58. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Penn. Scrophulariaceae Jan,-June. Creeping herbs

59. Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. Scrophulariaceae Aug.-Feb. Herbs

60. Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. Scrophulariaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs

61. Stemodia viscosa Roxb. Scrophulariaceae Nov.-May. Herbs

62. Striga asiatica (L.) O. Oktze. Scrophulariaceae Oct.-Jan. Herbs

63. Striga densiflora (Benth.) Benth. Scrophulariaceae Oct.-Jan. Herbs

64. Leucas indica (L.) R.Br. Lamiaceae Sept.-Nov. Herbs

65. Leucas longifolia Benth. Lamiaceae Sept.-Nov. Herbs

66. Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br. Lamiaceae Sept.-Mar. Herbs

67. Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Sept,-Jan. Herbs

68. Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae Sept.-Dec. Herbs

69. Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Oct.-Mar. Shrub

70. Alternanthera pungens Kunth. Amaranthaceae Oct.-Apr. Herbs

71. Alternanthera sissilis (L.) R.Br. Amaranthaceae June-Apr, Herbs

72. Alternanthera tenella Coll. Var. tenella

Veldk.

Amaranthaceae Throughout year Herbs

73. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae July-Dec. Herbs

74. Amaranthus tricolour L. Amaranthaceae Aug.-Jan. Herbs

75. Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs

76. Celosia argentia L. var.argentea Amaranthaceae Sept.-Mar. Herbs

77. Parsicaria glabra (Willd.) Gomez. Polygonaceae Sept.-Apr. Herbs

78. Polygonum plebejum R.Br. Polygonaceae Oct.-June. Herbs

79. Chrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Juss. Euphorbiaceae Nov.-July. Herbs

80. Croton bonplandianus Baill. Euphorbiaceae Aug.-Jan. Herbs

81. Euphorbia geniculata Orteg. Euphorbiaceae Sept.-Mar, Herbs

82. Euphorbia heyneana Spreng. Euphorbiaceae Throughout year Herbs

83. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Throughout year Herbs

84. Phyllanthus amarus Schum. Euphorbiaceae July-Dec. Herbs

85. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Euphorbiaceae July-Dec. Herbs

86. Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae June-Dec. Herbs

87. Commelina diffusa Burm. Commelinaceae July-Feb. Herbs

88. Commelina forsskalaei Vahl. Commelinaceae July-Feb. Herbs

89. Commelina suffruticosa Bl. Commelinaceae July-Oct. Herbs

90. Cynotis cristata (L.) D. Don. Commelinaceae June-Nov. Herbs

91. Cynotis fasciculate (Hey. and Rith.) J.A. and

J. H. schult.

Commelinaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs

92. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan. Commelinaceae June-Nov. Herbs

93. Tonningia axillaris (L.) O. Ktze. Commelinaceae June-Dec. Herbs

94. Tonningia cucullata (Roth.) O. Ktze. Commelinaceae June-Dec. Herbs

95. Typha angustifolia L. Typhaceae Jan.-Sept. Herbs

96. Cyperus difformis L. Cyperaceae Aug.-Sept. Herbs

97. Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae June-Nov. Herbs

98. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl. Cyperaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs

99. Fimbristylis lawiana (Bieck.) Karn. Cyperaceae June-Sept. Herbs

100 Aristida adscensionis L. Poaceae Sept.-Dec. Herbs

101 Aristida funiculate Trin. and Rupr. Poaceae Sept.-Nov. Herbs

102 Brachiaria cruciformis (J.E. Sm.) Griseb. Poaceae Throughout year Herbs

103 Chloris virgata Sw. Poaceae Aug.-Jan. Herbs

C. auriculata, Achyranthes aspera, Boerhavia erecta,

Cardiospermum halicacabum are used in indigenous

medicine from the studied area. The weeds like

Amaranthus virdis, A. tricolor, young and tender leaves

of Cassia occidentalis, Launaea procumbens Portulaca

oleracea are used as vegetable and made various cooking

recipes and also sold by ‘Mahila Bachatgat’ on their

stall from studied area. The weeds like

Commelina benghalensis, Cyanotis cristata,

Tonningia cucullata, Heteropogon contortus,

Paspalum scrobiculatum, Chloris varigata,

Alternanthera pungens, Amaranthus tricolor,

celosia argentia are used as forage by farmers for their

domestic animals in the study area. These findings are in

a great analogy with the previous work of (Gupta et al.,

2008, Shailey and Gaur, 1993, Dangwal et al., 2010).

The present study may be helpful in the identification,

weed information and field data of common weeds in

cultivated crop fields. However, such work is not

complete at all and there is a need for further research in

the field of bio-control of weeds, weed biology and weed

managements.

Weed Analysis

Present study deals with seeds in cultivated crop

from Mallikarjun Hills of walwa of Sangli district.

A total number of 115 weeds belonging to 85 genera,

3 sub-species, 7 verities and 31 families have been

reported. The most of the weeds are predominantly

herbaceous. Habit wise distribution of weed flora

including, 99 species (86.08%) are herbs, 14 species

(12.17%) are shrubs and two species (1.73%) are

twinning herbs (Table 1). Out of these 115 weed species

the large number of weeds come under dicotyledones

with 85 species (73.91%) under 65 genera (76.41%)

belongs to 27 families (87.09%), of which 12 families

representing with only one genera and one species

(Papaveraceae, Cleomaceae, Tiliaceae, Balsaminaceae,

Sapindaceae, Mimosaceae, Lythraceae, Onagraceae,

Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae and

Nyctaginaceae). There are five families representing two

species of each including Polygalaceae, Portulacaceae,

Solanaceae, Molluginaceae and Polygonaceae. Three

species represent only one family Oxalidaceae. six

families representing four species of each including

M a l va cea e, Ca esa l p in i a cea e, Ru b i a cea e,

Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae and Cyperaceae. The family

Scrophulariaceae has six species while Family

Euphorbiaceae represents seven species. There are eight

species reported from the family Amaranthaceae and

nine species represents members of family Fabaceae and

Commelinaceae. Family Asteraceae is the second largest

including ten species. Family Poaceae is the largest and

represents total 16 species of weed from the studied area.

Group Monocotyledones with 30 species (26.08%) under

20 genera (23.52%) belongs to under 4 families

(12.90%). Family Typhaceae represents only one

species, Cyperaceae with 4 species, Commelinaceae with

9 species and Poaceae with 16 species. Family Poaceae

and Commelinaceae are largest one within

monocotyledones while family Amaranthaceae (8),

Mujawar, 2012


104 Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Wats. Poaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs

105 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Throughout year Herbs

106 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Poaceae July-Dec. Herbs

107 Digitaria stricta Roth. ex F. and S. Poaceae July-Dec. Herbs

108 Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl.) Panz. Poaceae Aug.-Feb. Herbs

109 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Poaceae July-Feb. Herbs 110 Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs

111 Eragrostis minor Host. Poaceae Throughout year Herbs

112 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae July- Jan. Herbs

113 Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Poaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs

114 Sporobolus coromandelianus (Ritz.) Kunth. Poaceae July-Dec. Herbs

115 Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf. Poaceae Aug.-Oct. Herbs

Fabaceae (9) and Asteraceae (10) are largest one within

dicotyledones. There are two sub-species and six

varieties reported in dicotyledones and only one

sub-species and a variety from monocotyledones

(Table.2). The detail list of weed species enumerated in

table.3.

CONCLUSION

Present study revealed that, out of 115 species of

weed belonging to fewer than 85 genera and 31 families.

The herbaceous weed composition is dominant and

represented 99 species from the studied area. There are

only two twining herbs. Majority of the weed species are

belonging to class dicotyledones and comparing total

85 species under 27 families with 65 genera, 2 sub

species and 6 varieties. The monocotyledones includes

30 species under 4 families with 20 genera and only one

sub species and variety. Family Poaceae is largest one

contributing a total of 16 species followed by family

Asteraceae with 10 species. There are 13 families with

one species. Some weeds are very troublesome at the

same time some are beneficial to human healthcare use

in traditional medicine and some are useful as forage for

domestic animals.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. S.R.

Yadav, Head department of Shivaji University, Kolhapur

for encouragement and help in the present study. The

author is grateful to WRO, Pune, UGC, New Delhi for

providing financial support to minor research project.

Author is also thankful to authority of college for

providing laboratory facilities.

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Mujawar, 2012


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Weed Analysis of Mallikarjun Hills of Walwa From Sangli District Of Maharashtra, India

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