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WednesdayOctober 27, 2010
(The Phanerozoic Eon)
The Launch PadWednesday, 10/27/10
The beginning of the Cambrian period marks an important event
in animal evolution, the appearance of organisms with
__________________.A. wingsB. cells
C. shells and other hard partsD. vertebrae
E. none of the above
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The Phanerozoic EonThe Phanerozoic Eon
encompasses 542 million years, and is still the current
Eon. The Phanerozoic Eon is
divided into the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras.
The Phanerozoic Eon The Paleozoic
Era
The Paleozoic Era was
dominated by continental collisions as
Pangaea began to assemble.
The Phanerozoic Eon The Paleozoic
Era At this time
the Caledonian, Appalachian,
and Ural Mountains
were formed.
The Phanerozoic Eon The Paleozoic Era
The early Paleozoic Era consisted of the Cambrian and Ordovician
Periods.This was known as
the “Age of Invertebrate
s.”
The Phanerozoic Eon The Paleozoic Era
The middle Paleozoic Era consisted of the Silurian and
Devonian Periods.This was known as the “Age of
Fishes.”
The Phanerozoic Eon The Paleozoic Era
The later Paleozoic Era consisted of the Carboniferous
Mississippian, Carboniferous Pennsylvanian, and Permian
Periods.This was known as the “Age of
Amphibians.”
The Paleozoic Era: Life ExplodesThe Paleozoic Era marks the first
appearance of life-forms with hard parts such as shells.
Life in the early Paleozoic was restricted to the seas and
consisted of several invertebrate groups including:
This development resulted in abundant Paleozoic fossils.
TrilobitesCephalopods
SpongesCorals
Paleozoic Marine Invertebrates
Figure 12.26
The Paleozoic Era: Life ExplodesDuring the Paleozoic, organisms diversified
dramatically.Insects and plants moved
onto land.Lobe-finned fishes adapted to
land and became the first amphibians.
Large tropical swamps in the Pennsylvanian period
became the major coal deposits of today.
Figure 12.28
Figure 12.27
Pennsylvanian-Age Coal Swamp
Figure 12.29
The Paleozoic Era: Life ExplodesA mass extinction at the close of the
Paleozoic Era destroyed 70% of
all vertebrate species on land and 90% of all
marine organisms.
Figure 12.A (left)
Figure 12.A (right)
The Phanerozoic Eon The Mesozoic Era
Early in the Mesozoic Era, much of the land was above sea level.
By the middle Mesozoic, seas invaded western North America.
Pangaea began to break apart and the westward-moving North American plate began to override the Pacific plate.
This resulted in crustal deformation along the entire western margin of North America.
The Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains were formed at this time.
The Phanerozoic Eon The Mesozoic Era
The Mesozoic Era was known as the “Age of Reptiles.”
The early Mesozoic Era consisted of the Triassic Period.
The Mesozoic Era: Age of the ReptilesThe Mesozoic, literally the era of middle life, is often called the “Age
of Reptiles.”By the way, dinosaurs were not lizards!
Formation of the Pangaea
supercontinent
Figure 12.19 D
The Mesozoic Era: Age of the ReptilesOrganisms that survived the extinction at the
end of the Paleozoic began to diversify.
The Mesozoic Era: Age of the ReptilesGymnosperms (cycads, conifers, and ginkgoes) became the dominant trees of the Mesozoic.
The Mesozoic Era: Age of the ReptilesReptiles became the dominant land animals.
Mesozoic Era: Age of the ReptilesThe first reptiles were small, but evolved
rapidly, particularly the dinosaurs.
Diversity of reptiles included:The Mesozoic Era: Age of the Reptiles
large herbivorous dinosaurs such as Apatosaurus
large carnivorous dinosaurs such as Allosaurus
Pterosaurs or flying reptiles
and Archaeopteryx, the predecessor of modern birds
Archaeopteryx fossilArchaeopteryx
fossil
Ichthyosaur Fossil
Figure 12.C-B
The Phanerozoic Eon The Mesozoic Era
The Mesozoic Era was known as the “Age of Reptiles.”
The middle Mesozoic Era consisted of the Jurassic Period.
The Phanerozoic Eon The Mesozoic Era
The Mesozoic Era was known as the “Age of Reptiles.”
The late Mesozoic Era consisted of the Cretaceous Period.
A few types survived, including the turtles, snakes,
and lizards
The Mesozoic Era: Age of the Reptiles
At the close of the Mesozoic Era, many reptile
groups became extinct.
The Phanerozoic Eon The Cenozoic Era
Much of North America was above sea level throughout the Cenozoic Era.
Eastern and Western margins of the continent experienced markedly contrasting events.
Atlantic and Gulf coastal regions, removed from active plate boundaries, were tectonically stable.
In the West, the Laramide orogeny (Rocky Mountains) was ending, the Basin and Range Province was forming, and
volcanic activity was extensive.
The Phanerozoic Eon The Cenozoic Era
In the Cenozoic, mammals replaced the reptiles as the dominant vertebrate life-forms on land.
Two groups of mammals evolved, the marsupials and the placentals.
One tendency was for some mammal groups to become very large.
Late Pleistocene extinctions eliminated these larger animals.
Figure 12.35marsupial
placental
The Phanerozoic Eon The Cenozoic Era
The Cenozoic could also be called the “Age of Flowering Plants.”
Flowering plants (angiosperms) strongly influenced the evolution of both birds and
herbivorous mammals throughout the Cenozoic.
Figure 12.34A